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| '''Piti language family''':
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| * ''*Proto-Piti''†
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| ** Kī́rtako†
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| *** Iðâɣ
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| *** Lændixu
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| ** ancient Figo†
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| *** modern Figo
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| ** Biwdiw†
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| *** Gəjlnigu
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| *** Cärähə
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| *** Viwdiwgu
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| ** Jeʂtəra†
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| ==Special letters== | | ==Special letters== |
| * '''Proto-Piti''': ʔ ŋ ɬ ṕ ḱ t́ ɳ ʂ ʈ χ ʰ æ ː | | * '''Proto-Piti''': ʔ ŋ ɬ ṕ ḱ t́ ɳ ʂ ʈ χ ʰ æ ː |
| * '''Kī́rtako''': ʔ š ñ ɣ ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ ā̀ ḕ ī̀ ṑ ū̀ ɑ | | * '''Kī́rtako''': ʔ š ñ ɣ ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ ā̀ ḕ ī̀ ṑ ū̀ ɑ |
| * '''Iðâɣ''': š ð ɣ ɸ β ç č ə à á â ǎ è é ê ě ì í î ǐ ò ó ô ǒ ù ú û ǔ | | * '''Iðâɣ''': š ð ɣ ɸ β ç č ə à á â ǎ è é ê ě ì í î ǐ ò ó ô ǒ ù ú û ǔ |
| * '''Lændixu''': ñ ʎ θ ɸ č ž š ç æ ɛ ‘ | | * '''Læntixu''': ñ ʎ θ ɸ č ž š ç æ ɛ ‘ |
| * '''ancient Figo''': ɕ č š θ ň ə ɛ ā ē ī ō ū | | * '''ancient Figo''': ɕ č š θ ň ə ɛ ā ē ī ō ū |
| * '''modern Figo''': š ž č ǧ ç ň ř θ ɣ ə ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ ə̃ | | * '''modern Figo''': š ž č ǧ ç ň ř θ ɣ ə ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ ə̃ |
| * '''Biwdiw''': ʈ ʂ š ž č ç ǰ ň ʎ ɛ ā ē ī ō ū | | * '''Biwdiw''': ʈ ʂ š ž č ç ǰ ň ʎ ɛ ā ē ī ō ū |
| * '''Gəjlnigu''': ṕ ḱ t́ b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ĺ ś ź v́ h́ č ǧ ǰ š ž ň ʎ ə ɔ | | * '''Gəjlnigo''': ṕ ḱ t́ b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ĺ ś ź v́ h́ č ǧ ǰ š ž ň ʎ ə ɔ |
| * '''Cärähə''': ṕ ḱ t́ b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ś h́ x́ ǰ ç ɟ ɕ ī ə ä ü ő ö | | * '''Cärähə''': ṕ ḱ t́ b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ś h́ x́ ǰ ç ɟ ɕ ī ə ä ü ő ö |
| * '''Viwdiwgu''': č ǧ ǰ š ž ň ɣ ç ʝ ɛ ä ü ő ö ə ā ī ō ū | | * '''Viwdiwgu''': č ǧ š ž ň ɣ ç ʝ ṡ ɛ ä ü ő ö ə ā ī ō ū |
| * '''Jeʂtəra''': ʔ ṕ ḱ t́ ʂ ʈ ð ɳ ə ā ē ī ō ū | | * '''Jeʂtəra''': ʔ ṕ ḱ t́ ʂ ʈ ð ɳ ə ā ē ī ō ū |
| | | ---- |
| ==Numbers==
| | * '''Βaβar''': β ɸ ð ɣ ç ɟ š ž ɴ ʂ ʐ ʈ ɖ kxʼ tsʼ ʈʂʼ tɬʼ ā ī ū ə |
| {|- class="wikitable"
| | ---- |
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| | * '''Memniq''': ʔ ħ ť ț ç š ž ŕ ś ć ä ö ë |
| | '''Number''' || '''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient<br>Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern<br>Figo''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
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| | * '''Æbbro''': š ž ś ź æ |
| | 1 || '''*ʂaːʔo''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| šā́ʔo ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| šâ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| šæf || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ɕōw || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| šwov || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| ʂāhu || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| šaw || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| xahə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ṡāhu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʂāʔo
| | ---- |
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| | * '''Pı̇ħ''': ʔ ŋ ħ ɬ ɸ ɴ ɛ ı ɔ ȧ ạ ɛ̇ ɛ̣ ė ẹ ı̇ ı̣ ɔ̇ ɔ̣ ȯ ọ u̇ ụ |
| | 2 || '''*ʔaki''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔaki ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣi || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| æx‘ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ogi ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ug || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛgi ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| eǵ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hähi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɛɣi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔakiə
| | * '''Pı̀''': ç š č ɕ ñ <br>a ā a̱ á ā́ á̱ à ā̀ â ā̂ â̱ ǎ ā̌ ǎ̱ a̱̋ ā̏ ȁ̱ ā̃ ã̱ <br>ɑ ɑ̄ ɑ̱ ɑ́ ɑ̄́ ɑ̱́ ɑ̀ ɑ̄̀ ɑ̂ ɑ̄̂ ɑ̱̂ ɑ̌ ɑ̄̌ ɑ̱̌ ɑ̱̋ ɑ̄̏ ɑ̱̏ ɑ̄̃ ɑ̱̃ <br>æ ǣ æ̱ ǽ ǣ́ ǽ̱ æ̀ ǣ̀ æ̂ ǣ̂ æ̱̂ æ̌ ǣ̌ æ̱̌ æ̱̋ ǣ̏ æ̱̏ ǣ̃ æ̱̃<br>e ē e̱ é ḗ é̱ è ḕ ê ē̂ ê̱ ě ē̌ ě̱ e̱̋ ē̏ ȅ̱ ē̃ ẽ̱ <br>ɛ ɛ̄ ɛ̱ ɛ́ ɛ̄́ ɛ̱́ ɛ̀ ɛ̄̀ ɛ̂ ɛ̄̂ ɛ̌ ɛ̱̂ ɛ̄̌ ɛ̱̌ ɛ̱̋ ɛ̄̏ ɛ̱̏ ɛ̄̃ ɛ̱̃ <br>ə ə̄ ə̱ ə́ ə̄́ ə̱́ ə̀ ə̄̀ ə̂ ə̄̂ ə̱̂ ə̌ ə̄̌ ə̱̌ ə̱̋ ə̄̏ ə̱̏ ə̄̃ ə̱̃ <br>ı ı̄ ı̱ ı́ ı̄́ ı̱́ ı̀ ı̄̀ ı̂ ı̄̂ ı̱̂ ı̌ ı̄̌ ı̱̌ ı̱̋ ı̄̏ ı̱̏ ı̄̃ ı̱̃ <br>ɪ ɪ̄ ɪ̱ ɪ́ ɪ̄́ ɪ̱́ ɪ̀ ɪ̄̀ ɪ̂ ɪ̄̂ ɪ̱̂ ɪ̌ ɪ̄̌ ɪ̱̌ ɪ̱̋ ɪ̄̏ ɪ̱̏ ɪ̄̃ ɪ̱̃ <br>o ō o̱ ó ó̱ ò ṑ ṓ ő̱ ō̏ ȍ̱ ô ō̂ ô̱ ǒ ō̌ ǒ̱ ō̃ õ̱ <br>ɔ ɔ̄ ɔ̱ ɔ́ ɔ̄́ ɔ̱́ ɔ̀ ɔ̄̀ ɔ̂ ɔ̄̂ ɔ̱̂ ɔ̌ ɔ̄̌ ɔ̱̌ ɔ̱̋ ɔ̄̏ ɔ̱̏ ɔ̄̃ ɔ̱̃ <br>ø ø̄ ø̱ ǿ ø̄́ ǿ̱ ø̀ ø̄̀ ø̂ ø̄̂ ø̱̂ ø̌ ø̄̌ ø̱̌ ø̱̋ ø̄̏ ø̱̏ ø̄̃ ø̱̃ <br>u ū u̱ ú ū́ ú̱ ù ū̀ û ū̂ û̱ ǔ ū̌ ǔ̱ ű̱ ū̏ ȕ̱ ū̃ ũ̱ <br>ʊ ʊ̄ ʊ̱ ʊ́ ʊ̄́ ʊ̱́ ʊ̀ ʊ̄̀ ʊ̂ ʊ̄̂ ʊ̱̂ ʊ̌ ʊ̄̌ ʊ̱̌ ʊ̱̋ ʊ̄̏ ʊ̱̏ ʊ̄̃ ʊ̱̃ |
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| | * '''Bīṙ''': b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ś ź h́ v́ ć ʎ ṙ β<br> ā a̱ a á̱ á ā̀ à<br> ǣ æ̱ æ ǽ̱ ǽ ǣ̀ æ̀<br> ɛ̄ ɛ̱ ɛ ɛ̱́ ɛ́ ɛ̄̀ ɛ̀<br> ē e̱ e é̱ é ḕ è<br> ı̄ ı̱ ı ı̱́ ı́ ı̄̀ ı̀<br> ɔ̄ ɔ̱ ɔ ɔ̱́ ɔ́ ɔ̄̀ ɔ̀<br> ō o̱ o ó̱ ó ṑ ò<br> œ̄ œ̱ œ œ̱́ œ́ œ̄̀ œ̀<br> ū u̱ u ú̱ ú ū̀ ù<br> ȳ y̱ y ý̱ ý ȳ̀ ỳ |
| | 3 || '''*mikoː''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| mikṓ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| miɣò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| mixow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| migō ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| miɣwo || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| miwgō ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| məjgɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| mügo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| miwgō || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| miəkō
| | * '''Į̄mχɛ̱́''': ḿ ń ŕ š ž č ǧ ř β θ ð ɕ ʝ ɟ ç ʂ ʐ χ<br> a ā a̱ á á̱ à ā̀ a̱̋ ā̏ ȁ̱ â ā̂ â̱ ǎ ā̌ ǎ̱ ā̃ ã̱<br> ɑ ɑ̄ ɑ̱ ɑ́ ɑ̱́ ɑ̀ ɑ̄̀ ɑ̱̋ ɑ̄̏ ɑ̱̏ ɑ̂ ɑ̄̂ ɑ̱̂ ɑ̌ ɑ̄̌ ɑ̱̌ ɑ̄̃ ɑ̱̃<br> ɛ ɛ̄ ɛ̱ ɛ́ ɛ̱́ ɛ̀ ɛ̄̀ ɛ̱̋ ɛ̄̏ ɛ̱̏ ɛ̂ ɛ̄̂ ɛ̌ ɛ̱̂ ɛ̄̌ ɛ̱̌ ɛ̄̃ ɛ̱̃<br> e ē e̱ é é̱ è ḕ e̱̋ ē̏ ȅ̱ ê ē̂ ê̱ ě ē̌ ě̱ ē̃ ẽ̱<br> ə ə̄ ə̱ ə́ ə̱́ ə̀ ə̄̀ ə̱̋ ə̄̏ ə̱̏ ə̂ ə̄̂ ə̱̂ ə̌ ə̄̌ ə̱̌ ə̄̃ ə̱̃<br> ı ı̄ ı̱ ı́ ı̱́ ı̀ ı̄̀ ı̱̋ ı̄̏ ı̱̏ ı̂ ı̄̂ ı̱̂ ı̌ ı̄̌ ı̱̌ ı̄̃ ı̱̃<br> į į̄ į̱ į́ į̱́ į̀ į̄̀ į̱̋ į̄̏ į̱̏ į̂ į̄̂ į̱̂ į̌ į̄̌ į̱̌ į̄̃ į̱̃<br> ɔ ɔ̄ ɔ̱ ɔ́ ɔ̱́ ɔ̀ ɔ̄̀ ɔ̱̋ ɔ̄̏ ɔ̱̏ ɔ̂ ɔ̄̂ ɔ̱̂ ɔ̌ ɔ̄̌ ɔ̱̌ ɔ̄̃ ɔ̱̃<br> o ō o̱ ó ó̱ ò ṑ ő̱ ō̏ ȍ̱ ô ō̂ ô̱ ǒ ō̌ ǒ̱ ō̃ õ̱<br> ǫ ǭ ǫ̱ ǫ́ ǫ̱́ ǫ̀ ǭ̀ ǫ̱̋ ǭ̏ ǫ̱̏ ǫ̂ ǭ̂ ǫ̱̂ ǫ̌ ǭ̌ ǫ̱̌ ǭ̃ ǫ̱̃<br> ø ø̄ ø̱ ǿ ǿ̱ ø̀ ø̄̀ ø̱̋ ø̄̏ ø̱̏ ø̂ ø̄̂ ø̱̂ ø̌ ø̄̌ ø̱̌ ø̄̃ ø̱̃<br> u ū u̱ ú ú̱ ù ū̀ ű̱ ū̏ ȕ̱ û ū̂ û̱ ǔ ū̌ ǔ̱ ū̃ ũ̱<br> ư ư̄ ư̱ ứ ứ̱ ừ ư̄̀ ư̱̋ ư̄̏ ư̱̏ ư̂ ư̄̂ ư̱̂ ư̌ ư̄̌ ư̱̌ ư̄̃ ữ̱<br> y ȳ y̱ ý ý̱ ỳ ȳ̀ y̱̋ ȳ̏ y̱̏ ŷ ȳ̂ ŷ̱ y̌ ȳ̌ y̱̌ ȳ̃ ỹ̱ |
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| | 4 || '''*ŋoːɬe''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| gṓwe ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| gô || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| gowbɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| nōh ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| nwoh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| gōli ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| gɔĺ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| gori || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| gōli || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| gōle
| | * '''Dʰakʰi''': ʡ ṅ ʰ ə ː |
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| | * '''Ðaxi''': š ž č ǧ ç ň ř ʎ ɫ ɕ ʑ θ ð ɣ ɸ β ṙ ṅ ġ ɛ ɔ ä ü ö ɑ |
| | 5 || '''*ṕaːŋe''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| pā́ge ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| pâ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| pæžɛ ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| čon ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| šwõ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| šāgi ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| haǵ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sehi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| šāɣi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ṕāge
| | * '''Thahi''': ʔ θ β ṅ à á á̱ â â̱ è é é̱ ê ê̱ ì í í̱ î î̱ ò ó ó̱ ô ô̱ ù ú ú̱ û û̱ ä ä́ ä̱́ ö ö́ ö̱́ |
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| | * '''Ṙaçi''': ʔ ɬ ň š ž č ǧ ɕ ç ʝ ṙ ḣ ṅ ġ ḃ ʈ ɖ ɳ ɽ ɽ̇ ɭ ʂ ʐ ɟ ä ö ü ə |
| | 6 || '''*tʰuːɬa''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| thū́wa ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| hû || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| uba ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| θūha ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| fwa || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| tūle ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| tɔj || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| türä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| tūlɛ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ðūla
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| | * '''Proto-Alri''': ʡ ṗ k̇ ṫ ʈ ʂ ɽ ʰ ə |
| | 7 || '''*χaʂæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| hašɑ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áša || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| haša ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| hoɕe ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| hoše || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| xɛšɛ ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| heže || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| xäsä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| xɛžɛ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| haʂə
| | * '''Nämty''': ħ β ň š č ɕ ç ɟ ʂ ʎ ä ë ö ü ɑ |
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| | * '''Foħθīri''': ħ θ ň š ž č ğ ɕ ç ģ ɟ ṙ æ œ ā ē ī ō ū |
| | 8 || '''*ḱuʔe''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| kuʔe ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kù || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kuj ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| šu ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| fu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| čuhi ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| čuj || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cuhi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| čuhi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ḱəwʔe
| | * '''Cažorih''': ʔ š ž č ğ ç ģ ḣ ɣ β ə ɛ ɔ ã ɛ̃ ẽ ĩ ɔ̃ õ ũ ə̃ ỹ |
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| | * '''Hoð‘i''': ð ň š ž č ģ ɟ ż ṙ ɣ æ ɛ ɔ ə ‘ |
| | 9 || '''*ʈoːju''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| tsṓju ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sô || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| coju ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| cōju ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| čwi || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| ʈōǰu ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cɔǧo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ɕoçə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| tsōǧu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʈōjəw
| | ---- |
| |-
| | * '''Proto-Saːkdi''': ʡ ħ ŋ ɴ ʂ ʐ ʈ ɖ ɑ ɛ ɔ ː |
| | 10 || '''*pʰeːʔo''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| phḗʔo ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| çê || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| few ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| fēw ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| fjev || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| pēhu ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| pejo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| pehə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| pihu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| fēʔo
| | * '''Rertu''': ʔ ɟ ŋ š ž ɑ ɛ ɔ ā́ ɑ̄́ ɛ̄́ ḗ ī́ ɔ̄́ ṓ ū́ ā̀ ɑ̄̀ ɛ̄̀ ḕ ī̀ ɔ̄̀ ṑ ū̀ |
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| | * '''Žérði''': ð ɣ ɸ β ç š ž č ğ ɑ ɛ ɔ à á â ǎ ɑ̀ ɑ́ ɑ̂ ɑ̌ ɛ̀ ɛ́ ɛ̂ ɛ̌ è é ê ě ì í î ǐ ɔ̀ ɔ́ ɔ̌ ɔ̂ ò ó ô ǒ ù ú û ǔ |
| | 100 || '''*ɳaːt́u''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ñā́tu ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| náðu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ñæθu || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ňōšu || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ňwož || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| ňācju || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ňacco || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| naćə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ňācju || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ɳāt́əw
| | * '''Eβmiʔ''': ʔ ň š ž č ğ ʎ ð ɣ ɸ β ç ʝ ʂ ʈ ɖ ɽ ɑ ä å ɛ ɔ ö ü |
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| | * '''Ỹhɛ''': š ž č ğ ɟ ɣ ç ʝ ɕ ʑ ɑ ä å ɛ ɔ ö ü ã ɑ̃ ä̃ å̃ ɛ̃ ẽ ɔ̃ ĩ õ ö̃ ũ ü̃ ỹ |
| | 1000 || '''*ɬiʔaː''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wiʔā́ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ên* || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| vjæ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| liā || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ria || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wiwhā || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| iva || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wüha || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| viwhā || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| liəʔā
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| |}
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| | |
| {|- class="wikitable"
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| |-
| |
| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient<br>Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern<br>Figo''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
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| |-
| |
| | '''*ertu''' <br><small>''thou<br>you (sing.)''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ertu ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| étu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ercu<small><sup>1</sup></small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ertu || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ert || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| irdju || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| əjddo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ird́ə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| irdju || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ertəw
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*jaŋe''' <br><small>''sheep''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| jage ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ja<br><small>''goat''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jažɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| jon || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| jõ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛgi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| xeǵ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| çähi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| çɛɣi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| jage
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*jæɬoː''' <br><small>''night''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| jɑwṓ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jǒ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jæbow || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| jɛhō || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| wewo || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| čɛlō || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| čɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cäro || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| čɛlō || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| jəlō
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*kit́a''' <br><small>''sky, heaven''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| kita ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiðe || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| kiθa || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| kiša || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| kiža || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| giwcɛ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| gəjce || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| güɟä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| giwcɛ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| kiət́a
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*lelu''' <br><small>''sister''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lelu ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| le || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lɛlu || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lelu || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rer || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| liʎu || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| liho || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| riŕə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| liʝu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| leləw
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*liːloṕ''' <br><small>''to see''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lop ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîp || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸ- || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloč || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řiroš- || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līluš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjuš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrus || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līluš || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕ
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ɬæɬe''' <br><small>''sun''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wɑwe <br><small>''fire''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| é <br><small>''fire''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| væbɛ <br><small>''fire''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lɛh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rwe || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| bjɛli || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| beĺ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| b́äri || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| vjɛli || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ləle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ɬime''' <br><small>''world, earth''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wime ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ím || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| vimɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lim || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rim || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wiwmi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| əjḿ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wümi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| viwmi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| liəme
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ɬiːro''' <br><small>''man,<br>human male''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wī́ro ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| îrə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| vjiru || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līru || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řir || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wīru || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| əjro || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wīrə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| vīru || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līro
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ɬoṕeː''' <br><small>''life''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wopḗ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| óβé || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| voɸi || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ločē || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rošje || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wušē || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ɔžej || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wüse || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wuši || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| loṕē
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ɬoṕeːs''' <br><small>''to live''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wopḗs ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| óβés || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| voɸes- || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ločēs || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rošjes- || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wušēs || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ɔžejs || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wüses || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wušis || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| loṕēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*muːke''' <br><small>''bovine''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| mū́ke <br><small>''cow''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| múɣ <br><small>''cow''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| mučɛ <br><small>''cow''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| mūg <br><small>''ox''</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| mog <br><small>''ox''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| mūgi <br><small>''cow''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| mɔǵ <br><small>''cow''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| mühi <br><small>''cow''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| mūɣi <br><small>''cow''</small> || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| mūke <br><small>''bull''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*naːjo''' <br><small>''pure, clean''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| nā́jo ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| nâ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| næju || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| nōju || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| nwoj || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| nāǰu || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| naǧo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| naçə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| nāǧu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| nājo
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ɳakʰe''' <br><small>''star''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ñakhe ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| na || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ñahɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ňoh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ňoh || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| ňɛki || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ňeḱ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| näki || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ňɛki || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ɳaxe
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*papu''' <br><small>''father''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| papu ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| paβu || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| paɸu || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| pobu || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ob <br><small>''divine father''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| bɛbju || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| bevvo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| bäb́ə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| vɛvju || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| papəw
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ṕaːtæ''' <br><small>''leader''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| pā́tɑ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| páða || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| pæθa || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| čōde <br><small>''commander''</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| šwode <br><small>''governor''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| šadjɛ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hadde || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sed́ä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| šadjɛ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ṕātə
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ṕiḱe''' <br><small>''water''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| pike ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| piɣ || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| pičɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| čiš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ših || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| šiwči || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| həjč || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| süci || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| šiwči || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ṕiəḱe
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*pʰætʰoːɬ''' <br><small>''to fly''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| phɑthṓw ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| çaðô* || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| fowb-|| style="background-color:#83FF82;"| fɛθōl || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| fweθwo- || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| pjɛtōw || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| petɔ* || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ṕőw || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| pjɛtow || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| fəðōl
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*sopa''' <br><small>''dog''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopa ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soβe || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸa || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| soba || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| soba || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| huve || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| subä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopa
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*soːŋo''' <br><small>''house, home''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgo ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowgu || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnu || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgu || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɔgo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sohə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōgu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgo
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*sæɳo''' <br><small>''light (n.)''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sɑño ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sanə || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sænu || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sɛňu || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| sweň || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sjɛňu || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| heňo || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| śänə || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sjɛňu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| səɳo
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʂaː''' <br><small>''who''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| šā́ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| šá || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| šæ- || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ɕō || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| šwo || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| ʂā || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ša || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| xa || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ṡā || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʂā
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʂuːri''' <br><small>''big, great''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| šū́ri ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| šúri || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sur‘ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ɕūri || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| šor || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| ʂūriw || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| šɔrəj || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| xorü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ṡūriw || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʂūriə
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*tita''' <br><small>''name''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| tita ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tiðe <br><small>''surname''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| tiθa || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| tida || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| tida || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| diwdɛ <br><small>''surname''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| dəjde <br><small>''peerage,<br>noble title''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| düdä <br><small>''bloodline,<br>lineage''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| diwdɛ <br><small>''family''</small> || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| tiəta
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*tʰiːka''' <br><small>''foot''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| thī́ka ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| híɣe || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jixa || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| θīga || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| fjiɣa || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| tīgɛ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| təjge || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| tīhä || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| tīɣɛ || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ðīka
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʈæŋeɬ''' <br><small>''to say, to talk<br>to speak''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| tsɑgew ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sâ* || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| cæžɛb- || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| cɛnəl <br><small>''to say''</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| čweh-<br><small>''to say''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| cɛgiw || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cegəj* || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ɕähü* || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| tsɛɣiw || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʈəgel<br><small>''to say''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʔaḱoː''' <br><small>''air, wind''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔakṓ <br><small>''air''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| áɣó <br><small>''air''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| æxow<br><small>''air''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ošō <br><small>''wind''</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| ožwo<br><small>''wind''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hɛčō <br><small>''air''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ečɔ <br><small>''air''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| haco <br><small>''air''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɛčō <br><small>''air''</small> || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔaḱō <br><small>''wind''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʔæɳ''' <br><small>''to be''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔɑñ ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| án || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| ɛn* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| wẽ-* || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| çɛň || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| heň<br><small>''there is''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| cän || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| çɛň<br><small>''there is''</small> || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔəɳ
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''**ʔiːs''' <br><small>''negative root''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| ʔī́s<br><small>''negative verb''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| jis<br><small>''not''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| īs<br><small>''negative verb''</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -s<br><small>''negative<br>desinence''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| hīs<br><small>''negative verb''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| əjs<br><small>''not''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hīs<br><small>''negative verb''</small> || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ʔīs<br><small>''not''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*1111''' <br><small>''xxxx''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| 2222 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| 5555 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| 6666 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| 3333 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| 7777 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| 4444 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| 8888 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| 9999 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| 0000 <br><small>''xxxx''</small> || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| 4444 <br><small>''xxxx''</small>
| |
| |}
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| | |
| * forms marked with * are irregulary derived or have other severly irregular forms.
| |
| *<small><sup>1</sup></small> This form is deemed as archaic and not used in everday spoken language.
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| | |
| ====Singular====
| |
| Animate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*sopali''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopali || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛliw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*sopa''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopa|| style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || '''*sopaʂu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopašu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛšu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*sopara''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopara || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛrɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*sopaχæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopaɣɑ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*sopakʰu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopakhu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛku
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive </small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*sopali''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobali || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopaliə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*sopa''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| soba || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopa
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative </small> || '''*sopaʂu''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaɕu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*sopara''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopara
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*sopaχæ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobahe || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopaxə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*sopakʰu''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaxu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopaxəw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Inanimate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*soːŋo''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgo || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || '''*soːŋoʂu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgošu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgušu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*soːŋoχæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgoɣɑ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*soːŋokʰu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgokhu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguku
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*soːŋokʰæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgokhɑ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgukjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive </small> || '''*soːŋoŋil''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgogil || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || '''*soːŋoʈar''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgotsar || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*soːŋo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgo
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative </small> || '''*soːŋoʂu''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoɕu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgora*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*soːŋoχæ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnohe || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgoxə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*soːŋokʰu''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgoxəw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*soːŋokʰæ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxe || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || '''*soːŋoŋil''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgogiəl
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative</small> || '''*soːŋoʈar''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnocar || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ====Plural====
| |
| Animate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*sopanoli''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanoli || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnuliw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*sopano''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopano || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || '''*sopanoʂu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanošu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnušu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*sopanora''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanora || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnurɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*sopanoχæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanoɣɑ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnuxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*sopanokʰu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanokhu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnuku
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive </small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*sopalino''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobalinu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopaliəno
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*sopano''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobanu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopano
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative </small> || '''*sopaʂuno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaɕunu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*soparano''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| soparano
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*sopaχæno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobahenu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopaxəno
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*sopakʰuno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaxunu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sopaxəwno
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Inanimate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*soːŋono''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgono || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || '''*soːŋonoʂu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonošu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunušu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*soːŋonoχæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonoɣɑ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunuxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*soːŋonokʰu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonokhu || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunuku
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*soːŋonokʰæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonokhɑ || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunukjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive </small> || '''*soːŋonoŋil''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonogil || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || '''*soːŋonoʈar''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonotsar || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*soːŋono''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnonu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgono
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative </small> || '''*soːŋoʂuno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoɕunu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgorano*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*soːŋoχæno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnohenu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgoxəno
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*soːŋokʰuno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxunu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgoxəwno
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*soːŋokʰæno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxenu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || '''*soːŋoŋilno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| sōgogiəlno
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative</small> || '''*soːŋoʈarno''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnocarnu || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Dual====
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*sopaʔili''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| -|| style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwliw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*sopaʔi''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || '''*sopaʔiʂu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwšu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*sopaʔira''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwrɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*sopaʔiχæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*sopaʔikʰu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| -|| style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwku
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive </small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*sopaliʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobalī || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*sopaʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaj || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative </small> || '''*sopaʂuʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaɕuj || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*soparaʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*sopaχæʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobahej || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*sopakʰuʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaxuj || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Inanimate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*-''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*soːŋoʔi''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || '''*soːŋoʔiʂu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwšu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*soːŋoʔiχæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*soːŋoʔikʰu''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwku
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*soːŋoʔikʰæ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwkjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive </small> || '''*soːŋoʔiŋil''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || '''*soːŋoʔiʈar''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || '''*soːŋoʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoj || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative </small> || '''*soːŋoʂuʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoɕuj || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || '''*-''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || '''*soːŋoχæʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnohej || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || '''*soːŋokʰuʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxuj || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || '''*soːŋokʰæʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxej || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || '''*soːŋoŋilʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative</small> || '''*soːŋoʈarʔi''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnocari || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Kī́rtako languages===
| |
| Animate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>Singular</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopali || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸal‘
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopa || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soβe || <small>vocative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸa
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopašu || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopara || <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soβere || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopaɣɑ || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸaha
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopakhu|| - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -|| - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || <small>locative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>Plural</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanoli || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸanol‘
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopano || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soβenə || <small>vocative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸanu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanošu || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanora || <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soβenore || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanoɣɑ || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɸanoha
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sopanokhu|| - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || <small>locative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Inanimate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>Singular</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowgul‘*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgo || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣə || <small>vocative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowgu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgošu || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣəre* || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgoɣɑ || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowguha
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgokhu|| - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgokhɑ || <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣəxə || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgogil || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgotsar || <small>locative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣəsah || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>Plural</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowgunol‘*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgono || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣənə || <small>vocative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowgunu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonošu || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣənore* || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>terminative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonoɣɑ || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| sowgunoha
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonokhu || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonokhɑ || <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣənoxə || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>abessive</small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonogil || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| sṓgonotsar || <small>locative</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| soɣənosah || - ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Figo languages===
| |
| Animate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | '''ancient Figo''' || ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''Modern Figo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" | <center>Singular</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobali || <small>nominative</small> ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| sobar
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| soba || <small>accusative</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| soba
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaɕu || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| sobaš
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobahe || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaxu || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>Plural</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobalinu || <small>nominative</small> ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| sobarĩ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobanu || <small>accusative</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| sobã
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaɕunu || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| sobašũ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobahenu || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sobaxuno || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Inanimate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | '''ancient Figo''' || ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''Modern Figo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" | <center>Singular</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || <small>nominative</small> ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõnur*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnu || <small>accusative</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoɕu || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõnuš
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnohe || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxu || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxe || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnocar || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>Plural</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| - || <small>nominative</small> ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõnurĩ*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnonu || <small>accusative</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõnũ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoɕunu || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| swõnušũ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnohenu || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxunu || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnoxenu|| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>locative </small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| sōnocarnu || - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Biwdiw languages===
| |
| Animate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="8" | <center>Singular</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛliw || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛ || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| huve || <small>basic</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| subä || <small>direct</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛšu || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛrɛ || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| huvere || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>genitive</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛrɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛxjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>dative</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛku || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="8" | <center>Dual</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwliw || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiw || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>basic</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>direct</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛhiw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwšu || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwrɛ || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>genitive</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛhiwrɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwxjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>dative</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvɛhiwxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛhiwku || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="8" | <center>Plural</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnuliw || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnu || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| huveno || <small>basic</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| subänə || <small>direct</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvö
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnušu || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnurɛ || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| huvenure || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>genitive</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvörɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnuxjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>dative</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| suvöxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| subɛnuku || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Inanimate noun:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| ||| style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="8" | <center>Singular</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgu|| <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɔgo || <small>basic</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sohə || <small>direct</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōgu
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgušu || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɔgore* || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>genitive</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōgure*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguxjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>dative</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōguxje
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguku || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgukjɛ|| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="8" | <center>Dual</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiw || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>basic</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>direct</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōguhiw
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwšu || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>genitive</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōguhiwre*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwxjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -|| <small>dative</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōguhiwxje
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwku || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōguhiwkjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="8" | <center>Plural</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>agentive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>passive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunu || <small>direct</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɔgono || <small>basic</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sohənə || <small>direct</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōgū
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>ablative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunušu || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>genitive</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| - || <small>oblique</small> || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| hɔgonure* || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || <small>genitive</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōgūre*
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>dative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunuxjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -|| <small>dative</small> ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| sōgūxje
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>causative</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunuku || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>instrumental</small> || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| sōgunukjɛ || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || - ||style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| ====Development====
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1s || '''*liːloṕoł''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopow || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušū
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2s || '''*liːloṕer''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loper || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušir
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || '''*liːloṕæt́''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑt || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛc
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || '''*liːloṕ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lop || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līluš
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1d || '''*liːloṕiʔoł''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwhū
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2d || '''*liːloṕiʔer''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwhir
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || '''*liːloṕiʔæt́''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwcɛc
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || '''*liːloṕiʔ''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| - || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwh
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1p || '''*liːloṕonoł''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponow || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunū
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2p || '''*liːloṕoner''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponer || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunir
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || '''*liːloṕonæt́''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponɑt || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunjɛc
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || '''*liːloṕon''' ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopon || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušun
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||'''''Proto-Piti''''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''a. Figo''' ||style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1s || '''*liːloṕoł''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločow || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕol
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2s || '''*liːloṕer''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločər || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕer
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || '''*liːloṕæt́''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeš || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕət́
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || '''*liːloṕ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloč || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕ
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1d || '''*liːloṕołiʔ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločohi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2d || '''*liːloṕeriʔ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločəri || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || '''*liːloṕæt́iʔ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeši || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || '''*liːloṕiʔ''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloči || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1p || '''*liːloṕołon''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločohon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕolon
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2p || '''*liːloṕeron''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločəron || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕeron
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || '''*liːloṕæt́on''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločešon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕət́on
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || '''*liːloṕon''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločon || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕon
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Kī́rtako languages===
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopow || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸof
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loper || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopɑt || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| - || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸæh
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lop || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîp || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponow || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβonò || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸonof
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponer || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβonəh || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́loponɑt || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -|| style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸonæh
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lopon || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîβon || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| -
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Figo languages===
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' ||style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo'''<br><small>archaic forms</small> || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo'''<br><small>modern forms</small> ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločow || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirošov* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wẽv
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločər || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirošr* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wẽr
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeš || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirošeh* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjid wẽh
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloč || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločohi || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločəri || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločeši || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloči || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -|| style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločohon || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirošõ* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wẽnõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločəron || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirošrõ* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wẽrõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločešon || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirošežõ* || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řirušjidũ wẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līločon || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| - || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Biwdiw languages===
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužū
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužir
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīruśäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužɛc
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3s || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līluš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjuš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrus* || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līluš*
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwhū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwhū
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwhir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwhir
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwcɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwcɛc
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3d || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušiwh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužiwh*
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunū || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužunɔ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusunü || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužü
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužunih || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusunir || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužür
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušunjɛc || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| - || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusuńäh || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužünjɛc
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3p || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līlušun || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjužun || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrusun* || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līlužün*
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Sample sentences==
| |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Sentence''' || ''The man saw the dog''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' || '''*ɬiːroli sopa ʔaloliːṕ(æt́)'''<br><small>man-AGEN dog-PASS PAST-see<sub>PERF</sub>(-3ps)</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | wī́roli sopa ʔalolī́pɑt
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | îrə tòr êβíðə soβe
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | æl‘ vjirul‘ ojh loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ soɸal‘
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | līruli soba alolīčeš
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | řirur soba řirušjid jẽh
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | wīruliw hɛlulīšɛc subɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ežd əjro ejjužəjdo ež huve
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | äs wīrə rurīśäh äs subä
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | vīru lulīžīdu suvɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | ʔalolīṕət́ līroliə sopa
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Sentence''' || ''The brother gives water to the sister''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' || '''*tatuli ṕiḱe leluχæ kæɬok(æt́)'''<br><small>brother-AGEN water-PASS sister-TERM see<sub>IMPF</sub>(-3ps)</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | tatuli leluɣɑ pike kɑwokɑt
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | taðu kók piɣ lere
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | æl‘ taθul‘ ojh kæbociθu pičɛl‘ kowf æha lɛluha
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | toduli leluhe čiš kɛhogeš
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | todur ših reruš kov čiǧid wẽh
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | dɛdjuliw gjɛlugjɛc liʎuxjɛ šiwči
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ež deddo gewg həjč (gɔ) ežəre lihore
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | äs däd́ə gäruǵäh süci gow äs riŕə
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | dɛdju gjɛluɣjɛc šiwči liʝuxjɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | kəlokət́ tatəwliə ṕiəḱe leləwxə
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Sentence''' || ''The woman didn't see the man's house''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' || '''*ʔoːnali ɬiːrora soːŋoʂu loliːṕæme ʔaʔiːs(æt́)'''<br><small>woman-AGEN man-GEN house-ABL see<sub>PERF</sub>-INF<sub>1</sub> PAST-NEG(-3ps)</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | ʔṓnali wī́rora sṓgošu lolī́ṕiñɑme ʔaʔī́sɑt
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | ône î tòr êβíðə soɣə ô îrəre
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | æl‘ ownal‘ he ojh loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ sowgul‘ hæk æha vjiruha
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | ōnali līruɕu sōnu līločem ēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | wonar řiruš řek swõ řirušjid jĩs
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | hōnɛliw hɛhīsjɛc wīrurɛ sōgušu lulīšiwgɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ežd ɔne ejjužəjdo əjs ež hɔgo čel ežəre əjrore
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | äs honä rurīśäh wī äs sohə cär äs wīrə
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | hő hīzīdu lulīžiwgɛ sōgurɛ vīrurɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | ʔalolīṕət́ ʔōnaliə sōgo līrora ʔīs
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Sentence''' || ''My father was tending the flock''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' || '''*oɬtuʂu/joʂu papuli jaŋet́u ʔarimus(æt́)'''<br><small>1ps<sub>LONG</sub>-ABL/1ps<sub>SHORT</sub>-ABL father-AGEN sheep-COLLECT PAST-see<sub>IMPF</sub>(-3ps)</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | jošu papuli jagetu ʔarimusɑt
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | paβu ô òre árimus jaðu
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | æl‘ joral‘ paɸul‘ joh rimusjiθu æl‘ jažɛθul‘
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | oltuɕi pobuli jonəšu arumiseš
| |
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| | style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | ortušur obušur jõž arumišid wẽh
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| | style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | ūdjušu bɛbjuliw hɛriwmjusjɛc čɛgiču
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ɔddužo bevvo rəjmmuzəjdo ež hegičo
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | äs bäb́ə çərä häcän rüḿusīdə äs çähicə
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | vɛvju çūrɛ riwmjuzīdu čɛɣiču
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| | style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | ʔariəməwsət́ papəwliə oltəwra jaget́əw
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| | '''Sentence''' || ''I say that the bear ate the sheep''
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| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' || '''*ʈæŋeɬoɬ t́uːkeːli jaŋeʂu ʔaχomeːnika'''<br><small>say<sub>IMPF</sub>-1ps bear-AGEN sheep-ABL PAST-eat<sub>PERF</sub>-INF<sub>2</sub></small><br>'''*ʈæŋeɬoɬ χiː t́uːkeːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːniɳ(æt́)'''<br><small>say<sub>IMPF</sub>-1ps that bear-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eat<sub>PERF</sub>-SUBJ(-3ps)</small>
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| | style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | tsɑgewow tū́kḗli jagešu ʔahomḗniñɑme<br>tsɑgewow hī́ɑt tū́kḗli jagešu ʔahomḗniñɑt
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| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | sâw hît túɣé tór âmoníðə ja
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| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | owf cæžebjiθu hjæt æl‘ tučil‘ ojh homjeñiθu æl‘ jažɛl‘
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| | style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | cɛnəhow šūšēli jonəɕu ahomēniga<br>cɛnəhow šūšēli jon ahomēniga<br>cɛnəhow hīdu šūšēli jon ahomēnečeš
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| | style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | çwiçid wẽv çid fožer jõ çemũňid jẽh
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| | style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | ʈɛgilū cūgēliw çɛgišu hɛxumēniwňiwgɛ<br>ʈɛgilū xīlu cūgēliw çɛgi hɛxumēniwňɛc
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | cegɔ həju ež cɔgej ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ɕähirü xīr äs sühe xumeńäh äs çähi
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | tsɛɣilū xīlu çūɣi xuminīdu çɛɣi
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| | style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | ʈəgelol ʔahomēnəme t́ūkēliə jage<br>ʈəgelol hīlo ʔahomēnoṕət́ t́ūkēliə jage
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| | '''Sentence''' || ''I saw the wolf who ate the sheep''
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| | '''''Proto-Piti''''' || '''*jaŋeʂu ʔaχomeːniːto kæŋo ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''<br><small>sheep-ABL PAST-eat<sub>PERF</sub>-PART.AG wolf-PASS PAST-see<sub>PERF</sub>-1ps</small><br>'''*χiːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːn(æt́) kæŋo ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''<br><small>which<sub>REL</sub>-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eat<sub>PERF</sub>(-3ps) wolf-PASS PAST-see<sub>PERF</sub>-1ps</small><br>'''*kæŋo χiːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːn(æt́) ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''<br><small>wolf-PASS which<sub>REL</sub>-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eat<sub>PERF</sub>(-3ps) PAST-see<sub>PERF</sub>-1ps</small><br>'''*kæŋo ʔaloliːṕoɬ χiːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːn(æt́)'''<br><small>wolf-PASS PAST-see<sub>PERF</sub>-1ps which<sub>REL</sub>-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eat<sub>PERF</sub>(-3ps)</small><br>
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| | style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | jagešu ʔahomḗnī́to kɑgo ʔalolī́pow<br>hī́li jage ʔahomḗniñɑt kɑgo ʔalolī́pow<br>kɑgo hī́li jage ʔahomḗniñɑt ʔalolī́pow<br>kɑgo ʔalolī́pow hī́li jage ʔahomḗniñɑt<br>
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| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | tòrò êβíðə kaɣə ì tór âmoníðə ja<br>tòrò êβíðə kaɣə ìðu tór âmoníðə ja<br>tòrò êβíðə kaɣə ô šáɣə tór âmoníðə ja
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| | style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Lændixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | owf loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ kægol‘ homjeñiθul‘ æl‘ jažɛl‘<br>owf loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ kægol‘ hji ojh homjeñiθu æl‘ jažɛl‘<br>owf loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ kægol‘ æl‘ sæxul‘ ojh homjeñiθu æl‘ jažɛl‘
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| | style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | jonəɕu ahomēnīdu kɛnu alolīčow<br>hīli jon ahomēnečeš kɛnu alolīčow<br>kɛnu hīli jon ahomēnečeš alolīčow<br>kɛnu alolīčow hīli jon ahomēnečeš
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| | style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | jõ çemũňid jẽh šweduɣur kwẽ řirušjid jẽv <br>kwẽ šweduɣur jõ çemũňid jẽh řirušjid jẽv
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| | style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | hɛlulīšū çɛgišu hɛxumēniwňɛc gjɛgu<br>hɛlulīšū gjɛgu xīliw çɛgi hɛxumēniwňɛc
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ɔddo ejjužəjdo ež gego ša ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ<br>ɔddo ejjužəjdo ež gego ež šago ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ<br>ɔddo ejjužəjdo ež gego ež hego ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | rurīsü äs ǵähə xumeńīdə äs çähi<br>rurīsü äs ǵähə xīhə xumeńäh äs çähi<br>rurīsü äs ǵähə äs sähə xumeńäh äs çähi
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| | style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | ūdju lulīžīdu gjɛgu xī xuminīdu čɛɣi<br>ūdju lulīžīdu gjɛgu xīgu xuminīdu čɛɣi
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| | style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | ʔalolīṕol kəgo ʔahomēnīto jage<br>ʔalolīṕol kəgo ʔahomēnət́ hī jage<br>ʔalolīṕol kəgo ʔahomēnət́ hīlo jage<br>ʔalolīṕol kəgo hīlo ʔahomēnət́ ət́lo jage
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