|
|
| (26 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__
| | {{Deletion|masako|abandoned project}} |
| | |
| {{wip}} | |
| | |
| = Introduction =
| |
| | |
| = Phonology =
| |
| | |
| == Consonants ==
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
| |
| !
| |
| ! labial
| |
| ! dental
| |
| ! palatal
| |
| ! velar
| |
| ! glottal
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! stops
| |
| |
| |
| | /t/ '''t'''
| |
| |
| |
| | /k/ '''k''' - /kʷ/ '''kw'''
| |
| |
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! nasals
| |
| | /m/ '''m'''
| |
| | /n/ '''n'''
| |
| | /ɲ/ '''ny'''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! approximants
| |
| | /w/ '''w'''
| |
| |
| |
| | /j/ '''y'''
| |
| |
| |
| | /h~ɦ/ '''h'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Stops ===
| |
| | |
| The stops '''/t/''' and '''/k/''' can be aspirated and are written as doubled consonants to indicate aspiration. Aspiration is phonemic and distinctive.
| |
| | |
| * '''toma''' - /toma/ - "boil; cook; steam"
| |
| ** '''ttoma''' - /tʰoma/ - "be viscous; dense; thick"
| |
| | |
| * '''kaya''' - /kaja/ - "arrive; come [back]"
| |
| ** '''kkaya''' - /kʰaja/ - "wash up and dress; prepare for the day"
| |
| | |
| === Nasals ===
| |
| | |
| Each nasal consonant has a geminate counterpart, and gemination is lexically contrastive.
| |
| | |
| * '''hanno''' - /ɦanːo/ - "opening; orifice; mouth"
| |
| ** '''hano''' /ɦano/ "cane; staff"
| |
| | |
| * '''nyoma''' - /ɲoma/ - "speak; talk; discuss"
| |
| ** '''nnyoma''' /ɲːoma/ "weave; knit"
| |
| | |
| * '''meka''' - /meka/ - "sleep; rest; relax"
| |
| ** '''mmeka''' - /mːeka/ - "perspire; sweat"
| |
| | |
| === Approximants ===
| |
| | |
| * '''h''' - /ɦ/
| |
| * '''w''' - /w/
| |
| * '''y''' - /j/
| |
| | |
| == Vowels ==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! Front
| |
| ! Back
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Close
| |
| | {{IPA|e}}
| |
| | rowspan="2"|{{IPA|o}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Open
| |
| | {{IPA|a}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are only three phonemic vowels: /a e o/. They can be long or short and be one of three tones. Length can be lexical, but tone is strictly phonemic.
| |
| | |
| * '''aàáeèéoòó'''
| |
| | |
| === Tones ===
| |
| | |
| There are three phonemic tones, traditionally described as mid, high, and low; in transcription the mid tone is unmarked, and the high and low tones are indicated with acute and grave accents respectively.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
| |
| !
| |
| ! high
| |
| ! mid
| |
| ! low
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! front
| |
| | '''é'''
| |
| | '''e'''
| |
| | '''è'''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! central
| |
| | '''á'''
| |
| | '''a'''
| |
| | '''à'''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! back
| |
| | '''ó'''
| |
| | '''o'''
| |
| | '''ò'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| = Morphosyntax =
| |
| | |
| '''anyomo''' is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
| |
| | |
| == Verbs ==
| |
| | |
| <tt>STEM-(SIZE/IMPORTANCE)-(MOOD)-(ASPECT)-(TENSE)-(NEGATIVE)</tt>
| |
| | |
| Example:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Verb Stem
| |
| ! Size/Importance
| |
| ! Mood
| |
| ! Aspect
| |
| ! Tense
| |
| ! Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''empa''' || '''-hi''' || '''-pa''' || '''-nko''' || '''-ye''' || '''-k'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | run || DIM || ABIL || PROG || PST || NEG
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Pronouns ==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1
| |
| |'''o-'''
| |
| |'''wà-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !2
| |
| |'''ko-'''
| |
| |'''kwà-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !3
| |
| |'''∅'''
| |
| |'''yà-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Aspect ==
| |
| | |
| === imperfective ===
| |
| | |
| * '''-a'''
| |
| | |
| === perfective ===
| |
| | |
| * '''-e'''
| |
| | |
| * '''yàkaye''' - <small>3pl-arrive-PFV</small> - They have arrived.
| |
| * I've bought it.
| |
| * We all went.
| |
| * This morning I ate breakfast.
| |
| | |
| === durative ===
| |
| | |
| * '''-á'''
| |
| | |
| * I'll read, and you listen.
| |
| * We will do it, and you all watch.
| |
| * Sit for a while. I'll be right back.
| |
| * She likes to eat standing up.
| |
| * Smiling, he said, "I'm sorry."
| |
| | |
| === progressive ===
| |
| | |
| * '''-ó'''
| |
| | |
| * She is reading.
| |
| * Mom is making a phone call.
| |
| * Who is taking a shower in there?
| |
| * The cleaning lady is cleaning our room right now.
| |
| * Yesterday at 7pm, we were eating dinner.
| |
| * I am working now. It's not convenient for me to leave.
| |
| | |
| = Derivation =
| |
| | |
| == Nominalization ==
| |
| | |
| = Lexicon =
| |
| | |
| == affixes ==
| |
| | |
| == stems ==
| |
| | |
| * '''nyom''' - speak; talk; converse; chat; discuss
| |
| * '''h''' - walk; go (away); run; move (of vehicle); visit; leave
| |
| | |
| = Phrases =
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
