Kunke: Difference between revisions

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==Commentary==
==Commentary==


Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. The inherent number is zero-marked and lexically determined. Both non-inherent numbers are indicated by the inverse number '-aah'. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root.  
Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. The inherent number, called '''DIRECT''', is zero-marked and lexically determined. Both non-inherent numbers, called '''INVERSE''', are indicated by the inverse number suffix '-aah'. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root.  


The basic meaning of the root 'nasah' is 'long wooden thing' and it is inherently singular; thus 'osinasah' means 'tree', 'osinasahaah' 'trees (dual or plural)', 'osuwnasah' 'stick', 'hiinasah' 'branch'.  
The basic meaning of the root 'nasah' is 'long wooden thing' and it is inherently singular; thus 'osinasah' means 'tree', 'osinasahaah' 'trees (dual or plural)', 'osuwnasah' 'stick', 'hiinasah' 'branch'.  


'Ruwsa' 'eyes' is inherently dual. 'Siuyosuwsuwsa' means 'eyes (dual). 'Siuyosuwsuwsuayaah' means 'eye(s) (singular and plural)'. 'Siuyosizhuwsa' means 'downward eye; modesty', 'siuhiizhuwsa' 'upward-glancing eyes; insolence'.
'Ruwsa' 'eyes' is inherently dual. 'Siwosuwsuwsa' means 'eyes (dual). 'Siuwosuwsuwsuayaah' means 'eye(s) (singular and plural)'. 'Siuwosizhuwsa' means 'downward eye; modesty', 'siuhiizhuwsa' 'upward-glancing eyes; insolence'.


'Runwu' 'water' is inherently plural. 'Osuwsunwuyaah' means 'drop of water (in river)', 'osizhunwuyaah' 'raindrop', and 'hiizhunwuyaah' 'waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical').
'Runwu' 'water' is inherently plural. 'Osuwsunwu' means 'water (flat)', 'osizhunwu' means 'water (vertical)', and 'hiizhunwu' means 'water (squatting)' 'Osuwsunwuyaah' means 'drop of water (in river)', 'osizhunwuyaah' 'raindrop', and 'hiizhunwuyaah' 'waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical').


=Possessive Prefixes=
=Possessive Prefixes=
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There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, 'siu-', seen above in words such as 'siuyosuwsuwsa' ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns.  
There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, 'siu-', seen above in words such as 'siuyosuwsuwsa' ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns.  


The first, second, and third persons are represented by 'nue-', 'iih-', and 'asa-', respectively.  
'nue-' is the first person prefix.


'uwi-' is the reflexive prefix.  
'iih-' is the second person prefix.


'aek-' is the reciprocal prefix. Then it becomes less familiar to speakers of European languages.  
'asa-' is the third person prefix. It is often replaced by the options below.


'eur-' is an areal prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal.  
'uwi-' is the reflexive third person prefix. First and second reflexives use 'nue-' and 'iih-'.


'aas-' is the disjoint prefix, used when both the subject and the possessor are both in the direct zero-marked form and are not identical.
'aek-' is the reciprocal person prefix.


'uos-' is the inverse disjoint form (a neologism on the basis of the plural disjoint prefix). It is used when the subject is inverse-marked, the possessor is not, and the possessor is not an individual included within the inverse-marked subject. Thus, from 'osizhena' ‘daughter’ from 'osi-rena':
'eur-' is the areal third person prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal.  


'siuyosizhena' ‘daughter’
'aas-' is the disjoint prefix. The disjoint prefix replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when both the possessum and the possessor are ''both'' in the direct (zero-marked) form and are not identical.
 
'uos-' is the inverse disjoint prefix. The inverse disjoint form replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when the possessum is inverse and the possessor is direct.
 
A disjoint prefix to replace 'asa-' when the possessum is direct and the possessor is inverse '''does not exist'''.
 
Thus:
 
'osizhena' ‘daughter’ from 'osi-rena':
 
'siwosizhena' ‘daughter’


'nueyosizhena' ‘my daughter’
'nueyosizhena' ‘my daughter’
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'iihosizhena' ‘your daughter’
'iihosizhena' ‘your daughter’


'asayosizhena' ‘his/her daughter’
'asayosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter’


'uwiyosizhena' ‘his/her/their own daughter’
'uwiyosizhena' ‘his/her/their own daughter’
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'euzhosizhena' ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’
'euzhosizhena' ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’


'aasosizhena' ‘his/her daughter (but not of the subject)’
'aasosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is direct)’


'uososizhena' ‘his/her daughter (but not of a singular subject)’
'uososizhenayaah' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is inverse)’
 
If the inverse-marked subject is inherently dual or plural, the inverse disjoint prefix can only reflect the non-singular meaning of the inverse-marked subject. Thus, if the subject is 'osihoshetaah' ‘warrior/warriors (sg/du)’, from 'osi-horhet', 'uososizhena' can only refer to a daughter of someone who is a not a part of the group of the two warriors who are the subject of the sentence; if she were the daughter of one of these warriors, one would use 'asayosizhena'.


=Genitives=
=Genitives=
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Kunke verbs have the following structure:  
Kunke verbs have the following structure:  


switch reference-subject-root-object-tense.  
switch reference-(disjoint)-subject-root-object-tense.  


==Switch reference==
==Switch reference==
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|}
|}


Switch reference does not apply to the first verb in a series of clauses. The switch-reference prefixes encodes tense ''as well as'' change of subject.


Switch reference is zero-marked on a free-standing verb. Switch-reference encodes tense as well change of subject.
==Verbal Duoplurals==
 
==Verbal Plurals==


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Verbal Suffixes
! Verbal Affixes
! Generic
! Generic
! 1st
! 1st
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| aas-
| aas-
|-
|-
! Plural
! Non-Singular
| hue-
| hue-
| iti-
| iti-
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|}
|}


Verbs, unlike nouns, have explicit plural forms for numbers and persons. The singular forms are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic, which is different.The plural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the same.
 
 
Verbs are inherently singular and therefore have explicit duoplural forms for numbers and persons. The singular forms are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic. The duoplural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the identical in singular and non-singular.
 
If the subject is different from that of the previous sentence, the verbal disjoint prefix must follow the the switch reference prefix.
 
An areal suffix after the verb root refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the direct object. A verbal disjoint suffix after the verb refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the omitted direct object.


==Tense Suffixes==
==Tense Suffixes==
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==Sentence Examples==
==Sentence Examples==


osihoshet osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet aasosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
1.


osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST   
osi-horhet osuwsena  iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet
 
warrior   housemaid  NSG-see-SG-RPST   DJT-house    RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST   


The warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.
The warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.


2.
osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuwwehsi unesiso-eur-iet


osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet uososuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
warrior-INV    housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet uos-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.


VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST INV.DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST 
3.


The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.
osihoshetaah osuwsena asayosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena asa-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi      une-siso-eur-iet.


warrior-INV    housemaid SG-see-SG-RPST  DJT-HORZ-building  RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


osihoshetaah osuwsena asayosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet
The warrior saw the housemaid and seized her house.


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena asa-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet
4.


VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter 3sg-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3sg-seize-AREA-RPST 
osihoshet osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasayet asayosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


The warrior saw the housemaid and seized her house.
osi-horhet osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


warrior  housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST  3-house        RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


The warriors saw the housemaids and seized their house.


osihoshet osuwsenayaah ihoyosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
5.


osi-horhet osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet


VERT-warrior SQU-daughter-INV 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST 
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


The warriors saw the housemaids and seized their house.
warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-NSG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other person.
The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.


5a.


osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoyosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasaiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter-INV 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST   
warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST   


The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized her house.
The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.




6.


osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah asayosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah asayosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah asa-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah asa-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet


VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter-INV 3sg-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3sg-seize-AREA-RPST   
warrior-INV housemaid-INV SG-see-NSG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST   


The warrior saw the housemaids and seized their house.
The warrior saw the housemaids and seized their house.




7.


osihoshet osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet aasosuwwehsi unoyuosihosisoyeuzhiet
osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyuossisoyeuzhiet


osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-uos-iho-siso-eur-iet
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi uno-uos-siso-eur-iet


VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.DIFF-PL.DJT-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST   
VERT-warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-NSG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST   


The warriors saw the housemaid and someone else (duoplural) seized her house.
The warriors saw the housemaid and some other people seized her house.




osihoshet osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet aasosuwwehsi unoyaasasasisoyeuzhiet
8.


osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-aas-asa-siso-eur-iet
osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyaassisoyeuzhiet


VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.DIFF-SG.DJT-3sg-seize-AREA-RPST 
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-aas-siso-eur-iet


The warriors saw the housemaid and someone else (singular) seized her house.
warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-SG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST 


The warriors saw the housemaid and some other person seized her house.


9.


osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyiazhihu
osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu


osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu
osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu


VERT-warrior HORZ-field-INV 3pl-seize-AREA.PL-FUT
warrior field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT
 
The warriors will seize the fields.
 
10.
 
osihoshet uososuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu
 
osi-horhet uos-osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu
 
warrior INV.DJT-field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT
 
The warriors will seize her fields.


The warriors will seize the fields’


=Lexicon=
=Lexicon=


asiw (sg) - osuwasiw 'field'
asa - (sg) asa 'to see'; hiiyasa 'observation'
 
asiw (sg) -'area of agriculture'; asiw 'to cultivate'; osiyasiw 'vine trellis'; osuwasiw 'field'; hiiyasiw 'vineyard'


hoshet (< hor-het) (pl) - osihoshet 'band of warriors'; osihoshetaah 'warrior(s)'
hoshet (< hor-het) (pl) - osihoshet 'band of warriors'; osihoshetaah 'warrior(s)'; euzhosihoshet 'mercenaries'


kuaw (pl) - hiikuaw 'jewelry'
kuaw (pl) - 'collection of shiny things'; osikuaw 'necklace'; osuwkuaw 'diadem'; hiikuaw 'jewelry'; hiikuawaah 'piece of jewelry'


nasah (sg) - osinasah 'tree'; osinasahaah 'trees'; osuwnasah 'stick'; hiinasah 'stick'
kunke (pl) - kunke 'to speak'; osikunke 'the Kunke speaking community'; osikunkeyaah 'a speaker of Kunke; dialogue participant'; osuwkunke 'Kunke-speaking ancestors'; osuwkunkeyaah 'an ancestor; tradition (communication between living and late participants);


osuw - to see
nasah (sg) - 'long wooden thing'; osinasah 'tree'; osinasahaah 'trees'; osuwnasah 'stick'; hiinasah 'branch'


rena (sg) - osizhena 'daughter'; euzhosizhena 'foundling; prostitute'
rena (sg) - 'girl, daughter'; osizhena 'girl'; siwosizhena 'daughter'; osuwsena 'housemaid'; euzhosizhena 'foundling; prostitute'


runwu (pl) - osizhunwuyaah 'raindrop'; osuwsunwu 'water'; osuwsunwuyaah 'drop of water (in river)'; hiizhunwuyaah 'waterfall'
runwu (pl) - 'water'; runwu 'be wet, make wet'; osizhunwu 'rain'; osizhunwuyaah 'raindrop'; osuwsunwu 'water'; osuwsunwuyaah 'drop of water (in river)'; hiizhunwu 'spray'; hiizhunwuyaah 'waterfall(s)'


ruta (sg) - osizhuta 'neck'
ruta (sg) - 'round protrudance'; ruta 'to protrude, intrude, enter'; siwosizhuta 'neck'; siwosuwsuta 'nose, ear'; siuhiizhuta 'limb'


ruwsa (du) - siuyosizhuwsa 'modesty'; siuyosuwsuwsa 'eyes'; siuyosuwsuwsa 'eye(s) (sg/pl)'; siuhiizhuwsa 'insolence'
ruwsa (du) - 'eye'; siwosizhuwsa 'modesty'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eyes'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eye(s) (sg/pl)'; siuhiizhuwsa 'insolence'


siso - to seize
siso (du) - 'seize, grab with both hands'; siso 'to seize'; osisiso 'a lifting'; osuwsiso 'a pulling towards'; hiisiso 'a reaching in and pulling out'


wehsi (sg) - building
wehsi (sg) - 'building'; wehsi 'to build'; osiwehsi 'tower'; osuwwehsi 'building, house'; hiiwehsi 'buttress'

Latest revision as of 14:28, 19 October 2020

General Description

Kunke is a nominative-accusative SOV language which combines:

1. trial number

2. inverse number marking

3. orientation prefixes

4. areal prefixes.

5. disjoint prefixes

Number and Orientation

Number

Number Direct Inverse
-0 -aah

Orientation

Orientation Vertical Horizontal Squatting
osi- osuw- hii-


Commentary

Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. The inherent number, called DIRECT, is zero-marked and lexically determined. Both non-inherent numbers, called INVERSE, are indicated by the inverse number suffix '-aah'. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root.

The basic meaning of the root 'nasah' is 'long wooden thing' and it is inherently singular; thus 'osinasah' means 'tree', 'osinasahaah' 'trees (dual or plural)', 'osuwnasah' 'stick', 'hiinasah' 'branch'.

'Ruwsa' 'eyes' is inherently dual. 'Siwosuwsuwsa' means 'eyes (dual). 'Siuwosuwsuwsuayaah' means 'eye(s) (singular and plural)'. 'Siuwosizhuwsa' means 'downward eye; modesty', 'siuhiizhuwsa' 'upward-glancing eyes; insolence'.

'Runwu' 'water' is inherently plural. 'Osuwsunwu' means 'water (flat)', 'osizhunwu' means 'water (vertical)', and 'hiizhunwu' means 'water (squatting)' 'Osuwsunwuyaah' means 'drop of water (in river)', 'osizhunwuyaah' 'raindrop', and 'hiizhunwuyaah' 'waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical').

Possessive Prefixes

Possessive Prefixes Generic 1st 2nd 3rd Reflexive Reciprical Areal Disjoint Inverse Disjoint
siu- nue- iih- asa- uwi- aek- eur- aas- uos-


There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, 'siu-', seen above in words such as 'siuyosuwsuwsa' ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns.

'nue-' is the first person prefix.

'iih-' is the second person prefix.

'asa-' is the third person prefix. It is often replaced by the options below.

'uwi-' is the reflexive third person prefix. First and second reflexives use 'nue-' and 'iih-'.

'aek-' is the reciprocal person prefix.

'eur-' is the areal third person prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal.

'aas-' is the disjoint prefix. The disjoint prefix replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when both the possessum and the possessor are both in the direct (zero-marked) form and are not identical.

'uos-' is the inverse disjoint prefix. The inverse disjoint form replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when the possessum is inverse and the possessor is direct.

A disjoint prefix to replace 'asa-' when the possessum is direct and the possessor is inverse does not exist.

Thus:

'osizhena' ‘daughter’ from 'osi-rena':

'siwosizhena' ‘daughter’

'nueyosizhena' ‘my daughter’

'iihosizhena' ‘your daughter’

'asayosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter’

'uwiyosizhena' ‘his/her/their own daughter’

'aekosizhenayaah' ‘each other’s daughters’

'euzhosizhena' ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’

'aasosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is direct)’

'uososizhenayaah' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is inverse)’

Genitives

Genitive Alienable Inalienable
-ia -iko

There are two genitive suffixes, one alienable '-ia', the other inalienable '-iko'. A piece of jewelry owned by the warrior’s daughter would produce 'iihosizhenayia hiikuaw' ‘your daughter’s jewelry’, but her neck, 'ruta', would produce 'iihosizhenayiko siuyosizhuta' ‘your daughter’s neck’.

Verbal Structure

Kunke verbs have the following structure:

switch reference-(disjoint)-subject-root-object-tense.

Switch reference

Switch Reference Remote Past Past Present Future
Same Subject une- ohru- uuh- hue-
Different Subject uno- our- uuw- oha-

Switch reference does not apply to the first verb in a series of clauses. The switch-reference prefixes encodes tense as well as change of subject.

Verbal Duoplurals

Verbal Affixes Generic 1st 2nd 3rd Reflexive Reciprocal Areal Disjoint
Singular ook- nue- iih- asa- uwi- aek- eur- aas-
Non-Singular hue- iti- wao- iho- uwi- aer- iar- uos-


Verbs are inherently singular and therefore have explicit duoplural forms for numbers and persons. The singular forms are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic. The duoplural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the identical in singular and non-singular.

If the subject is different from that of the previous sentence, the verbal disjoint prefix must follow the the switch reference prefix.

An areal suffix after the verb root refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the direct object. A verbal disjoint suffix after the verb refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the omitted direct object.

Tense Suffixes

Tense Suffixes Remote Past Past Present Future
-iet -iur -iun -ihu

Sentence Examples

1.

osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuwsena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.

2.

osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuwwehsi unesiso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.

3.

osihoshetaah osuwsena asayosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena asa-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet.

warrior-INV housemaid SG-see-SG-RPST DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warrior saw the housemaid and seized her house.

4.

osihoshet osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasayet asayosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaids and seized their house.

5.

osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-NSG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other person. The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.

5a.

osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasaiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.


6.

osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah asayosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah asa-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid-INV SG-see-NSG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warrior saw the housemaids and seized their house.


7.

osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyuossisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi uno-uos-siso-eur-iet

VERT-warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-NSG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaid and some other people seized her house.


8.

osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyaassisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-aas-siso-eur-iet

warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-SG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaid and some other person seized her house.

9.

osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu

osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu

warrior field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT

The warriors will seize the fields.

10.

osihoshet uososuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu

osi-horhet uos-osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu

warrior INV.DJT-field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT

The warriors will seize her fields.


Lexicon

asa - (sg) asa 'to see'; hiiyasa 'observation'

asiw (sg) -'area of agriculture'; asiw 'to cultivate'; osiyasiw 'vine trellis'; osuwasiw 'field'; hiiyasiw 'vineyard'

hoshet (< hor-het) (pl) - osihoshet 'band of warriors'; osihoshetaah 'warrior(s)'; euzhosihoshet 'mercenaries'

kuaw (pl) - 'collection of shiny things'; osikuaw 'necklace'; osuwkuaw 'diadem'; hiikuaw 'jewelry'; hiikuawaah 'piece of jewelry'

kunke (pl) - kunke 'to speak'; osikunke 'the Kunke speaking community'; osikunkeyaah 'a speaker of Kunke; dialogue participant'; osuwkunke 'Kunke-speaking ancestors'; osuwkunkeyaah 'an ancestor; tradition (communication between living and late participants);

nasah (sg) - 'long wooden thing'; osinasah 'tree'; osinasahaah 'trees'; osuwnasah 'stick'; hiinasah 'branch'

rena (sg) - 'girl, daughter'; osizhena 'girl'; siwosizhena 'daughter'; osuwsena 'housemaid'; euzhosizhena 'foundling; prostitute'

runwu (pl) - 'water'; runwu 'be wet, make wet'; osizhunwu 'rain'; osizhunwuyaah 'raindrop'; osuwsunwu 'water'; osuwsunwuyaah 'drop of water (in river)'; hiizhunwu 'spray'; hiizhunwuyaah 'waterfall(s)'

ruta (sg) - 'round protrudance'; ruta 'to protrude, intrude, enter'; siwosizhuta 'neck'; siwosuwsuta 'nose, ear'; siuhiizhuta 'limb'

ruwsa (du) - 'eye'; siwosizhuwsa 'modesty'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eyes'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eye(s) (sg/pl)'; siuhiizhuwsa 'insolence'

siso (du) - 'seize, grab with both hands'; siso 'to seize'; osisiso 'a lifting'; osuwsiso 'a pulling towards'; hiisiso 'a reaching in and pulling out'

wehsi (sg) - 'building'; wehsi 'to build'; osiwehsi 'tower'; osuwwehsi 'building, house'; hiiwehsi 'buttress'