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| This is a geographical area east of the [[Tropical Rim]] whose languages used circumfixes and had various other traits in common. The area had a poor natural environment with few sources of protein on land, thus the dependence on fishing the sea and maintaining vegetable farms on land. (Animal husbandry was unknown, and people did not drink milk as adults.) | | ''This page has been rubbed out in preparation for the introduction of new languages descended from Dreamlandic.'' |
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| Many Trout Lakes languages were soon spoken in outer climates such as the equatorial zone and the mountains.
| | I will repurpose the name '''Trout''' for the group in the tropics, since it would be meaningless if it retained the earlier geographical association, as this would simply be a synonym of [[gdx|Gold]] and because the country name AlphaLeap already exists. |
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| These languages are ordered from east to west.
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| ==Pre-Gold (1085) to Thaoa (2668)==
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| Initial consonant inventory:
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| PLAIN LABIALIZED
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| Bilabials: p b m f v mʷ w
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| Alveolars: t d n l tʷ dʷ nʷ
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| Postalveolars: č ǯ y
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| Velars: k ŋ h g ḳ ŋʷ hʷ gʷ
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|
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| Note that the inherited /h/ sound was a true /h/ in the onset, but variable in the coda.
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| The vowels were
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: ā ē ī ō ū
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| Falling diphthongs: ae ei ao ou
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| əi əu
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| :''NOTE, this language needs to shift unstressed coda /g/ to Ø if it is to have any of the classifier suffixes that the other languages have. even /yo/ is from /yog/.''
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| #High tone developed into the glottal stop '''ʔ''' at end of syllable. Thus, tones were eliminated.
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| #The voiceless stops ''p t k ḳ'' shifted to the aspirated stops '''ph th kh kh''' in initial position. All were asps.
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| #The voiced stops ''b d ġ'' became the voiceless stops '''p t k''' in initial position. In the same environment, the voiced fricatives ''v g ʕ'' became '''f x h'''.
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| #The diphthongs '' əi əu'' shifted to ''' oi eu'''.
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| #:Possibly shift unstressed coda ''g'' to '''Ø''' here, as in Khulls and Play. But note that Khulls & Play's shifts happened independently.
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| #'''ALL LONG VOWELS WERE DELETED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'''
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| #:It is possible that the longs could survive, since there are some gaps in the distribution of the long vowels that arise later. For example, voiced stops cannot occur after long vowels because of the shift of ʔb ʔd ʔǯ > p t č.
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| #''mh nh ŋh'' > '''mph nth ŋkh'''.
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| #''bh dh gh'' > '''ph th kh'''.
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| #Clusters like kʰn (in tʰikʰnan "vomit") become all voiceless and aspirated --- so tʰikʰtʰan (or tʰiktʰan), etc.
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| #:NOTE ON POLITICS: Most Andanese words entered around this time.
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| #The semivowels ''y w'' became '''t p''' between a voiceless stop and a vowel; thus word-initial clusters were created.
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| #The semivowels ''y w'' became '''s f''' between an aspirated stop and a vowel.
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| #The semivowels ''y w'' became '''d b''' between a voiced stop and a vowel.
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| #The semivowels ''y w'' became '''š f''' between a voiceless fricative and a vowel. Then, fricatives disappeared before /š/.
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| #The sequences ''vy ly gy'' merged as '''z'''. Then, ''hw vw gw'' shifted to '''f v'''.
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| #The labialized nasals ''mʷ nʷ ŋʷ'' merged as '''mm'''. Then, any nasal followed by a /j/ shifted to '''ň '''.
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| #The sequence ''ʔh'' (only in Andanese loanwords) shifted to '''qh'''.
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| #The sequences ''tp db'' shifted to '''pp bb'''.
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| #The sequences ''kp kt'' (unaspirated) shifted to simple '''p t'''. Then, ''ks'' (phonemically /kʰs/) shifted to '''s'''.
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| #Word-initial geminates simplified to singles; however, in most words, classifier prefixes were retained and therefore root-initial geminates, most commonly /pp bb mm/, still appeared. Likewise, /kf/ and /kš/ remained.
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| #The voiced consonants ''b d ǯ v g'' shifted to '''p t č f x''' if preceded by a voiceless consonant, even if over a vowel. This entails /ʔb ʔd ʔǯ/ > /ʔp ʔt ʔč/.
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| #Final ʔ > long vowel.
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| Thus the final phonology of Thaoa was
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| Labials: pʰ p b m f v w
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| Alveolars: tʰ t d n s z l
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| Palataloids: č ǯ ň y
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| Velars: kʰ k ŋ x g
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| Postvelars: qʰ h
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| The deaspiration similar to Grassman's Law had not taken place yet.
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| ====Cultural notes====
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| Thaoa was hostile to the other branches of the family, and little voluntary migration took place in either direction. Neither did they communicate at sea. The similarities between Thaoa and the branches spoken to its west are based entirely on their close genetic relation rather than osmosis.
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| It is possible that the presence of voiceless aspirates in this branch is partly due to aboriginal influence, and there may be a sprachbund of languages that develop or preserve distinctive aspiration. This would also include those Fern languages that came to be spoken in [[Tarwas]].
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| ==Proto-Thaoa (1085) to Patuupʷto (~1678 AD)==
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| Alternate names: Paleo-Pabappa, Big Hearts, Lazy Palms, Protection, Diver
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| Paleo-Pabappa was the language of the '''Patuupʷto''' tribe, which split into many separate branches due to migrations both voluntary and involuntary. Most of these branches soon adopted the languages of the surrounding populations, however. For example, the Lazy Palms likely assimilate into the Oysters, while the enslaved Divers take on the languages of their masters.
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| The '''Soft Hands''' spoke Gold.
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| :''See [[Paleo-Pabappa#Šàno]] for a related language also spoken here.''
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|
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| Initial phoneme inventory:
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| PLAIN LABIALIZED
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| Bilabials: p b m f v mʷ w
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| Alveolars: t d n l tʷ dʷ nʷ
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| Postalveolars: č ǯ y
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| Velars: k ŋ h g ḳ ŋʷ hʷ gʷ
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|
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| Note that the inherited /h/ sound was a true /h/ in the onset, but variable in the coda.
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| The vowel inventory was
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: aa ee ī oo ū
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| Falling diphthongs: ae ei ao ou
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| əi əu
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|
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| This list may have to be cut somewhere in the middle, with the full list applying to just one subbranch and ending around the year 2668.
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| #The voiced coronal obstruents ''d ǯ'' merged as '''r'''.
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| #The sequences ''ae ao'' shifted to '''ai au'''.
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| #The labialized obstruents ''tʷ dʷ gʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ w w'''.
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| #The velar ejective ''ḳ'' merged to '''k'''.
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| #The sequences ''č kč '' merged as '''s'''; preceding vowels retained their tones.
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| #In word-initial position, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' shifted to '''y'''.
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| #The labialized nasals ''mʷ nʷ ŋʷ'' merged as '''mʷ'''.
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| #:''NOTE ON POLITICS'': Highland Pabappa breaks off here.
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| #In syllable-final position, the sequences ''uk un uh '' shifted to '''ukʷ umʷ upʷ '''. (This is called the "uh-oh" shift because it shifts /uh/ and some primordial /oh/.)
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| #:This may be the source of the replacement of some word-initial /hʷ/ with /p/.
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| #In syllable-final position, the sequences ''ik in ih '' shifted to '''iš iň iš '''.
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| #In all positions, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' disappeared and lengthened the preceding vowel. This often occurred in the second element of a diphthong or intervocalically.
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| #The velars ''h hʷ'' came to spelled '''x xʷ'''.
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| #'' f fʷ v'' shifted to '''h hʷ g'''.
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| #The clusters '' kx kh'' (and their labialized counterparts) shifted to ''' k'''.
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| Thus the final consonant inventory of proto-paleo-Pabappa was
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| Rounded bilabials: pʷ mʷ hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b
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| Alveolars: t n r s l
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| Palataloids: ň š y
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| Velars: k ŋ g x
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| Labiovelars: kʷ xʷ
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| Postvelars: h
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| And the vowel inventory was
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu
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| Falling diphthongs: ai au
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| ei ou
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| əi əu
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|
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| ===Pre-Patuupʷto (1400) to Proto-Aboa (2668)===
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| This branch of the family is called '''Aboa''' because it is the language of the Empire of Aboa, which included Thaoa and some nearby areas. It may also have included parts of Subumpam and Litila. They slowly invaded the pacifist empire of Paba and by 3919 they had become Paba.
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| Syllables could end in a vowel, or one of /k n h g l/. The high tone could also be considered to be a final consonant, /ʔ/. Each of these five codas could occur after a vowel sequence; therefore, /pouh/ is a valid syllable. Superheavy syllabes such as these are a common trait in related languages.
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| All closed syllables were toneless, but contrasts like /ak~aak/ still existed.
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| The consonant inventory in 1400 AD was
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| Rounded bilabials: pʷ mʷ hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b f v
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| Alveolars: t n r s l
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| Palatals: y
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| Velars: k ŋ h g
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| The vowel inventory was
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu
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| Falling diphthongs: ai au
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| ei ou
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| əi əu
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| #The voiced stop ''b'' shifted to '''v'''.
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| #After a high tone, the voiceless fricatives ''hʷ f h'' shifted to '''kʷ p k'''. The /s/ did not shift.
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| #After a low tone, the voiceless stops ''pʷ p t'' shifted to '''bʷ b d'''.
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| #After a high tone, the nasals ''mʷ m n ŋ'' became the geminates '''mmʷ mm nn ŋŋ'''.
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| #Tones were eliminated.
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| #The sequences ''mpʷ mp nt'' shifted to '''mbʷ mb nd'''.
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| #The clusters ''kpʷ kp kt kf'' shifted to '''ppʷ pp tt pp'''. Note that there was never a /ks/.
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| #Any other final ''k'' shifted to '''h''', which adopted previously existing sandhi rules such as /hm/ = [mp].
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| #The labialized consonants ''kʷ pʷ bʷ mʷ'' shifted to '''p p b m'''. Then ''w'' shifted to '''v'''.
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| #The diphthongs ''ai ei əi'' all merged as '''ē'''. Then ''au ou əu'' merged as '''ō'''. Then, the double vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu'' became '''ā ē ī ō ū'''.
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| ===Patuupʷto (1678) to Puroupwa (2672 AD)===
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| This language derives its name from the Patuupʷto word ''oroupʷa'' "limestone", as it is spoken in a mountainous area filled with many steep limestone cliffs.
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| #The velars ''k ŋ x'' shifted to '''č ň š'''.
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| #The postalveolars '' ň š'' depalatalized to ''' n s''' except before /i/.
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| #The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
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| # ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə'' > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
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| #In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel.
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| Thus the consonant inventory was
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|
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| Labials: p m b w
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| Alveolars: t n r s l
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| Palataloids: č ň š y
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| Velars: k h g
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|
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| The vowel inventory was
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu
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| Falling diphthongs: ae ao
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| ei
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| oa oe oi ou
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| əi əu
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| ===Patuupʷto (1678) to Pombi (2672 AD)===
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| This language will need a new name.
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| #The velars ''k ŋ x'' shifted to '''č ň š'''.
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| #The postalveolars '' ň š'' depalatalized to ''' n s''' except before /i/.
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| #The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
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| # ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə'' > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
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| #In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel.
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| ===Patuupʷto (1678) to Pipaippis (3200 AD)===
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| The starting date is very vague because the four languages split apart slowly.
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| #The velars ''k ŋ x'' shifted to '''č ň š'''.
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| #The postalveolars '' ň š'' depalatalized to ''' n s''' except before /i/.
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| #The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
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| # ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə'' > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
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| #In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel.
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| #Frics became stops after a high tone.
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| #The schwas ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''u ū''' unconditionally.
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| #All labialized consonants change to plain bilabials.
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| #Voicing distinction disappears entirely. This was actually triggered by a new voicing of stops after low tones, but because this change removed the last remaining environment that could host a minimal pair, there was no longer any phonemic contast.
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| #:NOTE ON POLITICS: This is 1900 AD.
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| #Prevocalic sequences ''pi mi fi'' shifted to '''t n s''' (with no following glide). Thus the prevocalic glide /j/ was completely eliminated except in isolation.
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| #Intervocalically, ''bʷ b ž g'' shifted to '''w Ø y Ø'''.
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| #:Note, there is no /ž/ at present because the source language was changed.
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| ===Pipaippis (3200) to Haswaraba (8773 AD)===
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| As described currently, this language far outlasts the extinction of all other Paleo-Pabap languages, and may need to be cut down at a very early stage.
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|
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| The name of the language used here is a repurposing of that of the unrelated [[Haswaraba]] language.
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| #All word-final vowels became short.
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| #Tones were eliminated.
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| #Before any /i/, the consonants ''p m t n l r k'' shifted to '''pʲ mʲ č ň ł ř ć'''.
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| #Before any /u/, the consonants ''p m t n l r č ň k'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ tʷ nʷ w bʷ kʷ ŋʷ kʷ'''.
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| #The short vowels ''a i u ə'' all merged as '''a'''.
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| #The long vowels ''ā ī ū ə̄'' shifted to '''a i u ə'''.
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| ==Highland Pabappa==
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| :''Not to be confused with [[Macro-Pabap_languages#Gold_.281900.29_to_Proto-Highland_Poswob_.282668.29|Highland Poswa]].''
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| This is a language family that breaks off around 1400 AD from the branch that spawns Paleo-Pabappa proper. However, these languages are excluded from the definition of [[Lenian languages]] because its people are physically and culturally different.
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| The phonology of proto-Highland was
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| Rounded bilabials: pʷ mʷ hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b f v
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| Alveolars: t n r s l
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| Palatals: y
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| Velars: k ŋ h g
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| The vowel inventory was
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu
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| Falling diphthongs: ai au
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| ei ou
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| əi əu
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| ===Proto-Highland (~1400) to Litila (2668 AD)===
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| Labialized consonants stay.
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| #The voiced bilabial stop ''b'' shifted to '''p'''.
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| #stops after a high tone become geminate? C.f. gala
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| ===Proto-Highland (~1400) to Maimp (2668 AD)===
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| ===Proto-Highland (~1400) to Topaloū (2668 AD)===
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| ==Šàno==
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| This language was spoken by a coastal (southwestern or southeastern) tribe. The name is an exonym. Note that the development is very similar early on to Subumpamese.
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| The consonant inventory of the mainland dialect of Tapilula was
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| Rounded bilabials: hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b f (Ø)
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| Alveolars: t n d l
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| Rounded alveolars: tʷ nʷ dʷ
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| Velars: k ḳ ŋ ġ h g
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| #The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/. If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared. This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
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| #When a "velaroid" consonant (/''k ḳ ŋ h g l''/) followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a closed syllable.
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| #A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared. Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''. This happened in both open and closed syllables.
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| #The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''əə'''.
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| #The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only.
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| #The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
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| #The sequences ''ai ei oi '' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''.
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| #The mid-vowel sequences ''eo eə'' shifted to '''ee'''. Meanwhile ''oe oə'' became '''oo'''. These four sequences were all rare, however, because of shifts further back in time that affected only mid vowels.
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| #All consonants adjacent to an /u/ in either direction became labialized.
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| #:NOTE ON POLITICS: Up until this point, the Šàno language is nearly identical to proto-Subumpamese.
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| #The sequences ''ae ao'' shifted to '''ai au'''.
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| #The voiced labiovelar fricative ''gʷ'' became '''bʷ'''.
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| #All labialized consonants become rounded bilabials.
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| #In absolute initial position, ''t '' >'''s'''.
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| #In syllable-final position, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' disappeared and lengthened the preceding vowel. This often occurred in the second element of a diphthong.
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| #Vowel sequences in which the second element was high-tone (less common) lengthened the second vowel, thus merging with the ones which had previously been followed by /g/.
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| #uā>wā.
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| #Velar consonants moved up: ''k ŋ h g'' > '''č ň š r''', probably unconditionally.
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| #''q''>'''k'''.
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| #'' f fʷ'' shifted to '''h hʷ'''.
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| #In absolute final position, ''š č ň'' > '''s t n'''.
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| Thus the consonant inventory was
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| Rounded bilabials: pʷ bʷ hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b
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| Alveolars: t n d s l r
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| Palataloids: č ň š
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| Velars: k h
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| The language still retained a full six-vowel system and the world's largest inventory of permissible vowel sequences:
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|
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| aa ai au
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| ea ee ei
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| ia ie io
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| oa oo ou
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| ua ue uo
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| əi əu
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| All seventeen of these occurred as falling diphthongs, but only the nine beginning with /a e o/ also occurred as rising diphthongs. Sequences with two of the same vowel were distinguished by the tone pattern and, when following a labialized consonant, also by vowel color.
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| Additionally, long vowels were present, and were distinct from sequences of two short vowels. Thus, there were three tones: high, low, and long.
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| Labialized consonants carried little information, because they inherited the gaps of ''*ʷə ʷa'' and rarity of ''ʷe ʷi'' from Tapilula, filling these only when bordering a /u/. They were not distinctive in the syllable coda either because the only non-labialized coda consonants that could occur after an /u/ were those that had previously occurred after the diphthong /ao/.
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| Paleo-Pabappa splits into four languages at this point, but they share most of the immediately subsequent changes.
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| ==Subumpam==
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| :''See [[Subumpamese_languages]].''
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| This branch diverges earlier than the others and could be excluded on the basis of cladistics, but it behaved as part of the sprachbund.
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| ==Gold==
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| This branch is excluded on the basis that it loses its classifier prefixes. See [[Gold language]].
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| ==Pre-Gold (1095) to Pēles==
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| It is possible that the Pelesians maintained friendly contact with one of the dark-skinned tribes and thus spoke the same language as of 2175 ad. However , it is not clear if these neighbors were monolingual themselves .... Wax had acted alone when it seceded in 1905, and may not have truly spoken Gold. Tarise spoke a single language in 1905, but this may have been due to subsequent assimilation.
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| Although the Pelesians were surrounded by dark skinned tribes, their language initially formed a speech continuum with the tribes in both directions. It was simply that more of the blonde settlers moved to Pēles than elsewhere, so the dark skinned tribes borrowed the settlers' language but did not absorb appreciable numbers of the people.
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| Initial phoneme inventory:
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| PLAIN LABIALIZED
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| Bilabials: p b m f v mʷ w
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| Alveolars: t d n l tʷ dʷ nʷ
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| Postalveolars: č ǯ y
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| Velars: k ŋ h g ḳ ŋʷ hʷ gʷ
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|
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| Note that the inherited /h/ sound was a true /h/ in the onset, but variable in the coda.
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| The vowel inventory was
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| Short vowels: a e i o u ə
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| Long vowels: aa ee ī oo ū
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| Falling diphthongs: ae ei ao ou
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| əi əu
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| Long vowels could be followed by /g/ (from k/k'/h/g), /n/, or /l/. They could also be followed by some clusters.
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| ''THE ABOVE ASSUMES THIS LANGUAGE IS THE ONLY ONE THAT DIDNT ANALOGIZE THESE.''
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| #All consonants occurring after the vowel /u/ (any length, any tone) became labialized.
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| #All consonants occurring after the vowel /i/ **EXCEPT in the sequence /əi/** became palatalized.
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| #The high vowels ''i ī ə u ū'' shifted to '''yi yī i i ī'''.
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| #When an /a/ was in an adjacent syllable, the sequences ''e ē ei o ō ou'' shifted to '''ya yā yai a ā au'''.
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| #The sequences ''eḳ oḳ'' (on any tone) shifted to '''aḳ'''.
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| #The sequences ''e ē ei əi'' shifted to '''yi yī yi ī'''.
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| #The sequences ''o ō ou əu'' shifted to '''u ū u ī'''.
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| #The sequences ''aa ae ao'' merged as '''ā'''.
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| #The labial fricative ''f'' shifted to '''h'''.
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| #:What happened to /v/?
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| #Any consonant that was both labialized and palatalized became labialized alone.
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| #The labialized consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ čʷ tʷ pʷ'' merged as '''p'''. Then, ''mʷ nʷ ŋʷ'' shifted to '''m'''. The voiced labialized stops ''dʷ bʷ'' merged as '''b'''. Lastly, ''xʷ gʷ'' shifted to '''f w'''.
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| #The sequences ''kʲ ḳʲ ŋʲ xʲ gʲ'' shifted to '''č č n s y'''.
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| #The clusters ''kp kb km kf '' shifted to '''pp pp pm p'''. Then ''kt kd kn '' shifted to '''tt tt tn '''. (/ks/ did not occur.) Then ''kč '' became ''' čč'''. (/kŋ/ remained, and kh, kg, kk, etc had been eliminated in the proto-language although those shifts are not listed.)
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| #The voiced alveolar stop ''d'' shifted to '''r'''.
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| #:What about /dʲ/?
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| #possibly ''i,u''>'''e,ə''' in closed slabs (see [http://www.frathwiki.com/Tarise#Proto-Tarise_.28.7E1900.29_to_Tropical_Rim_V here].)
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| #:If this happens, it means that the Tropical Rim V culture had strong influence on Pēles, and it would likely mean that Pēles also loses its tones. If tones are preserved, then Pēles would be the only three-vowel language with a three-way tone contrast.
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| There is still lw,g,ł,etc
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| Many word roots begin with labials because of classifier prefixes ending with /u/. The situation is similar to Subumpamese and Bābākiam.
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| The final phonology was:
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| Bilabials: p b m f w
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| Palatalized labials: pʲ bʲ mʲ
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| Alveolars: t n s r l
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| Postalveolars: č y
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| Velars: k ŋ x g
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| Postvelars: h (Ø)
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| And the vowels /a i u/ on three tones (high, low, long).
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