Kerusha: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__


A conlang for fun.
A conlang for fun.
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= Phonology =
= Phonology =


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+ '''consonants'''
|+ '''consonants'''
|-
|-
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!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
!Labiovelar
!Glottal
|- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
|- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
! Plosives
! Plosives
| {{IPA|(p) &nbsp; b}}
| {{IPA|p &nbsp; b}}
| {{IPA|t &nbsp; d}}
| {{IPA|t &nbsp; d}}
|
| {{IPA|tɕ ('''j''') &nbsp; tɕʰ ('''ch''')}}
| {{IPA|k &nbsp; g}}
| {{IPA|k &nbsp; g}}
|
|
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| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|  
| {{IPA|ŋ}} ('''ng''')
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Fricatives
! Fricatives
|  
|  
| {{IPA|s &nbsp; (z)}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
| {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
|
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Approximants
! Approximants
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|  
|  
| {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
| {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
|
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|-
|-
! Trill
! Trill
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|
|
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| || a~ə ||
| || a~ə ||
|}
|}
* / ʷ ʲ ˈ ː  ŋ  t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɾ  ʃ ʌ ɯ /
= Particles =
* '''ba''' - negative particle [NEG]


= Roots =
= Roots =


* '''am-''' - upright; vertical; erect; standing
* '''j-''' - be beside; with [COM]
* '''jing-''' - be inside; within [INE]
* '''m-''' - do (as agent); act; make; cause [CAUS]
* '''n-''' - be aware; know about
* '''r-''' - move; be in motion; shift
* '''t-''' - be; exist (copular) [COP]
* '''y-''' - have; possess; own [GEN]
* '''yem-''' - food; sustenance; eating; consume


* '''yem''' - food; sustenance; eating; consume
= Verbal Modifiers =


= Verbal Modifiers =
* '''-(e)ru''' / '''-ek''' - infinitive [INF] (stative/active)
* '''-um''' - interrogative [Q]




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* '''-a''' - imperfective [IPFV]
* '''-a''' - imperfective [IPFV]
* '''-e''' - perfective [PFV]
* '''-e''' - perfective [PFV]
== Instrumentals ==
=== Proximal ===
* '''bu-''' - back; buttock / behind; rear
* '''gwa-''' - head; mind; shoulder / near
* '''ku(n)-''' - foot; leg; stepping / below; under
* '''mi-''' - teeth; mouth; biting / edge
* '''na-''' - eye; nose; face; neck / above; upward
* '''p(y)o-''' - body; chest; heart / center
* '''shi-''' - hand; fist; arm; grasping / in front; ahead
=== Distal ===
* '''cha-''' - heat; fire; smoke / sun; light; appear
* '''do(n)-''' - cold; ice
* '''ma-''' - water; fluid; moisture
* '''m(y)o-''' - tool [general instrumental] / load; carry
* '''pwe-''' - weapon; sharp
* '''to-''' - earth; stone; rock; heavy; forcefully / moon; darkness
* '''ya(s)-''' - wind; light


== Modals ==
== Modals ==


* '''-ok-''' - negative; negation; no; not [NEG]
* '''-uk-''' / '''-ung-'''  - negative; negation; no; not [NEG] (negatives active/stative verbs)


= Nominal Modifiers =
= Nominal Modifiers =
* '''-o''' - concrete nouns; animate [ANIM]
* '''-i''' - abstract nouns; inanimate [INAN]
::
* '''-at-''' - augmentative [AUG]
* '''-is-''' - diminutive [DIM]
== Case ==
* '''-''' - nominative (unmarked) [NOM]
* '''-da''' - accusative [ACC]
* '''-nak''' - abessive [ABE] "without"
* '''-bak''' - dative/benefactive [DAT/BEN] "to; at; toward / for"
* '''-ku''' - causative [CAUS] "because of"
* '''-bo''' - locative [LOC] "at; on; in"
* '''-ngo''' - transitive [TRANS] "through"
* '''-te''' - ablative [ABL] "of; off of; from"
* '''-pu''' - intrative [INT] "among"
== Gender ==
* '''ye-''' - feminine [FEM]
* '''ga(n)-''' - masculine [MASC]
== Number ==
* '''k(a)-''' - plural [PL]


== Pronominal ==
== Pronominal ==


* '''wa-''' - first person singular [1s]
* '''wa-''' - first person singular [1s]
** '''kwa-''' - first person plural [1pl]
* '''ni-''' - second person singular [2s]
* '''ni-''' - second person singular [2s]
* '''ko-''' - third person singular [3s]
** '''ink(a)-''' - third person plural [2pl]
* '''o-''' - third person singular [3s]
** '''ko-''' - third person plural [3pl]


== Number ==
= Lexicon =
 
* '''chameru''' - ''v.a/v.s'' - burn; be ablaze
 
:: '''chamo''' - ''n.'' - fire
 
* '''(gwa)nek''' - ''v.a'' - know; understand


* '''ka-''' - plural [PL]
* '''myorek''' - ''v.a'' - carry; transport; move s.t.


== Instrumentals ==
:: '''myoro''' - ''n'' - vehicle; transport


* '''mi-''' - with the teeth; by biting; edge [bite]
* '''(na)nek''' - ''v.a'' - see; look


with heat; w.r.t. fire, smoke [heat]
* '''poyek''' - ''v.a'' - wear; don
face, neck, above, in front [face]
with the hand (usu. open); causative; w.r.t hand or arm [hand]
having a point; w.r.t. nose/beak, lips/mouth [nose]
with speech; by talking [speak]
egg/house/round; move/carry [load]
pertaining to water, moisture [water]
buttocks/back/behind/base—usu. as a location [buttocks]
with the eyes; by seeing [eye(s)]
cold; fear; shaking [cold]
mental or emotional activity [mind]
sun/day/light; appear [sun]
with the feet/leg (verbal); stepping; w.r.t. feet/leg [foot]
with a rock; forceful activity, like 'fist' [rock]
with the fist; axial motion; out from the body [fist]
with the fingers; grasping; toward the body [grasp]
with a sharp object; with the end of a long object; [sharp]
head/shoulders; [head]
along or against the length of a long object; radial motion; natural forces [long]


= Phrases =
= Phrases =


* '''kawayemoke'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 1100px;"
: <tt>PL-1s-eat-NEG-PFV</tt>
! phrase
: ''We have not eaten.''
! parsing
! IPA
! gloss
! English
|-align=center
| '''''kwayemuke'''''
| '''k-wa-yem-uk-e'''
| /kʷajeˈmuke/
| <tt>PL-1s-eat-NEG-PFV</tt>
| ''We have not eaten.''
|-align=center
| '''''oshina'''''
| '''o-shi-n-a'''
| /oˈʃina/
| <tt>3s-HAND-be.aware-IPFV</tt>
| ''He touches it.''
|-align=center
| '''''nigwanuma'''''
| '''ni-gwa-n-um-a'''
| /nigʷaːˈnumɑ/
| <tt>2s-head.INST-be.aware-Q-IPFV</tt>
| ''Do you know?''
|-align=center
| '''''komitobo'''''
| '''k-o-mi-t-o-bo'''
| /koːmiˈtobo/
| <tt>PL-3s-mouth.INST-COP-ANIM-LOC</tt>
| ''In their mouths...''
|-align=center
| '''''kyehamunge'''''
| '''k-ye-h-am-ung-e'''
| /kʲɛhaˈmuːŋe/
| <tt>PL-FEM-INTV-stand-NEG-PFV</tt>
| ''The women were not standing.''
|}

Latest revision as of 08:01, 21 November 2021

A conlang for fun.

Phonology

consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives p   b t   d tɕ (j)   tɕʰ (ch) k   g
Nasals m n ŋ (ng)
Fricatives s ʃ (sh) h
Approximants w j (y)
Trill r
vowels
Front Central Back
Close i~ɪ u~ʊ
Mid e~ɛ o
Open a~ə


  • / ʷ ʲ ˈ ː ŋ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɾ ʃ ʌ ɯ /

Particles

  • ba - negative particle [NEG]

Roots

  • am- - upright; vertical; erect; standing
  • j- - be beside; with [COM]
  • jing- - be inside; within [INE]
  • m- - do (as agent); act; make; cause [CAUS]
  • n- - be aware; know about
  • r- - move; be in motion; shift
  • t- - be; exist (copular) [COP]
  • y- - have; possess; own [GEN]
  • yem- - food; sustenance; eating; consume

Verbal Modifiers

  • -(e)ru / -ek - infinitive [INF] (stative/active)
  • -um - interrogative [Q]


Aspect

  • -a - imperfective [IPFV]
  • -e - perfective [PFV]

Instrumentals

Proximal

  • bu- - back; buttock / behind; rear
  • gwa- - head; mind; shoulder / near
  • ku(n)- - foot; leg; stepping / below; under
  • mi- - teeth; mouth; biting / edge
  • na- - eye; nose; face; neck / above; upward
  • p(y)o- - body; chest; heart / center
  • shi- - hand; fist; arm; grasping / in front; ahead

Distal

  • cha- - heat; fire; smoke / sun; light; appear
  • do(n)- - cold; ice
  • ma- - water; fluid; moisture
  • m(y)o- - tool [general instrumental] / load; carry
  • pwe- - weapon; sharp
  • to- - earth; stone; rock; heavy; forcefully / moon; darkness
  • ya(s)- - wind; light


Modals

  • -uk- / -ung- - negative; negation; no; not [NEG] (negatives active/stative verbs)

Nominal Modifiers

  • -o - concrete nouns; animate [ANIM]
  • -i - abstract nouns; inanimate [INAN]
  • -at- - augmentative [AUG]
  • -is- - diminutive [DIM]

Case

  • - - nominative (unmarked) [NOM]
  • -da - accusative [ACC]
  • -nak - abessive [ABE] "without"
  • -bak - dative/benefactive [DAT/BEN] "to; at; toward / for"
  • -ku - causative [CAUS] "because of"
  • -bo - locative [LOC] "at; on; in"
  • -ngo - transitive [TRANS] "through"
  • -te - ablative [ABL] "of; off of; from"
  • -pu - intrative [INT] "among"

Gender

  • ye- - feminine [FEM]
  • ga(n)- - masculine [MASC]

Number

  • k(a)- - plural [PL]

Pronominal

  • wa- - first person singular [1s]
    • kwa- - first person plural [1pl]
  • ni- - second person singular [2s]
    • ink(a)- - third person plural [2pl]
  • o- - third person singular [3s]
    • ko- - third person plural [3pl]

Lexicon

  • chameru - v.a/v.s - burn; be ablaze
chamo - n. - fire
  • (gwa)nek - v.a - know; understand
  • myorek - v.a - carry; transport; move s.t.
myoro - n - vehicle; transport
  • (na)nek - v.a - see; look
  • poyek - v.a - wear; don

Phrases

phrase parsing IPA gloss English
kwayemuke k-wa-yem-uk-e /kʷajeˈmuke/ PL-1s-eat-NEG-PFV We have not eaten.
oshina o-shi-n-a /oˈʃina/ 3s-HAND-be.aware-IPFV He touches it.
nigwanuma ni-gwa-n-um-a /nigʷaːˈnumɑ/ 2s-head.INST-be.aware-Q-IPFV Do you know?
komitobo k-o-mi-t-o-bo /koːmiˈtobo/ PL-3s-mouth.INST-COP-ANIM-LOC In their mouths...
kyehamunge k-ye-h-am-ung-e /kʲɛhaˈmuːŋe/ PL-FEM-INTV-stand-NEG-PFV The women were not standing.
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