Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions

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==Table of Phonemes==
==Table of Phonemes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! MOA
! colspan="3" | nasals
|
! colspan="7" | stops
|
! colspan="3" | sibilants
|
! colspan="8" | fricatives
|
! colspan="3" | approximants
|
! colspan="1" | tap
|
! colspan="1" | affricate
|
! colspan="6" | vowels
|-
! IPA
! IPA
! /h/
| /m/
! /χ/
| /n/
! /ɣ/
| /ŋ/
! /w/
!
! /o/
| /p/
! /u/
| /b/
! /k/
| /t/
! /g/
| /d/
! /ŋ/
| /k/
! /t/
| /g/
! /d/
| /ʔ/
! /θ/
!
! /ð/
| /s/
! /p/
| /z/
! /b/
| /ʃ/
! /ɸ/
!
! /β/
| /ɸ/
! /s/
| /β/
! /z/
| /θ/
! /j/
| /ð/
! /i/
| /χ/
! /e/
| /ɣ/
! /ɛ/
| /h/
! /ä/
| /ɬ/
! /n/
!
! /m/
| /w/
! /l/
| /j/
! /ɾ/
| /l/
! /ʔ/
!
| /ɾ/
!
| /ʦ/
!
| /i/
| /e/
| /ɛ/
| /ä/
| /o/
| /u/
|-
|-
! Latin
! Latin
| H h
| M m
| ḳ
| N n
| ġ
| Ŋ ŋ
| W w
!
| O o
| P p
| U u
| B b
| T t
| D d
| K k
| K k
| G g
| G g
| Ń ń
| ʻ
| T t
!
| D d
| S s
| ṭ
| Z z
| ḍ
| Š š
| P p
!
| B b
| ṗ
| ṗ
| ḃ
| ḃ
| S s
| ṫ
| Z z
| ḋ
| ḳ
| ġ
| H h
| ḷ
!
| W w
| Y y
| Y y
| L l
!
| R r
!
| Ś ś
!
| I i
| I i
| E e
| E e
| ė
| ė
| A a
| A a
| N n
| O o
| M m
| U u
| L l
| R r
| ʻ
|-
|-
! Arabic
! Arabic
| {{Color|red|ح}}<br>1
| م
| خ
| ن
| ݗ
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>2
| ۉ
| ۆ
| {{Color|red|ک}}<br>3
| ݢ
| گ
| گ
| {{Color|red|ط}}<br>4
!
| {{Color|blue|ٮ}}<br>1
| ﺏ
| {{Color|blue|ط}}<br>2
| ظ
| ظ
| {{Color|blue|ک}}<br>3
| ݢ
| {{Color|blue|ع}}<br>4
!
| {{Color|blue|ص}}<br>5
| ض
| ڝ
!
| ٺ
| ٻ
| د  
| د  
| ذ
| ذ
| {{Color|red|ٮ}}<br>5
| ٯ
| ﺏ
| ڧ
| ڡ
| {{Color|blue|ح}}<br>6
| ڢ
| ݪ
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br>6
!
| ض
| {{Color|blue|و}}<br>7
| ی
| ي
| ي
| {{Color|red|ه}}<br>7
| {{Color|blue|ل}}<br>8
|  
!
| ر
!
| ج
!
| ی 
| ه
| ۃ
| ا
| ا
| ن
| ۉ
| م
| ۆ
| {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8
| ر
| ع
|-
|-
! Name
! Name
| Ha<br>حا
| Mi<br>مى
| Ḳa<br>خا
| Ne<br>نه
| Ġa<br>ݗا
| Ŋo<br>گۉ
| Wa<br>وا
!
| Wo<br>وۉ
| Pi<br>ٮى
| Wu<br>وۆ
| Bi<br>بى
| Kaf<br>کاڡ
| Te<br>طه
| Gaf<br>ݢاڡ
| De<br>ظه
| Ńaf<br>گاڡ
| Ko<br>کۉ
| Tal<br>طال
| Go<br>ݢۉ
| Dal<br>ظال
| ʻu<br>عۆ
| Ṭal<br>رال
!
| Ḍal<br>زال
| Sa<br>صا
| Pa<br>ٮا
| Za<br>ضا
| Ba<br>با
| Ša<br>ڝا
| Ṗa<br>ڡا
!
| Ḃa<br>ڢا
| Ṗi<br>ٺى
| Sad<br>صاط
| Ḃi<br>ٻى
| Zad<br>ضاط
| Ṫe<br>ده
| Ya<br>ىا
| Ḋe<br>ذه
| Yi<br>ىي
| Ḳo<br>ٯۉ
| Ye<br>ىه
| Ġo<br>ڧۉ
| Yė<br>ىٰ
| Hu<br>حۆ
| Alif<br>ا
| Ḷe<br>ݪه
| Nun<br>نۆن
!
| Mim<br>ميم
| Wi<br>وى
| Lam<br>لام
| Yo<br>ىۉ
| Ram<br>رام
| Le<br>له
| ʻam<br>عام
!
| Ra<br>را
!
| Śa<br>جا
!
| i<br>ى
| e<br>ه
| ė
| a<br>ا
| o<br>ۉ
| u<br>ۆ
|}
|}


*The letters are ordered in an arrangement wherein letters are grouped together by similarity of shape.
===Notes===
*The consonants in {{Color|red|red}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', ول ,16.
*The consonants in {{Color|blue|blue}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 17 ٮو.




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! Dental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasals
! rowspan="1" | Nasals
! voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| m /m/ م  
| m /m/ م  
| n /n/ ن
| n /n/ ن
|  
|  
| ń /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|  
| ŋ /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
|
|
|-
|-
Line 163: Line 215:
| t /t/ ط
| t /t/ ط
|  
|  
| k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
|
| k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup>
| ʻ /ʔ/ ع
| ʻ /ʔ/ ع
|-
|-
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| d /d/ ظ  
| d /d/ ظ  
|  
|  
| g /g/ ݢ <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
|
| g /g/ ݢ
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives
! voiceless
! voiceless
| f /ɸ/ ڡ
| f /ɸ/ ٺ
| ṭ /θ/ د
| ṭ /θ/ د
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
| ḳ /ɣ/ خ
| x /ʃ/ ڝ <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
| ḳ /χ/ ٯ
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|8}}</sup>
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| ḃ /β/ ڢ
| ḃ /β/ ٻ
| ḍ /ð/ ذ
| ḍ /ð/ ذ
| z /z/ ض
| z /z/ ض
| ġ /χ/ ݗ
|
| ġ /ɣ/ ڧ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sonorants
! rowspan="2" | Sonorants
! voiceless
! voiced
| w /w/ و
| l /l/ ل
|
|
|  
|  
| y /j/ ي
|
|
|-
! voiceless
|
| ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|  
! voiced
| w /w/ و
| l /l/ ل
|
| y /j/ ی
|
|
|-
|-
Line 208: Line 266:
|
|
| r /ɾ/ ر
| r /ɾ/ ر
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="1" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
|
| ś /ʦ/ ج <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


====Notes:====
====Notes====
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ|
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ|
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/gawarbati.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Malay]] Kāf /k/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> <ج> /ʦ/ is taken from the [[Wikipedia:Xiao'erjing| Xiao'erjing]] script.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Jawi alphabet|Malay]] Ga /g/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] Kāf /k/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|8}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm].




Line 230: Line 300:
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| i /i/ ي
| i /i/ ی
|
| u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
|-
! Near-close
|
|
|
|  
| u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
|-
|-
! Close-mid
! Close-mid
| e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
|  
|  
| o /o/ ۉ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| o /o/ ۉ <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|-
|-
! Open-mid
! Open-mid
| ė /ɛ/ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| ė /ε/ ۃ
|  
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 254: Line 319:
|
|
|}
|}
===Notes:===
 
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm].
====Notes====
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'', صٰ, '''sė'''.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet.




==Alphabet - '''Hawak حاواک'''==
==Alphabet - '''Nımanaŋ نٙماناگ'''==
*The Liwadi alphabet ('''hawak''' حاواک) has 29 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''oń''' ۄگ) which represent 29 [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]] ('''nihoń''' نيحۄگ).
*The Liwadi alphabet has 31 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''ŋup''' گۆٮ) which represent 31 [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]] ('''wiŋeb šerer''' وىگهب ڝهرهر).
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
*The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ.
*The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(k, g , t, d, p, b)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(p, b, t, d, k, g)]] and <l> precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet.
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet.




[[Liwadi: Syntax]]
[[Liwadi: Syntax]]

Latest revision as of 14:52, 25 July 2023

Table of Phonemes

MOA nasals stops sibilants fricatives approximants tap affricate vowels
IPA /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /ʔ/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ɸ/ /β/ /θ/ /ð/ /χ/ /ɣ/ /h/ /ɬ/ /w/ /j/ /l/ /ɾ/ /ʦ/ /i/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ä/ /o/ /u/
Latin M m N n Ŋ ŋ P p B b T t D d K k G g ʻ S s Z z Š š ṗ ḃ ṫ ḋ ḳ ġ H h ḷ W w Y y L l R r Ś ś I i E e ė A a O o U u
Arabic م ن گ ٮ
1 		ﺏ ط
2 		ظ ک
3 		ݢ ع
4 		ص
5 		ض ڝ ٺ ٻ د ذ ٯ ڧ ح
6 		ݪ و
7 		ي ل
8 		ر ج ی ه ۃ ا ۉ ۆ
Name Mi
مى 		Ne
نه 		Ŋo
گۉ 		Pi
ٮى 		Bi
بى 		Te
طه 		De
ظه 		Ko
کۉ 		Go
ݢۉ 		ʻu
عۆ 		Sa
صا 		Za
ضا 		Ša
ڝا 		Ṗi
ٺى 		Ḃi
ٻى 		Ṫe
ده 		Ḋe
ذه 		Ḳo
ٯۉ 		Ġo
ڧۉ 		Hu
حۆ 		Ḷe
ݪه 		Wi
وى 		Yo
ىۉ 		Le
له 		Ra
را 		Śa
جا 		i
ى 		e
ه 		ė a
ا 		o
ۉ 		u
ۆ

Notes

  • The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.


Phonology

Consonant Chart

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Glottal
Nasals voiced m /m/ م n /n/ ن ŋ /ŋ/ گ 6
Stops voiceless p /p/ ٮ 1 t /t/ ط k /k/ ک 7 ʻ /ʔ/ ع
voiced b /b/ ﺏ d /d/ ظ g /g/ ݢ
Fricatives voiceless f /ɸ/ ٺ ṭ /θ/ د s /s/ ص 3 x /ʃ/ ڝ 5 ḳ /χ/ ٯ h /h/ ح 8
voiced ḃ /β/ ٻ ḍ /ð/ ذ z /z/ ض ġ /ɣ/ ڧ
Sonorants voiced w /w/ و l /l/ ل y /j/ ي
voiceless ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ2
Tap voiced r /ɾ/ ر
Affricate voiceless ś /ʦ/ ج 4

Notes

  • 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
  • 2 <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [1].
  • 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
  • 4 <ج> /ʦ/ is taken from the Xiao'erjing script.
  • 5 <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
  • 6 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [3].
  • 7 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
  • 8 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].


Vowel Chart

Front Central Back
Close i /i/ ی u /u/ ۆ 2
Close-mid e /e/ ه 1 o /o/ ۉ 3
Open-mid ė /ε/ ۃ
Open a /ä/ ا

Notes

  • 2 From the Bosnian alphabet [5].
  • 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
  • 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.


Alphabet - Nımanaŋ نٙماناگ

  • The Liwadi alphabet has 31 graphemes (ŋup گۆٮ) which represent 31 phonemes (wiŋeb šerer وىگهب ڝهرهر).
  • As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
  • The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
  • When the six stop consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and <l> precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
  • The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.


Liwadi: Syntax

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