Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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Vrkhazhian nouns are called '''maḡimud''' (singular '''maḡimu'''). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, allative, and ablative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. These genders are based on sex and strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.
<big>
Vrkhazhian nouns are called '''yanāza''' (singular '''yanas'''). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Vrkhazhian can be said to have two main noun classes or genders: animate and inanimate. Within the animate gender, there are three subgenders: the feminine, the masculine, and the neuter. Animate nouns are inflected for six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, genitive, and equative) while inanimate nouns are inflected for only four (absolutive, ergative/instrumental, genitive, equative). Lastly, all nouns regardless of gender are inflected for two grammatical numbers (singular and plural). The assignment of gender to nouns is mostly non-arbitrary and determined by common, though not exhaustive, sets of criteria.


== Pallug Maḡimun (Noun inflection) ==
Nouns that are often feminine:
All nouns are declined in one of six cases, which are the nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, allative, and ablative.
*female humans, spirits, and deities
*female domesticated animals
*collective nouns involving people in general (i.e people belonging to countries, caravans)
Nouns that are often masculine:
*male humans, spirits, and deities
*male domesticated animals
*collective nouns involving people specifically in a military or aggressive context (i.e armies and violent mobs)
Nouns that are often neuter:
*children and young domesticated animals
*wild animals
*seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, wind, and fire
*body parts associated with movement such as arms, legs, eyes, and mouth
*certain organs such as the heart
Nouns that are often inanimate:
*still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
*abstract concepts, including actions and states
*etc.
 
== Noun inflection ==
Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for six cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The seven cases are thus:
*The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject (doer) of a verb ("'''Henry''' runs to the store", "'''Henry''' sees Sam").
*The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Hey, '''you'''", "'''Father''', what do you see?").
*The accusative (ACC) case indicates the primary object (receiver/target) of a transitive verb ("Henry sees '''Sam'''", "Henry gave '''Sam''' a pencil").
*The ergative (ERG) case indicates the instrument by which a verb is done or the secondary object of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam '''a pencil'''", "I wrote '''with a pen'''"). It also marks inanimate-gendered agents of transitive verbs.
*The genitive (GEN) case indicates that another noun is modified by the noun marked with this case and the marked noun having various roles such as possessor, origin, or source ("'''Sam's''' dog", "Men '''of Rome'''").
*The equative (EQU) case indicates that another noun is likened to or equivalent to the noun marked with this case ("'''As a boy''', I used to run a lot", "He fights '''like a coward'''", "'''a hawk-like''' grin").


The Nominative case marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb while the Accusative case marks the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. The Accusative case is denoted with the prefix "tu" and shortened to "t-" before a glottal stop (which is phonetically omitted word-initially). Next, the Allative case is used to indicate movement towards the marked noun while the Ablative case is used to denote movement away from the marked noun. Lastly, the Genitive case is used to mark the possessor of an object such as "Mark" in the sentence "Mark's cat".
{|
{|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ʾuldi (soldier)
  |+ ''strong masculine noun''<br> rēbim (man, husband)
  !
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''ʾuld-e'' || ''ʾuld-e-n''
  | ''rēb-im'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-īya''
|-
! Vocative
| ''rēb-i''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''t-ʾuld-e'' || ''t-ʾuld-e-n''
  | ''rēb-is'' || ''rēb-īza''
|-
! Ergative
| ''rēb-in'' || ''rēb-īna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''ʾuld-i'' || ''ʾuld-i-n''
  | ''rēb-iḫ'' || ''rēb-īya''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''rēb-īli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''strong feminine noun''<br> lumbum (woman, wife)
! style="width: 6em;" |
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''lumb-um'' || rowspan="2" | ''lumb-ūwa''
|-
! Vocative
| ''lumb-u''
|-
! Accusative
| ''lumb-us'' || ''lumb-ūsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | ''s-ʾuld-e'' || ''s-ʾuld-e-n''
  | ''lumb-un'' || ''lumb-ūna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Genitive
  | ''b-ʾuld-e'' || ''b-ʾuld-e-n''
  | ''lumb-uḫ'' || ''lumb-ūwa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Equative
  | ''h-ʾuld-e'' || ''h-ʾuld-e-n''
  | colspan="2" | ''lumb-ūli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
|
  |+ xsat-e (army)
|
  !
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  ! Collective !! Singulative
  |+ ''strong neuter noun''<br> ˀilgam (fish)
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''xsat-e'' || ''xast-e-ñ''
  | ''ˀilg-am'' || rowspan="2" | ''ˀilg-āya''
|-
! Vocative
| ''ˀilg-a''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''tu-xsat-e'' || ''tu-xast-e-ñ''
  | ''ˀilg-as'' || ''ˀilg-āsa''
|-
! Ergative
| ''ˀilg-an'' || ''ˀilg-āna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''xsat-i '' || ''xast-i-ñ''
  | ''ˀilg-aḫ'' || ''ˀilg-āya''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''ˀilg-āli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''strong inanimate noun''<br> ˀarśas (vessel)
! style="width: 6em;" |
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="3" | ''ˀarś-as'' || rowspan="3" | ''ˀarś-āya''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Ergative
  | ''sa-xast-e'' || ''sa-xast-e-ñ''
  | ''ˀarś-an'' || ''ˀarś-āna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Genitive
  | ''be-xsat-e'' || ''be-xast-e-ñ''
  | ''ˀarś-aḫ'' || ''ˀarś-āya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Equative
  | ''he-xsat-e'' || ''he-xast-e-ñ''
  | colspan="2" | ''ˀarś-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 60: Line 138:


{|
{|
  |  
  |
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ šama (woman)
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> san̮îm (brother)
  !
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''šam-a'' || ''šam-a-n''
  | ''san̮-îm'' || rowspan="2" | ''san̮-îya''
|-
! Vocative
| ''san̮-î''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''t(u)-šam-a'' || ''tu-šam-a-n''
  | ''san̮-îs'' || ''san̮-îsa''
|-
! Ergative
| ''san̮-în'' || ''san̮-îna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''šam-u'' || ''šam-u-n''
  | ''san̮-îḫ'' || ''san̮-îya''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''san̮-îli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> san̮ûm (sister)
! style="width: 6em;" |
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''san̮-ûm'' || rowspan="2" | ''san̮-ûwa''
|-
! Vocative
| ''san̮-û''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Accusative
  | ''s(a)-šam-a'' || ''sa-šam-a-n''
  | ''san̮-ûs'' || ''san̮-ûsa''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Ergative
  | ''b(e)-šam-a'' || ''be-šam-a-n''
  | ''san̮-ûn'' || ''san̮-ûna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Genitive
  | ''h(e)-šam-a'' || ''he-šam-a-n''
  | ''san̮-ûḫ'' || ''san̮-ûwa''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''san̮-ûli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
|
  |+ lama (hands, arms)
|
  !
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  ! Collective !! Singulative
  |+ ''weak neuter noun''<br> mazâm (sea, saltwater)
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''lam-a'' || ''lam-a-ñ''
  | ''maz-âm'' || rowspan="2" | ''maz-âya''
|-
! Vocative
| ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''t(u)-lam-a'' || ''tu-lam-a-ñ''
  | ''maz-âs'' || ''maz-âsa''
|-
! Ergative
| ''maz-ân'' || ''maz-âna''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''lam-u'' || ''lam-u-ñ''
  | ''maz-âḫ'' || ''maz-âya''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''maz-âli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''weak inanimate noun''<br> kapâs (drinkable water)
! style="width: 6em;" |
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="3" | ''kap-âs'' || rowspan="3" | ''kap-âya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Vocative
| ''s(a)-lam-a'' || ''sa-lam-a-ñ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Accusative
  | ''b(e)-lam-a'' || ''be-lam-a-ñ''
|-
! Ergative
  | ''kap-ân'' || ''kap-âna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''kap-âḫ'' || ''kap-âya''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Equative
  | ''h(e)-lam-a'' || ''he-lam-a-ñ''
  | colspan="2" | ''kap-âli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |}
  |}


====Noun states====
====Noun states====
Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "states". There are two states: the governed state ('''taṗšišu'''), or ''status rectus'', and the construct state ('''samlilu'''), or ''status constructus''.
Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the absolute state, or ''status absolutus'', and the construct state, or ''status constructus''. The latter form of the noun is marked by the removal of the case endings.
The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the Genitive case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun or adjective. In Vrkhazhian, the head noun and the modifying noun/adjective are called '''malgigu''' and '''palgugu''', respectively. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.
The construct state is used when a noun is modified by another noun or a preposition phrase. This is also the form the noun takes when possessive suffixes are attached or when nouns are the argument of a nominal predicate ("He is '''a king'''"). Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the absolute state, which is the default state of all nouns.


When a noun is placed in the construct state, it is stripped of all gender marking. Additionally, some nouns who had original vowels that were elided have them restored in the singular, mostly if the removal of gender endings would result in illegal word-final clusters.
{|
{|
  |  
  |
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ smul- (boundary, liminal space)
  |+ ''strong masculine noun''<br> rēbim (man, husband)
  !
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''somuś'' || ''soml-ə-n''
  | rowspan="2" | ''rēb'' || rowspan="3" | ''rēb-ī''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Oblique
| ''tu-somuś'' || ''tu-soml-ə-n''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''somuś'' || ''soml-ə-n''
  | ''rēb-i''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''rēb-īli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''strong feminine noun''<br> lumbum (woman, wife)
! style="width: 5em;" |
! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Nominative
  | ''sa-somuś'' || ''sa-soml-ə-n''
  | rowspan="2" | ''lumub'' || rowspan="3" | ''lumb-ū''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Oblique
  | ''be-somuś'' || ''be-soml-ə-n''
  |-  
! Genitive
| ''lumb-u''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Equative
  | ''he-somuś'' || ''he-soml-ə-n''
  | colspan="2" | ''lumb-ūli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
|
  |+ lmin- (fingers, three)
|
  !
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  ! Collective !! Singulative
  |+ ''strong neuter noun''<br> ˀilgam (fish)
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''lamin'' || ''lamn-ə-ñ''
  | rowspan="2" | ''ˀilig'' || rowspan="3" | ''ˀilg-ā''
|-
! Oblique
|-
! Genitive
| ''ˀilg-a''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''ˀilg-āli''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  |}
  | ''tu-lamin'' || ''tu-lamn-ə-ñ''
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''strong inanimate noun''<br> ˀarśas (vessel)
! style="width: 5em;" |
! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Nominative
  | ''lamin'' || ''lamn-ə-ñ''
  | rowspan="2" | ''ˀaraś'' || rowspan="3" | ''ˀarś-ā''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Oblique
| ''sa-lamin'' || ''sa-lamn-ə-ñ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Genitive
  | ''be-lamin'' || ''be-lamn-ə-ñ''
  | ''ˀarś-a''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Equative
  | ''he-lamin'' || ''he-lamn-ə-ñ''
  | colspan="2" | ''ˀarś-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |}
  |}
When monosyllabic nouns are placed in the construct state, the last consonant of the noun has inverse voicing; if the root ends in a voiced consonant it becomes voiceless and if the root ends in a voiceless consonant it becomes voiced. Examples of monosyllabic nouns in the construct state are below:


{|
{|
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ šada (mouth, language)
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> san̮îm (brother)
  !
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''šat'' || ''šat-ə-n''
  | rowspan="3" | ''san̮a'' || rowspan="3" | ''san̮-î''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Oblique
| ''tu-šat'' || ''tu-šat-ə-n''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
| ''šat'' || ''šat-ə-n''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Equative
  | ''sa-šat'' || ''sa-šat-ə-n''
  | colspan="2" | ''san̮-îli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> san̮ûm (sister)
! style="width: 5em;" |
! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="3" | ''san̮a'' || rowspan="3" | ''san̮-û''
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Oblique
| ''be-šat'' || ''be-šat-ə-n''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Genitive
  | ''he-šat'' || ''he-šat-ə-n''
  |-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''san̮-ûli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
|
  |+ toga (stones)
|
  !
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  ! Collective !! Singulative
  |+ ''weak neuter noun''<br> mazâm (sea, saltwater)
  ! style="width: 5em;" |
  ! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''tok'' || ''tok-ə-ñ''
  | rowspan="3" | ''mazi'' || rowspan="3" | ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Oblique
| ''tu-tok'' || ''tu-tok-ə-ñ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
| ''tok'' || ''tok-ə-ñ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Equative
  | ''sa-tok'' || ''sa-tok-ə-ñ''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-âli''
|-
|}
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''weak inanimate noun''<br> kapâs (drinkable water)
! style="width: 5em;" |
! style="width: 4.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 4.5em;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="3" | ''kapi'' || rowspan="3" | ''kap-â''
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  ! Allative
  ! Genitive
| ''be-tok'' || ''be-tok-ə-ñ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Ablative
  ! Equative
  | ''he-tok'' || ''he-tok-ə-ñ''
  | colspan="2" | ''kap-âli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 228: Line 410:
Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:
Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:


Dsuri / Dusri
</big>
Dasrawi
Padsuri
Dassari
 
Dsira / Disra
Dasraya
Madsira
Dasrira
 
 
dusri/daskar OR dusri/dasyar/desīr
disra/duskur OR disra/daswar/dosūr

Latest revision as of 16:49, 2 September 2024

Vrkhazhian nouns are called yanāza (singular yanas). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Vrkhazhian can be said to have two main noun classes or genders: animate and inanimate. Within the animate gender, there are three subgenders: the feminine, the masculine, and the neuter. Animate nouns are inflected for six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, genitive, and equative) while inanimate nouns are inflected for only four (absolutive, ergative/instrumental, genitive, equative). Lastly, all nouns regardless of gender are inflected for two grammatical numbers (singular and plural). The assignment of gender to nouns is mostly non-arbitrary and determined by common, though not exhaustive, sets of criteria.

Nouns that are often feminine:

  • female humans, spirits, and deities
  • female domesticated animals
  • collective nouns involving people in general (i.e people belonging to countries, caravans)

Nouns that are often masculine:

  • male humans, spirits, and deities
  • male domesticated animals
  • collective nouns involving people specifically in a military or aggressive context (i.e armies and violent mobs)

Nouns that are often neuter:

  • children and young domesticated animals
  • wild animals
  • seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, wind, and fire
  • body parts associated with movement such as arms, legs, eyes, and mouth
  • certain organs such as the heart

Nouns that are often inanimate:

  • still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
  • abstract concepts, including actions and states
  • etc.

Noun inflection

Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for six cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The seven cases are thus:

  • The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject (doer) of a verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
  • The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Hey, you", "Father, what do you see?").
  • The accusative (ACC) case indicates the primary object (receiver/target) of a transitive verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil").
  • The ergative (ERG) case indicates the instrument by which a verb is done or the secondary object of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam a pencil", "I wrote with a pen"). It also marks inanimate-gendered agents of transitive verbs.
  • The genitive (GEN) case indicates that another noun is modified by the noun marked with this case and the marked noun having various roles such as possessor, origin, or source ("Sam's dog", "Men of Rome").
  • The equative (EQU) case indicates that another noun is likened to or equivalent to the noun marked with this case ("As a boy, I used to run a lot", "He fights like a coward", "a hawk-like grin").
strong masculine noun
rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-im rēb-īya
Vocative rēb-i
Accusative rēb-is rēb-īza
Ergative rēb-in rēb-īna
Genitive rēb-iḫ rēb-īya
Equative rēb-īli
strong feminine noun
lumbum (woman, wife)
Singular Plural
Nominative lumb-um lumb-ūwa
Vocative lumb-u
Accusative lumb-us lumb-ūsa
Ergative lumb-un lumb-ūna
Genitive lumb-uḫ lumb-ūwa
Equative lumb-ūli
strong neuter noun
ˀilgam (fish)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀilg-am ˀilg-āya
Vocative ˀilg-a
Accusative ˀilg-as ˀilg-āsa
Ergative ˀilg-an ˀilg-āna
Genitive ˀilg-aḫ ˀilg-āya
Equative ˀilg-āli
strong inanimate noun
ˀarśas (vessel)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀarś-as ˀarś-āya
Vocative
Accusative
Ergative ˀarś-an ˀarś-āna
Genitive ˀarś-aḫ ˀarś-āya
Equative ˀarś-āli
weak masculine noun
san̮îm (brother)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮-îm san̮-îya
Vocative san̮-î
Accusative san̮-îs san̮-îsa
Ergative san̮-în san̮-îna
Genitive san̮-îḫ san̮-îya
Equative san̮-îli
weak feminine noun
san̮ûm (sister)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮-ûm san̮-ûwa
Vocative san̮-û
Accusative san̮-ûs san̮-ûsa
Ergative san̮-ûn san̮-ûna
Genitive san̮-ûḫ san̮-ûwa
Equative san̮-ûli
weak neuter noun
mazâm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative maz-âm maz-âya
Vocative maz-â
Accusative maz-âs maz-âsa
Ergative maz-ân maz-âna
Genitive maz-âḫ maz-âya
Equative maz-âli
weak inanimate noun
kapâs (drinkable water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kap-âs kap-âya
Vocative
Accusative
Ergative kap-ân kap-âna
Genitive kap-âḫ kap-âya
Equative kap-âli


Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the absolute state, or status absolutus, and the construct state, or status constructus. The latter form of the noun is marked by the removal of the case endings. The construct state is used when a noun is modified by another noun or a preposition phrase. This is also the form the noun takes when possessive suffixes are attached or when nouns are the argument of a nominal predicate ("He is a king"). Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the absolute state, which is the default state of all nouns.

strong masculine noun
rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ī
Oblique
Genitive rēb-i
Equative rēb-īli
strong feminine noun
lumbum (woman, wife)
Singular Plural
Nominative lumub lumb-ū
Oblique
Genitive lumb-u
Equative lumb-ūli
strong neuter noun
ˀilgam (fish)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀilig ˀilg-ā
Oblique
Genitive ˀilg-a
Equative ˀilg-āli
strong inanimate noun
ˀarśas (vessel)
Singular Plural
Nominative ˀaraś ˀarś-ā
Oblique
Genitive ˀarś-a
Equative ˀarś-āli
weak masculine noun
san̮îm (brother)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮a san̮-î
Oblique
Genitive
Equative san̮-îli
weak feminine noun
san̮ûm (sister)
Singular Plural
Nominative san̮a san̮-û
Oblique
Genitive
Equative san̮-ûli
weak neuter noun
mazâm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mazi maz-â
Oblique
Genitive
Equative maz-âli
weak inanimate noun
kapâs (drinkable water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kapi kap-â
Oblique
Genitive
Equative kap-âli

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:

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