Cernelian/3rd declension: Difference between revisions

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[[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in soft ''-∅''. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in ''-i'' which transparent in vowel harmony (''łólcho'' "in the stupid one" vs. ''nirsze'' "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The only remnant of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals.
[[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in soft ''-∅''. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in ''-i'' which transparent in vowel harmony (''łólcho'' "in the stupid one" vs. ''nirsze'' "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The remnants of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals, and locational singular cases, as a result of the mixing of i-stems and e-stems (the genitive forms are already similar to each other).
 
There is slight irregularity in the singular ablative form, e.g. ''**tućsto'' is simplified to ''tucto''. Before the ending, the sequences ''**-ćs-'', ''**-dźs-'' are simplified to ''-c-'', while ''**-śćs-'' and ''**-źdźs-'' are simplified to ''-js-''. Alongside those, sequences ''**-czs-'', ''**-szs-'' and ''**-żs-'' are also simplified to ''-c-'' (the first one) and ''-s-'' (the last two) as well.


== Type 3A ==
== Type 3A ==
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="2" | Dative
| ''-ią''
| ''-ię''
| ''-ią''
| ''-ią''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Locative
! colspan="2" | Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sze''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-ioso''
| ''-isze''
| ''-isze''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Ablative
! colspan="2" | Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sto''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-iosto''
| ''-isto''
| ''-isto''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-nie''
| ''-ienie''
| ''-inie''
| ''-inie''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Vocative
! colspan="2" | Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-cho''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-ioso''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-ie''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-ie''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''tuc'''ią'''''
| ''tuc'''ię'''''
| ''tuc'''ią'''''
| ''tuc'''ią'''''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudź'''sze'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ioso'''''
| ''tuc'''isze'''''
| ''tuc'''isze'''''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tu'''cto'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''iosto'''''
| ''tuc'''isto'''''
| ''tuc'''isto'''''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''tuć'''nie'''''
| ''tuc'''ienie'''''
| ''tuc'''inie'''''
| ''tuc'''inie'''''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudź'''sze'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ioso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ie'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ie'''''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="2" | Dative
| ''-ą''
| ''-ę''
| ''-ą''
| ''-ą''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Locative
! colspan="2" | Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sze''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oso''
| ''-ysze''
| ''-ysze''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Ablative
! colspan="2" | Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sto''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-osto''
| ''-ysto''
| ''-ysto''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-nie''
| ''-enie''
| ''-ynie''
| ''-ynie''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Vocative
! colspan="2" | Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sze''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oso''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-e''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-e''
|}
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''łócz'' "hay"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''łócz''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''e'''''
|-
! Accusative
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''ę'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''łocz'''edzię'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''łocz'''ę'''''
| ''łoż'''ą'''''
|-
! Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''oso'''''
| ''łocz'''ysze'''''
|-
! Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''osto'''''
| ''łocz'''ysto'''''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''łocz'''enie'''''
| ''łocz'''ynie'''''
|-
! Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''łożo'''so'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''e'''''
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 19:33, 23 October 2021

Nominals ending in soft -∅. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in -i which transparent in vowel harmony (łólcho "in the stupid one" vs. nirsze "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The remnants of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals, and locational singular cases, as a result of the mixing of i-stems and e-stems (the genitive forms are already similar to each other).

Type 3A

Nominals with stems ending in -b, -ć, -dź, -j, -m, -ń, -p, -ś, -w, and -ź (all letters containing acute accent like -dź always written -Ci(V)- before vowels). It has back vowel harmony.

Singular Plural
Nominative -∅ -ie
Accusative Inanimate
Animate -ię
Genitive -iedzię
Dative -ię -ią
Locative -ioso -isze
Ablative -iosto -isto
Instrumental -ienie -inie
Vocative -ioso -ie

Examples:

tuć "disease"
Singular Plural
Nominative tuć tudzie
Accusative tudzię
Genitive tuciedzię
Dative tucię tucią
Locative tudzioso tucisze
Ablative tudziosto tucisto
Instrumental tucienie tucinie
Vocative tudzioso tudzie

Type 3B

Nominals with stems ending in -c, -cz, -dz, -dż, -rz, -sz, and -ż. It has back vowel harmony.

Singular Plural
Nominative -∅ -e
Accusative Inanimate
Animate -ę
Genitive -edzię
Dative -ę -ą
Locative -oso -ysze
Ablative -osto -ysto
Instrumental -enie -ynie
Vocative -oso -e

Examples:

łócz "hay"
Singular Plural
Nominative łócz łoże
Accusative łożę
Genitive łoczedzię
Dative łoczę łożą
Locative łożoso łoczysze
Ablative łożosto łoczysto
Instrumental łoczenie łoczynie
Vocative łożoso łoże
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