Lenian languages: Difference between revisions

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The '''Lenian languages''' are a [[wikipedia:polyphyletic|polyphyletic]] cultural grouping of related languages that descend from [[Tapilula]] but exclude branches that acquired divergent characteristics. Included branches are:
The '''Lenian languages''' are a [[wikipedia:paraphyletic|paraphyletic]] cultural grouping of related languages that descend from [[Tapilula]] but exclude branches that acquired divergent characteristics.  
#[[Hipatal]], including all of
#:[[Fojy]] and its children:
#::'''Western Fojy'''
#::'''Central Fojy'''
#::[[Dreamland|Dreamlandic]] and its children
#:::'''North Dreamlandic'''
#:::'''South Dreamlandic''' (sometimes "East")
#:'''HP-1'''
#:'''HP-2'''
#[[Subumpamese languages]], including all of
#:[[Kava]]
#:'''Central Subumpamese'''
#:'''Eastern Subumpamese'''
#[[Paleo-Pabappa]], and its children
#:'''Paleo-Pabappa A''' (Punsam)
#:'''Paleo-Pabappa B''' (Pombi)
#:'''Paleo-Pabappa C''' (Pipapi)
#:'''Paleo-Pabappa D''' (Northern Mountains Dialect)
#[[Old Andanese#Olati|Olati]], culturally '''Western Subumpamese''' but genetically Andanese, and its children
#:'''Olati A'''
#:'''Olati B'''
#:'''Olati C'''
#:'''Olati D'''


==Scope==
:''Use [[User:Soap/scratchpad]] for Dreamlandic and not this page.''


By contrast, the Lenian languages exclude [[Thaoa]], [[Tarise]], and [[Gold language|Gold]], even though these three branches descend from Tapilula and Tapilula is the most recent common ancestor of all the Lenian languages.  Since [[Pabappa]] and [[Poswa]] are Gold languages, they are not Lenian languages despite their culture and geographical spread.  
See [[Play substratum languages]].


All Dreamlandic languages are included.  See also [[Minor Lenian languages]].


===Tribal identity===
All Lenians were light-skinned people, mostly with blonde hair and blue eyes. They mostly lived in cold or temperate climates, but nonetheless some Lenians came to live in compact nations in the tropics, generally having to fight for their land as they arrive.  Taken as a group, they were the world's most widely dispersed people, having the southernmost and westernmost (on the mainland) areas to themselves, and controlling much of the cold areas near the poles.  However, the idea of a shared Lenian identity was only supported by some Lenians; they fought against each other as much as they fought against other tribes.


==Tapilula (0) to Proto-Dreamlandic (1320)==
For the most part, these languages do not spread to non-Lenian tribes. The only language that had a sizable non-Lenian population of speakers was Oyster.
   
 
=Tapilula (800 BC) to Proto-Dreamlandic (520)=
The three-way split of Dreamlandic, "Andano-Tropical-Gold" (better name needed), and the HP-3/4 speakers is treated as simultaneous because ATG was a distinct dialect for hundreds of years before their migration, and because the speakers of the other languages remained in contact even though genetically they had diverged from each other earlier than ATG had split from HP-4.  See [[Hipatal]] for details.
 
Note that Dreamlandic could have branched off earlier than the rest, perhaps as much as 1,000 years earlier, but that it might also be better to assume the others branch off around 500 AD than to push Dreamlandic alone all the way back to 1000 BC. Baywatch must be moved back to around 2800 in even the minimal case, and could be pushed all the way back to 2300 AD, making it almost contemporary with Gold.


The original consonant inventory was
The original consonant inventory was
Line 42: Line 28:


===Shared changes===
===Shared changes===
#Before a low tone, the fricatives ''h g'' shifted to '''kʷ kʷʕ'''. Before a high tone, they disappeared.   
Note that hiatus in this language is considered to be /g/.  The differentiation between /Ø/ and /g/ in the other branch is due to analogy.
 
''See [[Play substratum languages]] for further details.''
 
#Before a low tone, the fricatives ''h g'' shifted to '''kʷ kʷʕ'''. Before a high tone, they disappeared.  Thus, the language became entirely free of fricatives.
#:In a few situations, to avoid sequences like /awó/, they also became hard before a high tone, thus producing /apwó/.  This lenites later on, but lenites in a different way than if the phoneme had disappeared in the early shift.
#The dependent phonemes ''kʷ kʷʕ'' shifted to '''p pʕ''' if bordering any /u ə/ in either direction, and otherwise to '''k'''.  Note that /o/ did not trigger this shift.
#The dependent phonemes ''kʷ kʷʕ'' shifted to '''p pʕ''' if bordering any /u ə/ in either direction, and otherwise to '''k'''.  Note that /o/ did not trigger this shift.
#Before a low tone, the lateral approximant ''l'' shifted to '''r'''. This did not affect the dental form (if there was one).
#:Note, many words have this incorrectly shifting to /k ḳ/ rather than to just /k/. It may be best to leave it this way, as it fills out the consonant distribution.
#:Note also that the rare true primordial /hʷ/ behaves here as the sequence /hu/, meaning that it becomes '''pu'''. This sound is much rarer than the cluster /mfʷ/ which became /hʷ/ in Gold.
#Before a low tone, the lateral approximant ''l'' shifted to '''r'''.  
#Before a high tone, the voiceless stops ''pʷ p  t tʷ k'' became the fricatives '''hʷ f  s hʷ h'''.  This did not apply to the emphatics.
#Before a high tone, the voiceless stops ''pʷ p  t tʷ k'' became the fricatives '''hʷ f  s hʷ h'''.  This did not apply to the emphatics.
#Voiceless prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + fricative.  Voiced prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + stop. Thus they were no longer phonemic. Nevertheless, they continued to occur in the syllable onset rather than splitting between the onset and the preceding coda.
#Voiceless prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + fricative.  Voiced prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + stop. Thus they were no longer phonemic. Nevertheless, they continued to occur in the syllable onset rather than splitting between the onset and the preceding coda.
#''aə''>'''ā'''.
#The sequences ''aə əa aa'' all merged as  '''ā'''. 
#The emphatic stops ''  pʕ  ḳ'' shifted to '''  pp  kk''' except in absolute initial position.
#The sequences ''  əu əi'' then shifted to '''  ū ī'''.  Thus /ū ī/ are distinct in proto-Dreamlandic from the sequences /uu ii/; the latter  are spelled as "wu yi" when not after a consonant. In this they resemble the later-emerging Play system.  There is no corresponding sequence /aa/, however.
#:Note that the conditioning environment necessary to generate this shift might constrain it to occurring only in words that had primordial low-high tone melody, meaning that they would always have a lost final consonant.  If the Dreamers always preserved these silent final consonants in spelling (since they reappeared in grammar), they would never need any symbols  for long vowels.  The only exceptions to this would be classifier prefixes that lost their status and came to be seen as part of the root. Here, it might be assumed that they had once ended in /g/, since there never was a final /g/ and the symbol would therefore be free.
#The emphatic stops ''  pʕ  ḳ'' shifted to '''  pp  kk''' except in absolute phrase-initial position. (Since most words began with classifier prefixes, this shift produced many root-initial clusters, but the classifiers that padded these roots did not acquire initial clusters.)
#:For all practical purposes, the condition can be ignored, and it may be that the speakers produced geminates even at the beginning of a sentence.  
#The voiceless alveolar stop ''t'' affricated to '''c''' before the high vowels [i ə u].  
#The voiceless alveolar stop ''t'' affricated to '''c''' before the high vowels [i ə u].  
#The vowels ''a e i'' all shifted to palatalized forms '''ya ye yi'''.  If one of the non-labialized consonants ''p m f t n s k ŋ h l r'' preceded, it became palatalized to '''pʲ mʲ fʲ č ň š ć ń ś ł ŕ'''.    But palatalization of /l/ was not marked in spelling.  Meanwhile, the long vowels ''ā ē ī'' shifted to '''yā yē yī''' (not *yaya, etc).  
#The vowels ''a e i'' all shifted to palatalized forms '''ya ye yi'''.  If one of the non-labialized consonants ''p m f t n s k ŋ h l r'' preceded, it became palatalized to '''pʲ mʲ fʲ č ň š ć ń ś ł ŕ'''.    But palatalization of /l/ was not marked in spelling.   
#:Meanwhile, the long vowels ''ā ē ī'' shifted to '''yā yē yī''' (not *yaya, etc).
#:It is likely that ''au'', from earlier /ahu agu/ was excluded from this shift and did not become /yau/.
#The rounded alveolars  ''tʷ nʷ'' became '''kʷ ŋʷ'''.
#The rounded alveolars  ''tʷ nʷ'' became '''kʷ ŋʷ'''.
#The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to '''i'''.   
#The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to '''i'''.   
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#The mid vowels ''e o'' shifted to '''ə a'''.  This did not affect, and was not affected by, whether the previous consonant was labialized or not; the respective allophones shifted in tandem.   
#The mid vowels ''e o'' shifted to '''ə a'''.  This did not affect, and was not affected by, whether the previous consonant was labialized or not; the respective allophones shifted in tandem.   
#Tones were eliminated.
#Tones were eliminated.
#Syllabic consonants were resolved as sequences of /i/ + consonant, and assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant.   
#Syllabic consonants preceded by a consonant were resolved as sequences of /i/ + consonant, and assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant.  In absolute final position, they became '''in'''.  Meanwhile, a syllabic consonant preceded by a vowel became a simple '''n'''.  In all cases where another consonant followed, these nasals were front-loaded onto the next syllable, and thus the only closed syllables in proto-Dreamlandic were at the end of a word, and they were very rare.
#:It is possible that rather than having all three syllabic nasals shift to /in/, the shift is ''ṁ ṅ ŋ̇'' > '''un in ən''', with /ŋ/ probably shifting first.  A second possibility is /un in an/, where /ŋ/ starts out as /ə/ and then is pushed to /a/ when /m/ appears, which also started out as schwa but then became labial.
#The root-initial geminates '' pp ppʲ  ćć kk '' shifted to singletons '''    p pʲ  ć k '''  if there was another heavy syllable in the word.
#The root-initial geminates '' pp ppʲ  ćć kk '' shifted to singletons '''    p pʲ  ć k '''  if there was another heavy syllable in the word.
#All prenasalized consonants became voiceless with a stopped release.
#All prenasalized consonants became voiceless with a stopped release.
#The sequence ''ʷi'' shifted to '''i'''.
#The sequence ''ʷi'' shifted to '''i''', except in hiatus (/awi iwi uwi/).


Thus the vowel inventory at this time was /a i u ə/, and the consonants were:
Thus the vowel inventory at this time was /a i u ə/, and the consonants were:
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At this point, around the year 1320, the language divides into two dialects: one for the western end of the peninsula, where travel between the north and south coasts is easy; and the other branch for the central and eastern areas, where travel is more difficult and daughter languages tend to divide more quickly. The eastern branch is called '''Nuclear Dreamlandic''', but this is often shortened to just "Dreamlandic".
At this point, around the year 1320, the language divides into two dialects: one for the western end of the peninsula, where travel between the north and south coasts is easy; and the other branch for the central and eastern areas, where travel is more difficult and daughter languages tend to divide more quickly. The eastern branch is called '''Nuclear Dreamlandic''', but this is often shortened to just "Dreamlandic".


===Dialect breakup===
====Dialect breakup====
However, it is possible that all of the diversity arose in the western and central areas, and that the division between them was political rather than tribal. Thus North Dreamlandic would be simply a branch of one of many subgroups from the West or center.
However, it is possible that all of the diversity arose in the western and central areas, and that the division between them was political rather than tribal. Thus North Dreamlandic would be simply a branch of one of many subgroups from the West or center.


====Changes unique to Western Fojy====
===Changes unique to Western Fojy===
#The voiceless non-sibilant fricatives ''  f  fʲ  h hʷ'' shifted to '''  Ø Ø Ø w'''.   
#The voiceless non-sibilant fricatives ''  f  fʲ  h hʷ'' shifted to '''  Ø Ø Ø w'''.   
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ  mʲ'' shifted to '''p  m'''.  
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ  mʲ'' shifted to '''p  m'''. (These may have passed through a linguolabial stage.)
#The bare vowel ''u'' shifted to '''ʉ'''. Then ''wa'' shifted to '''wo'''. Neither of these shifts were phonemic.
#The bare vowel ''u'' shifted to '''ʉ'''. Then ''wa'' shifted to '''wo'''. Neither of these shifts were phonemic.


The language at this stage had exactly 100 syllables, if the clusters '''pp kk mp nt nk''' are counted as single onsets. However, this ignores the rare independent final nasal /n/. There were many vowel sequences, such as /ie/, as well as inherited long vowels which were now written as doubles.
===Changes unique to Nuclear Dreamlandic (695)===


The syllabary consisted of signs for
#The mid vowel ''e'', which occurred almost entirely after palatalized consonants, shifted to '''a'''.  Thus, the vowel inventory was reduced to /a i u/, with frequent sequences of /ya wa yi wu/ but no others.
 
#:NOTE, this is almost certainly a mistake (or an early transcription) for ''ə''.
  a    i    ʉ    ya  wo  yi  wu  ye
  pa  pi  pʉ  __  pwo  __  pwu  pe
  ma  mi  mʉ        mwo      mwu  me
  ta  (ci  cʉ)  tya      tyi      tye
  na  ni  nʉ  nya      nyi      nye
  sa  si  sʉ  sya      syi      sye
  la  li  lʉ  lya      lyi      lye
  ra  ri  rʉ  rya      ryi      rye
  ka  ki  kʉ  kya  kwo  kyi  kwu  kye
  ŋa  ŋi  ŋʉ  ŋya  ŋwo  ŋyi  ŋwu  ŋye
ppa  ppi  ppʉ      ppwo      ppwu  ppe
kka  kki  kkʉ  kkya kkwo kkyi kkwu kkye
mpa  mpi  mpʉ      mpwo      mpwu  mpe
nta (nci  ncʉ) ntya      ntyi      ntye
ŋka  ŋki  ŋkʉ  ŋkya ŋkwo ŋkyi ŋkwu ŋkye
 
====Changes unique to Nuclear Dreamlandic (1495)====
 
#The mid vowel ''ə'', which occurred almost entirely after palatalized consonants, shifted to '''a'''.  Thus, the vowel inventory was reduced to /a i u/, with frequent sequences of /ya wa yi wu/ but no others.
#The true palatals ''ć ń ś'' shifted to '''č  ň  š '''.
#The true palatals ''ć ń ś'' shifted to '''č  ň  š '''.


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  ppa  ppi  ppu  ppya ppwa ppyi ppwu
  ppa  ppi  ppu  ppya ppwa ppyi ppwu
  kka  kki  kku  kkya kkwa kkyi kkwu
  kka  kki  kku  kkya kkwa kkyi kkwu
The following languages are ordered by inverse time of separation, not east-west as is usually followed.  DPR is spoken to the west of Baywatch.


===Nuclear Dreamlandic (1495) to Mimalebra (3370)===
==Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Dolphin Rider  (3308)==
This language is spoken along the north coast of Dreamland, in its second largest city, which served as the capital for periods of time.
Alternate names: ''' Ōpo''', '''Neamaki''', '''Pōpō''', '''Eurobabe'''.  The speakers originated in "Laġo" and in the unlabeled territory next to  Lago.  The native name of the unlabeled state may in fact be Ōpo, but properly that is the name of the originating tribe and likely extended to areas beyond. All four of the alternate names were once valid in-language but are now expired "exonyms" from outside the world. ''Euro babe'' was at one point the word for dream.
 
Note that the maturation date of this branch is much later than that of Baywatch, and that it may have early-branching varieties of its own, perhaps as many as seven.  (There are two maps of Dreamland with overlapping borders; the southern coastline is split into a group of three nations and a group of four.)


#The labiovelars ''kʷ ŋʷ hʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ fʷ''' unconditionally.
#The labiovelars ''kʷ ŋʷ hʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ fʷ''' unconditionally.
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye o'''.
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye o'''. 
#:It seems that ''yā'' did not shift to /*yē/, and that there may have been no /ē ō/ in the language at this time. Thus long vowels stay as they are.  This makes sense as well given the shift below. 
#The rare sequences ''aw iw'' shifted to '''ow uw''' (later /ō ū/); these may have been restricted to occuring before /i/; also, ''au''  became '''ou''' as well.
#The sequence ''uy'' shifted to '''iy'''.  There may have likewise been a shift of /ay/ > /ey/.  These were only from primordial /y/, not the /a/ > /ya/ shift.
#:If this language had previously shared Baywatch's gap of /*so/, this fills that gap.
#Any new ''i'' before a vowel came to be interpreted like '''ʲ'''.  The later /io/ is from /ifo/.
#In a closed syllable, the vowels ''i u'' lowered to '''e o'''. Long vowels did not shift.
#In a closed syllable, the vowels ''i u'' lowered to '''e o'''. Long vowels did not shift.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#Between vowels, the sequence ''ta'' shifted to '''ra'''.
#Between vowels, the sequence ''ta'' shifted to '''ra'''.
#The prenasals ''mp nt nč ŋk'' shifted to voiced stops '''b r r g'''.
#It is possible that ''r'' shifted to '''l''' in initial position here, but note that the main motivation for this had not yet come.
#Syllables ending in nasals shifted to having nasal vowels.  This detail is irrelevant to DPR but the nasal vowels spread to PEB where they affect preceding consonants and also the vowel color.
#The prenasals ''mp nt nč ŋk'' shifted to voiced stops '''b r r g'''. This causes a lot of ''l'' to shift to '''r''' by analogy. 
#The voiceless coronals ''t č š '' shifted to '''s '''. Meanwhile '' ň    '' shifted to ''' n'''.   
#The voiceless coronals ''t č š '' shifted to '''s '''. Meanwhile '' ň    '' shifted to ''' n'''.   
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ'' became '''f m f'''. Thus palatalization was defeated.
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ bʲ'' became '''f m f b'''. Thus palatalization was defeated.
#:It appears that ''lʲ rʲ'' also shifted to  '''l r'''.
#:It is important to note that the sequence '''pi''', when not before a vowel, remained unchanged. This is why this shift is worded differently.
#The sequences ''hi hu '' shifted to '''si fu'''.  Then ''ŋi'' shifted to '''ni'''.
#The sequences ''hi hu '' shifted to '''si fu'''.  Then ''ŋi'' shifted to '''ni'''.
#:It is possible that languages like Lohi break off at around this stage.  See [[Dreamlandic languages]].
#The velars ''h g ŋ'' (including in clusters) disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#The velars ''h g ŋ'' (including in clusters) disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#The sequences ''of ow uf uw'' shifted to '''ō ō ū ū'''.  However, the geminate /ff/ did not participate in this shift.
#The sequences ''of ow uf uw'' shifted to '''ō ō ū ū'''.  However, the geminate /ff/ did not participate in this shift.
#Most likely, ''ei ēi'' shifted to '''ē''', and perhaps /ai āi/ (again) shifted as well. Consider that /ai/ and /ei/ often came from variants of the same root and that /ai/ was probbly slightly longer in duration.,
#Any remaining singleton ''f''  disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#Any remaining singleton ''f''  disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#Labialization was defeated.  Any remaining ''w'' shifted to '''b'''.
#Labialization was defeated.  Any remaining ''w'' shifted to '''b'''.
#:It is not clear what happens to  sequences like /efʷo/ > /ewo/ here.  But it is likely that /b/ does not appear.
#The geminates ''pp ff ss kk  '' shifted to '''p s s k  '''. Thus /f/ was eliminated.
#The geminates ''pp ff ss kk  '' shifted to '''p s s k  '''. Thus /f/ was eliminated.
#Nasal vowels denasalize.
#If there were any allophonic prenasals left over from above (most likely just /mb/ if any at all), they also become single consonants now.
#:At this point, the consonant inventory was /p m b n s l r k/ and the vowels were /a e i o u/.  Long vowels /ā ē ī ū/, but not /ō/, were fairly common.  This occurred around the year ????.  After this, the language became conservative.
#All vowels before a hiatus became short.
#Any remaining ''ae ea'' shifted to '''ā'''.  But it is possible this had been sifted out earlier.
#The vowel sequences ''au ao eo oa oe''  shifted to '''ō'''. Thus the word for dolphin became /pōpō/. /ua uo/ remained, but they were rare, mostly coming from earlier /ufa ufo/.  Thus, original sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ appeared as /ō ō io ō uo/, just as in Baywatch, but the shifts occurred roughly a thousand years apart and differed in other details.
#It is possible that all vowels before a long shifted to /i u/.  There should be no /a/ in this position, but if it exists, it probably survives, and may shorten the following vowel instead.


Therefore the final consonant inventory was
===Possible future sound changes===
====Branch I====
:17:17, 9 April 2024 (PDT)


  Labials:       p  m           b
*''ri ru'' > '''ǯi du'''.  possibly  same with /ir ur/.
  Alveolars:         n  s  l  r
*then ''l'' > '''r'''.
Velars:         k      
*''ip up'' > '''ib ub''' (or the reverse).
   
*Stressed vowels may lengthen (to escape from later shifts).  This may even apply to all vowels spaced two apart.
And the vowels were /a e i o u/.  Long vowels /ā ē ī ū/, but not /ō/, were fairly common.
*''e i u'' > '''Ø ʲ ʷ'''.  ONLY IF LENGTHENING IS DONE BY NOW.  else to /i ʲi u/.
 
====BranchII====
*It is possible that vowels will elide following a long vowel (always separated by a consonant). That is, ōnu > on, etc. It is possible also that these will allow distinctions, e.g. /m/ when /u/ disappears, but it is difficult to align this with place-assimilation. In any case the resulting superheavy syllables would then contract to short vowels, and then probably vowel length disappears altogether.
 
*New consonants from /Ci/ and /Cu/.
:*In theory could be
::*''bʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ'' > '''d ň ř š'''
::*''pʲ mʲ lʲ kʲ'' > '''t m λ č'''.
:*Thus a /t~k/ contrast is created, and there is crowding near /r/ as all of /d r ř l λ/ are contrastive. It is most likely (though not certain) that /k/ was already [č] before front vowels even before this shift. It is possible that /λ/ > /y/ early on since there would actually not be a phonemic IPA /j/ otherwise.
:*Note that /λ/ will be much rarer than /ř/ because of differences in patterning dating back to near-MRCA times.
:*And also
::*''bʷ nʷ rʷ sʷ'' > '''b ŋ~m w f'''
::*''pʷ mʷ lʷ kʷ'' > '''p m w k~p'''. 
:*Note that /kʷ/ cannot shift to /p/ unconditionally because then there would be a gap of no /ku/ unless /ču/ shifted to /ku/ afterwards, but this could be  problematic.  
:*The shifts of /bʲ pʲ/ > /d t/ may be conditional too, because although it would not create a gap of no /bi pi/, those sequences would become rare.
 
*A staircase shift for fricatives to fill out /f s š h/ instead of having /s/ dominate.
 
*The shift of /b/ > /d/ might need to be conditional, and it is possible that /bi/ remains, since otherwise there would be a near-gap owing to the scarcity of /ʷi/.  (Not as much a problem is  /ʲu/.)
 
*Possibly /ns mf/ > /z v/, etc.  Voiced stop geminates devoice.
 
*It is possible that /ā/ does not contract, as there is no obvious means by which to generate a new /ā/. However, it could be that like Japanese and Māori, some long vowels are more common than others.  New /ā/ could be from morpheme crossers.
 
 
====Other b ranches====
*In a separate branch from the above, ''b p'' > '''p f''', greatly changing the sound of the language.
 
*In a third branch, probably far west,  ''b p'' > '''p Ø''', and this may beg the branch above to shift its /f/ to /h/ or even to /Ø/. But they are not the same branch.  This branch passed through a middle stage of /ʔ/, not a fricative.


===Nuclear Dreamlandic (1495) to Proto-North Dreamlandic (3370)===
==Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570)==
These languages were spoken in colder climates, rubbing up against [[Thunder Empire|Thunder]] and  [[Moonshine]] settlements. The speakers were generally of blonde hair and blue eyes, perhaps even more so than the stereotypically blonde Thunderers.   
These languages were spoken in colder climates, rubbing up against [[Thunder Empire|Thunder]] and  [[Moonshine]] settlements. The speakers were generally of blonde hair and blue eyes, perhaps even more so than the stereotypically blonde Thunderers.   
This language can be called "Proto-Eastern Baywatch" to get the acronym to be PEB, but the name strictly speaking is incorrect since Baywatch is a subset of this group, not a larger group that encompasses it.  Even so, the Baywatch name could be detached from its political party and so repurposed. 
This group has many other descendants besides Baywatch proper, and probably has at least two descendants in [[Matrix|Tata]].


Initial phoneme inventory:
Initial phoneme inventory:
Line 171: Line 208:


   
   
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye wo'''.
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye wo'''.  Unlike Dolphin Rider, the resulting /wo/ does not shift to /o/ and then  collapse with a preceding syllable.  Thus, the sequence /iwa/ ultimately becomes /io/, not /ʲo/.
#In word-initial position, the sequence ''su'' shifted to ''' hu'''.  
#In word-initial position, the sequence ''su'' shifted to ''' hu'''.  
#The sequences ''ti tu'' shifted to '''si su'''. (This includes all /č/.)     
#The sequences ''ti tu'' shifted to '''si su'''. (This includes all /č/.)     
#The velars '' k ŋ '' shifted to '''t n'''. Then '' ň'' also became '''n'''.
#The velars '' k ŋ '' shifted to '''t n'''. Then '' ň'' also became '''n'''.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#The sequences  ''ha hu'' shifted to '''a u'''.  However, any new ''eu iu'' shifted to '''ē ī''' (not /ō ū/).
#The sequences  ''ha hu'' shifted to '''a u'''.   
#:However, any new ''eu iu'' shifted to '''ē ī''' (not /ō ū/).
#:It is possible that ''ea'' (always from /yā/) also shifted to '''ē''', unlike in Dolphin Rider where it became /ā/.
#The sequence ''hi'' shifted to '''si'''.  
#The sequence ''hi'' shifted to '''si'''.  
#Before a consonant, the sequences ''nu tu'' lost their vowel, creating prenasalized and geminate consonants, which always assimilated.  Triple consonant sequences reduced to doubles; the specific sequence ''tussi'' became '''tti''' due to the [č] allophone of /t/ in this position.
#Before a consonant, the sequences ''nu tu'' lost their vowel, creating prenasalized and geminate consonants, which always assimilated.  Triple consonant sequences reduced to doubles; the specific sequence ''tussi'' became '''tti''' due to the [č] allophone of /t/ in this position.
#The spread labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ'' shifted to '''p m b''' unconditionally.
#The spread labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ'' shifted to '''p m b''' unconditionally.
#The labial fricative '' f'' shifted to '''  b''' in all positions.
#The labial fricative '' f'' shifted to '''  b''' in all positions.
#:''This is a good place to break off new daughter languages  that were originally supposed to break off at the root.'' Some can also be split off two lines earlier, before /f fʲ/ > /b b/.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ē'''.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ē'''.
#The palatal glide ''  y'' shifted to  '''w''' if after /u/, and otherwise to '''  Ø'''.  
#The palatal glide ''  y'' shifted to  '''w''' if after /u/, and otherwise to '''  Ø'''.  
#The sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ō'''.  
#The sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ō'''.  Note that underlying /ao eo oo/ also become /ō/ by the combination of this rule and the next, since this sequence was always [awo ewo] for the first two.
#The sequences ''wo wu'' shifted to '''o u'''. Any other /w/ also disappeared.
#The sequences ''wo wu'' shifted to '''o u'''. Any other /w/ also disappeared.  Thus, by the combination of  these two shifts, the underlying sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ shift to /ō ō io ō uo/, as if setting up a future syllable inventory in which the vowel /o/ could be preceded by a palatal or labial onglide.  However, at the stage of classical Baywatch, these remained as two-vowel sequences.
#Long vowels followed by geminate consonants became short.
#Long vowels followed by geminate consonants became short.  But not prenasals.
#In root-initial position, the sequences ''bap bep bip bop bup'' (but not the long-vowel counterparts) shifted to '''pap pep pip pop pup'''.  This also applied to /bVt/, but not to /bVs/.


If both labialized consonants and prenasalized consonants  are analyzed as clusters, the phonology would be  
If both labialized consonants and prenasalized consonants  are analyzed as clusters, the phonology would be  
Line 194: Line 235:
And the vowels /a e i o u/ in both short and long forms.  The geminates /pp ss tt/ still remained, and there were sound gaps of */te so bo lo ro/, except in a few rare words where contraction of long vowels before geminates had created new short vowels there.  
And the vowels /a e i o u/ in both short and long forms.  The geminates /pp ss tt/ still remained, and there were sound gaps of */te so bo lo ro/, except in a few rare words where contraction of long vowels before geminates had created new short vowels there.  


====Proto-North Dreamlandic (3370) to Nunabetari====
The coronal stop /t/ was allophonically [k] before any /o u/.  Unlike the neighboring Dolphin Rider language, however, it remained [t] before /a/, and therefore [t] is considered the primary allophone.  It was not palatalized before /e i/.
 
===Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Nunabetari===
This is now an orphaned language since it was intended to appear 800 years later.


#The sibilant sequences ''sa se si so su'' shifted to '''pa te ti o u '''.
#The sibilant sequences ''sa se si so su'' shifted to '''pa te ti o u '''.  Any new hiatus lengthened the preceding vowel.
#Remaining ''r'' shifted to ''' b'''.
#Remaining ''r'' shifted to ''' b'''.


====Proto-North Dreamlandic (3370 AD) to Mysticeti (~5100 AD)====
The consonant inventory had thus become merely
This branch is probably the primary survivor of dreamlandic into the [[Cosmopolitan Age]]. It might be cut in the middle to produce "Late PND", a stage of the language spoken during the reign of the [[Swamp Kids]] that was intelligible to the speakers of nearby languages but no longer considered the same as them.


Bilabials:      p  m  b 
Alveolars:      t  n  l


Note, the Nunabetari are actually migrants from the west, whose original language was PDP.  Any other people identifying as Nunabetari were latecomers who joined the existing settlements.


#The sequences ''na ne ni no nu'' flipped to '''an en in on un''' before a singleton consonant.  In the same environment, ''ma me mi mo mu'' then shifted to '''am em im om um'''.
===Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Pre-Baywatch (3338 AD)===
#The long vowels ''ē ī ō ū'' (but not /ā/) shifted to '''e i o u'''.
#Before a vowel, the sequences ''om um'' shifted to '''ōm ūm'''.
#The consonants '' m n r''  disappeared to '''  Ø''' between vowels. 
#The  sequences  ''mb mm nn ''  shifted to  ''' m m n  '''.
#The sequences ''eu oi '' shifted to '''iu ui'''.
#:This could be accompanied by shifts like /opē/ > /epe/.
#Word-final nasals disappeared.
#:Originally had these also making the vowel long, but since they almost always occurred following a vowel sequence, this might not happen.
#The vowel sequences ''ai ei  '' merged as '''ē'''. Then ''au  ou'' merged as '''ō'''.
#Vowels in closed syllables became long. 
#The sequences ''mp nt'' shifted to '''b r '''.
#The sequences ''pp tt'' shifted to '''p t'''.
#The sequences ''tui nui'' shifted to '''pi mi'''. 


Thus the consonant inventory was
#The long vowels ''ē ī ō ū'' (but not /ā/) shortened to '''e i o u'''.
#:This was originally below.
#Before a vowel, the sequences ''om um'' shifted to '''ōm ūm'''. 
#The alveolar nasal ''n'' shifted to '''m''' unconditionally.
#The alveolar flap ''r'' shifted to '''l''' in word-initial position, and disappeared to '''Ø''' elsewhere.
#The sequences ''ma me mi mo mu'' shifted to nasal vowels '''ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ''' <s>before a singleton consonant</s> <span style="font-weight: bold; color:#FF00B0">UNCONDITIONALLY!!!!!!!!!!</span>.
#Prenasalized consonants bled into the preceding vowel and then denasalized.
#The sequences ''uoa uoe uoi uoo uou'' shifted to '''uwa uwe uwi uō ūō'''.
#The sequences ''ii uu'' shifted to '''ī ū'''. This included shifts from triplets like /auu/, etc.
#:The Baywatchers who invaded and conquered the Thunder Empire spoke this stage of the language.  The tiny province of '''Samia''' may have also spoken this stage of the language, as their entry occurred shortly after the Baywatchers were driven out. (Remember that they were traitors to their own nation, but would have spoken only one language like most of the Baywatchers.)
#After any vowel, the sequences ''oa oe oi'' (independent of nasalization) shifted to '''wa we wi'''.  Nasalized ''w'' shifted to '''w̃'''. 
#After a vowel, the sequences ''ua ue ui uo''  (independent of nasalization) shifted to '''wa we wi wo'''.
#All consonants became labialized before any /u/.
#Before a nasal vowel, the labial approximant ''w'' shifted to '''w̃'''.
#Geminates became simple.
#:NOTE, this shift is only here because it appears in the dictionary; i never wrote it down.


Bilabials:    p  m        b
The consonant inventory at this time could be analyzed as
Alveolars:    t  n  s  l  r


And the vowel inventory was /a e i o u/ of both short and long varieties. Thus, the phonology was exactly the same as it had been 1800 years earlier, despite the changes. However, there were no longer any closed syllables.
  Bilabials:    p  b      w  w̃
  Alveolars:    t      s  l


There could be p>f here, and s>s, and then interchange of the resulting sounds to get rid of sequences of vowels.


===Proto-Dreamlandic (1495) to Sepesi (~2700) ===
All syllables were CV. Thus a syllable chart can be created:
The end date might be earlier, because this originally contained additional sound changes under influence from [[Baeba Swamp]].


                        CONSONANTS                VOWELS
  a  e  i  o  u  ã  ẽ  ĩ  õ  ũ
  pa  pe  pi  po  pu  pã  pẽ  pĩ  põ  pũ
  ba  be  bi  bo  bu  bã  bẽ  bĩ  bõ  bũ
  wa  we  wi  wo     
  w̃a  w̃e  w̃i  w̃o      w̃ã  w̃ẽ  w̃ĩ  w̃õ
  ta  te  ti  to  tu  tã  tẽ  tĩ  tõ  tũ
  sa  se  si  so  su  sã  sẽ  sĩ  sõ  sũ
  la  le  li  lo  lu  lã  lẽ  lĩ  lõ  lũ


Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ      w              a i u 
Longs are analyzed as sequences here and thus not shown.   Longs can either be aa or aã~ãã; there is no *ãa.
Plain bilabials:      p   m  f  (Ø)            a i u             
Spread bilabials:      pʲ  mʲ  fʲ  y              a i   
Alveolars:            t  n  s  l  r          a i u              (/ta ci cu/)
Postalveolars:        č  ň  š  ł  ř          a i                (/ča či čə/)
Velars:                k  ŋ  h                  a i u
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ŋʷ  hʷ                a i u 


There were the three short vowels /a i u/, the three long vowels /ā ī ū/, and seven sequences: /a i u ya wa yi wu/.  Other sequences occurred over morpheme boundaries but were rare. Long vowels always broke the syllables, so that sequences such as /āi/ and /iā/ were not diphthongs.
Daughter languages of Playwatch include Mysticeti and probably others spoken by very small populations.  Shifts include ''ĩ ũ'' > '''e o''', ''ẽ ã õ'' > '''a''', and w~ y~ > m n.  Note, though, the languages that merge the nasal vowels retain the original allophones of preceding consonants.  Thus, for example, ''tõ'' becomes '''ka''', not *ta.  Thus, the distinction between /t/ and /k/ becomes phonemic.  /l/ might have been [n] before a nasal vowel even in Playwatch, and this could phonemicize too, but /y~/ also shifts to /n/.


#Labialization was defeated, leaving no effects on the vowels. 
Another possibility is that before vowel nasalization disappears, it first spreads out to the entire word, or to at least everything between the original nasal vowel and the stressed syllable.  This assumes that Playwatch still has stress at all.
#The sequence ''ya'' shifted to '''ye'''.
#Before a vowel, the voiceless sequences ''pu p pi'' shifted to '''w Ø y'''.  (This includes mp > mm > m).
#The geminates ''pp čč kk'' shifted to '''p č k'''.
#The sequences ''hi fi ti tu'' shifted to '''si si si su'''.  Then all ''č'' became '''š'''. 
#Any remaining ''t'' shifted to '''r'''.
#The  fricatives ''f š'' shifted to '''h  s'''.
#The sequence  ''  mi  '' (including from earlier /mbi/) shifted to '''n  '''.  Then ''ł ř'' shift to plain '''l r'''.
#The prenasalized sequences ''  nt ns ŋk'' shifted to '''  t s k'''. Adds vowel length?
#The sequences ''aw ew iw uw'' shifted to '''ō ō ū ū'''. Thus a new vowel, /ō/, was created; however there was no short counterpart.  This shift also included tautosyllabic /au/, /eu/, etc.
#The sequences ''ay ey iy uy'' shifted to '''ē ē ī ī'''.
#The double vowel sequence ''aa'' shifted to '''ā'''.
#Long vowels followed by another vowel became short. Thus the new sequences like /ōa/ became /oa/, and the reflexes of earlier /ipia/ merged with /ipa/, and so on.


====Pre-Baywatch to  Baywatch (~4300 AD)====
Since the timeline is being shifted backwards by 1,000 years, this is the new '''Baywatch'''.


Thus the consonant inventory was
#The sequences ''eu oi '' shifted to '''iu ui'''.
#The vowel sequences ''ai ei  '' merged as '''ē'''. Then ''au  ou'' merged as '''ō'''. 
#The sequence  ''tui  '' shifted to '''pi  '''. 
#The nasalized approximants ''w̃ ỹ'' shifted to '''m n'''.
#The the coronal stop ''t''  came to be spelled '''k''' before any of /a o u/.  (This was a long-standing allophonic variation.)
#:It is possible that it should be /o u/.
#The nasal vowels ''ĩ ũ ẽ õ'' shifted to '''e o a a'''.
#:This may need to be more finely detailed.  For example, /ũ/ might shift to /ʷo/ at least conditionally.


Labials:              p  m    w
====Playwatch to Maple Rag====
Alveolars:            t  n  s  l  r
If not orphaned, this language is spoken along the north coast.   "Like Seattle".
Palatals:                          y    
Velars:                k  ŋ  h    (Ø)     


The short vowels were /a e i u/ and the long vowels were /ā ē ī ō ū/.
Note that the orthography here uses grave accents for low tone, unlike Moonshine and most related languages which use grave accents for checked syllables, which are typically short and allophonically high-toned.  Nasalized /l/ may have reverted to plain /l/ in this branch.


===Proto-Dreamlandic (1900) to Tata-A===
#The glide ''y'' (the surface manifestation of some /i/) shifted to '''ỹ''' before any nasal vowels.
Makes long vowels from heavy syllables.  
#The glides ''w̃ ỹ'' shifted to '''m n'''.
===Proto-Dreamlandic (1900) to Tata-D===
#The nasalized vowels ''ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ'' shifted to low tone '''à è ì ò ù'''.
Treats geminates as single consonants.  
#:It is possible that some quality shifts, as in Mysticeti, happened before this shift.
===Proto-Dreamlandic (1495) to Tata-B===
#The plain vowels ''a e i o u'' became high tone '''á é í ó ú''', except that a sequence of two high tones collapsed into high-low.
This may be spoken in Tata, but is too early to have been a [[Matrix]] language.


#The alveolar affricate ''č  '' shifted to '''š'''. 
==Other Dreamlandic languages==
#The labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ f'' became '''h m h h'''.  
:''For Western and other minor branches, see [[Dreamlandic languages]]. and [[Minor Lenian languages]]''
#The labiovelars ''kʷ ŋʷ'' shifted to '''k ŋ'''.


==Proto-Thaoa (1085) to Paleo-Pabappa (~1678 AD)==  
=Non-Dreamlandic languages=
:''See [[Paleo-Pabappa#Southwest]] for a related language also spoken here.''
*[[Play substratum languages]]
Initial phoneme inventory:


                        PLAIN                        LABIALIZED
==Hipatal==
Bilabials:             p  b  m  f  v                    mʷ      w 
:''See [[Hipatal]].''
Alveolars:            t  d  n      l            tʷ  dʷ  nʷ           
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ          y                     
Velars:                k      ŋ  h  g  ḳ                ŋʷ  hʷ  gʷ
Note that the inherited /h/ sound was a true /h/ in the onset, but variable in the coda.


The vowel inventory was
==History==
 
Lenian languages began to decline around by year 1900<ref>or earlier</ref> when settlers from [[AlphaLeap]] spread the [[Gold language]] into Paba. Shortly thereafter, [[Nama]] invaded [[Subumpam]] due to a famine, and after the famine was over, the [[Star Empire]] invaded Subumpam and occupied it for several generations. Then, yet another nation, [[Litila]], also invaded Subumpam and crushed the native population.  Subumpam was only rescued from their catastrophe when the [[Tarpabap]] people, speaking a Gold-derived language, invaded Subumpam one last time and completely drove out the native Lenian languages.
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee  ī oo  ū
Falling diphthongs:      ae ei ao ou
                            əi    əu
This list may have to be cut somewhere in the middle, with the full list applying to just one subbranch and ending around the year 2668.
 
#The voiced coronal obstruents ''d ǯ'' merged as '''r'''.
#The sequenvces ''ae ao'' shifted to '''ai au'''.
#The labialized obstruents  ''tʷ dʷ gʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ w w'''.
#The velar ejective ''ḳ'' merged to '''k'''.
#The sequences ''č kč  '' merged as '''s'''; preceding vowels retained their tones.
#In word-initial position, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' shifted to '''y'''.
#The labialized nasals ''mʷ nʷ ŋʷ'' merged as '''mʷ'''. 
#:''NOTE ON POLITICS'': Highland Pabappa breaks off here.
#In syllable-final position, the sequences ''uk    un  uh '' shifted to '''ukʷ    umʷ  upʷ '''. (This is called the "uh-oh" shift because it shifts /uh/ and some primordial /oh/.)
#In syllable-final position, the sequences ''ik  in  ih '' shifted to '''iš    iň  iš '''.
#In all positions, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' disappeared and lengthened the preceding vowel.  This often occurred in the second element of a diphthong or intervocalically.
#The velars ''h hʷ'' came to spelled '''x xʷ'''. 
#'' f fʷ v'' shifted to '''h hʷ g'''. 
#The clusters '' kx kh'' (and their labialized counterparts) shifted to '''  k'''.
 
Thus the final consonant inventory of proto-paleo-Pabappa was
 
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ      hʷ  w
Spread bilabials:    p  m  b
Alveolars:            t  n  r  s  l
Palataloids:              ň      š  y
Velars:              k  ŋ  g  x       
Labiovelars:          kʷ          xʷ   
Postvelars:                      h 


And the vowel inventory was
Meanwhile, by this time, Lenian languages had spread into colder climates and begun driving out the aboriginal [[Repilia]]n tribes, but they were being chased around by other tribes also growing northwards, and these tribes happened to speak Gold and [[Tarise]] languages.  AlphaLeap invaded Paba again in the 3800s, and the submissive Pabaps allowed them to use Paba as a base to invade a much larger range of habitats, eventually controlling more than half of the humanly habitable land on the planet. AlphaLeap did not hold their empire for long, but when it collapsed, it was to a new tribe of people calling themselves the '''Paaapa''', who spoke the language that would soon evolve into [[Pabappa]].  These people were mostly of Lenian ancestry but identified themselves as Paaapa only, and did not seek alliances with Lenians.  Importantly, they were known for having dark hair, and blondes were uncommon.
 
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee ii oo uu
Falling diphthongs:        ai    au
                            ei    ou
                            əi    əu
 
 
===Paleo-Pabappa (1678) to Puroupwa (2672 AD)===
 
This language derives its name from the Paleo-Pabappa word ''oroupʷa'' "limestone", as it is spoken in a mountainous area filled with many steep limestone cliffs.
 
#The velars ''k ŋ  x'' shifted to '''č ň  š'''.
#The postalveolars ''  ň š'' depalatalized to '''  n s''' except before /i/. 
#The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
# ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə''  > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
#In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel. 
 
 
Thus the consonant inventory was
                 
Labials:        p  m  b      w 
Alveolars:      t  n   r  s  l
Palataloids:    č  ň      š  y 
Velars:          k          h  g     
 
The vowel inventory was
 
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee ii oo uu
Falling diphthongs:      ae    ao 
                            ei
                      oa oe oi    ou
                            əi    əu
 
 
===Paleo-Pabappa (1678) to Pombi (2672 AD)===
This language will need a new name.
 
#The velars ''k ŋ  x'' shifted to '''č ň  š'''.
#The postalveolars ''  ň š'' depalatalized to '''  n s''' except before /i/. 
#The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
# ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə''  > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
#In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel. 
 
 
===Paleo-Pabappa (1678) to Pipaippis (3200 AD)===
The starting date is very vague because the four languages split apart slowly.
 
#The velars ''k ŋ  x'' shifted to '''č ň  š'''.
#The postalveolars ''  ň š'' depalatalized to '''  n s''' except before /i/. 
#The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
# ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə''  > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
#In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel. 
#Frics became stops after a high tone.
#The schwas ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''u ū''' unconditionally.
#All labialized consonants change to plain bilabials. 
#Voicing distinction disappears entirely.  This was actually triggered by a new voicing of stops after low tones, but because this change removed the last remaining environment that could host a minimal pair, there was no longer any phonemic contast.
#:NOTE ON POLITICS: This is 1900 AD.
#Prevocalic sequences ''pi mi fi'' shifted to '''t n s''' (with no following glide). Thus the prevocalic glide /j/ was completely eliminated except in isolation.
#Intervocalically, ''bʷ b ž g'' shifted to '''w Ø y Ø'''.
#:Note, there is no /ž/ at present because the source language was changed.
 
===Pipaippis (3200) to Haswaraba (8773 AD)===
As described currently, this language far outlasts the extinction of all other Paleo-Pabap languages, and may need to be cut down at a very early stage.
 
#All word-final vowels became short.
#Tones were eliminated.
#Before any /i/, the consonants ''p m t n l r k'' shifted to '''pʲ mʲ č ň ł ř ć'''.
#Before any /u/, the consonants ''p m t n l r č ň k'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ tʷ nʷ w bʷ kʷ ŋʷ kʷ'''.
#The short vowels ''a  i  u ə'' all merged as '''a'''.
#The long vowels ''ā  ī  ū ə̄'' shifted to '''a  i  u ə'''.
 
==Tapilula (0) to Proto-Subumpamese (???)==
 
The consonant inventory of Tapilula was
 
Rounded bilabials:                    hʷ  w
Spread bilabials:      p      m  b  f  (Ø)
Alveolars:            t      n  d      l
Rounded alveolars:    tʷ      nʷ  dʷ       
Velars:                k  ḳ  ŋ  ġ  h  g
 
#The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/.  If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared.  This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
#When a "velaroid" consonant (''k ḳ ŋ h g l'') followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a superheavy syllable with both a two-vowel sequence and a coda consonant.  Thus, for example, /àli/ > /ail/.  These closed syllables were all high-toned, and are thus written without tone marks. Thus, for example, ''aa'' implies ''àa''. 
#A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared.  Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''.  This happened in both open and closed syllables.
#The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
#The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only.   
#The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
#The sequences ''ie uo'' shifted to '''i u''' in open syllables only.
#The remaining double-vowel sequences ''aa ee oo'', which occurred only in open syllables, shifted to the long vowels '''ā ē ō'''.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''. 
#The vowels /u i e/ caused adjacent consonants, in both directions, to become labialized, palatalized, and prepalatalized.  The last shift applied only to velars.  Labialization and palatalization could stack.
#The sequences ''ìa ìo ìə'' shifted to '''ī'''.
#The sequences ''ùa ùo ùə'' shifted to '''ū'''. <s>''ə̄'' also shifted to '''ū'''.</s>
#The sequences ''ei ou'', in both open and closed syllables, shifted to '''ē ō'''.
#Syllable-final ''h'' shifted to '''x'''.
#Any fw>hw,then f>h
#:Note on politics: Vuʒi split off here.
# The three syllabic nasals '' ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ '' all merged to '''ən'''. 
#The velar ejective ''ḳ'' became '''q'''.  Then ''kq qk'' shifted to '''qq'''.
#The cluster ''xhʷ'' became '''xʷ'''. 
#All tones on unstressed syllables are released by spreading the tone of the accented syllable across the word.
#:In a two-syllable root, the unstressed syllable acquires the opposite tone from the accented syllable.
#:Classifier prefixes and auxiliary verbs all become low tone.
#:In compounds, there is no sandhi.
#The fricative  '' śʷ s̀ʷ'' shifted to '''s'''.  Then ''ś s̀'' became '''š'''.
#The nasals ''ń ǹ'' shifted to '''ň'''. Then ''mʷ nʷ ňʷ ŋʷ'' all merged as '''m'''.
#The sequences ''km qm'' shifted to '''kʷ qʷ'''.
#Voiced palatal stops and fricatives all merged as '''y'''.
#The sequences ''iy ey'', on any tone, shifted to ''ī ē''.  <---QUESTIONABLE. most of this would have been from ĭg.
#Labialized palataloids shifted to velar. ''lʷ łʷ'' > '''w'''.
#The labialized alveolar stops ''tʷ dʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ bʷ'''.
#Unaccented final short schwas were deleted. (In nouns, they were retained because they were not always final. Therefore, this shift applies mostly to inflections.)
#The sequences ''ʷe ʷi ʷə ʷu'', on any tone, shifted to '''e i ə u'''.  Thus labialization remained distinctive only before /a/ and /o/.
#Mismatched diphthongs such as /eī/ shifted to /ēi/.  Generally these were from a lost final -''g''.
 
Thus the proto-Subumpamese language had the consonants
 
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  bʷ          w
Bilabials:            p  b  m                 
Alveolars:            t  d  n  s  l           
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ  ň  š  ł         
Palatals:            ć              y
Prevelars:            c̀       
Velars:              k  ġ  ŋ  x  g
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ġʷ      xʷ  gʷ
Uvulars:              q          h             
Rounded uvulars:      qʷ          hʷ
 
All consonants were labialized before any /u/ and palatalized before any /i/. However, sequences like si~ši remained distinct.
 
Labialized consonants also occurred before i and ə. Thus, the six sequences were /wi yi wə ə yə wu/.
 
 
===Proto-Subumpamese (1700) to Pudop (2672)===
 
The consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  bʷ          w
Bilabials:            p  b  m  f             
Alveolars:            t  d  n  s  l           
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ  ň  š  ł         
Palatals:            ć              y
Prevelars:            c̀       
Velars:              k  ġ  ŋ  x  g
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ġʷ      xʷ  gʷ
Uvulars:              q          h             
Rounded uvulars:      qʷ          hʷ
This is the language spoken in the capital district, '''Pudop''', named after its cranberry harvest.
 
#The high central vowel ''ə'' changed to '''i''' unconditionally.
#Syllable-final nasals ''ŋ ň'' changed to match the place of a following consonant, and changed to '''n''' if word-final.
#the palatalized alveolar consonants ''č  ǯ  ň  ł'' become plain alveolars '''s z n l'''. Then ''c̀ ć'' shifted to '''ś š'''.
#Then, the stops ''k ġ '' shifted to '''ś y''' before any /e/ or /i/.
#All remaining affricates change to fricatives: ''c ʒ  '' > '''s z  '''.
#Labialization bleeds through clusters. e.g. kʷm > kʷmʷ.  This means that it was no longer phonemic.
#Then, voiceless stops and fricatives became voiced after a low tone or a long falling vowel.  ''ś x h hʷ '' > '''y g Ø w '''.
#The coda fricatives '' s š ś x'' all became voiced to '''Ø i i Ø'''.  The silent ones lengthened a preceding vowel, and sequences such as /ii uu/ shifted to long vowels as well. 
#The voiced stops ''d ġ ġʷ'' shifted to '''r g gʷ'''. However, stop allophones remained in some positions.
#Labialized consos in syllable final position become bilabials.  Thus ''pʷ bʷ mʷ  w'' > '''p b m  w''';  ''kʷ ŋʷ'' > '''p m'''. 
#Palatalization also bleeds though. This is sort of a compensatory shift to make up for the last one.
#The uvular stop ''q'' shifted to '''k'''.
 
Thus the final consonant inventory was
Labials:              p  m  f  w  b   
Alveolars:            t  n  s  l  r  z           
Postalveolars:                š                 
Palatals:                    ś  y       
Velars:              k  ŋ  x  g
Postvelars:                  h             
 
This was originally intended for a longer period; it might stop partway through.
 
===Proto-Subumpamese (1700) to Eastern Subumpamese (2672)===
   
#''gʷ hʷ'' > '''v f'''.
#The high central vowel ''ə'' changed to '''i''' unconditionally.
#Syllable-final ''ŋ ň'' changed to match the place of a following consonant, and changed to '''n''' if word-final. 
#''pʷ bʷ mʷ w'' > '''p b m v'''. (Possibly /ə/ > /o/ when facing a labialized consonant before this shift.)
# ''ai  '' (on any tone) became '''ē''' (perhaps not always long).
#The lateral approximant ''l'' shifted to '''w'''.
#Palatals ''č  ć ǯ ň ł'' > '''c c ʒ n l'''.
#Velars (but not labiovelars) shifted doubly forward:
#:''c̀ k ġ ŋ x g'' > '''č č ǯ ň š ž'''.  (Possibly velars remain in some positions, as in early Proto-Indo-European.  This would best be explained as labialization.)
#The uvular stop ''q'' shifted to '''k'''. /h/ became /x/ in most positions, but the spelling remained.
#In syllable-final position, ''f c '' shifted to '''p t'''.  (Thus /k/>/t č/, /h/>/s š/, even though the shifts were not related.)
#The labiovelars ''kʷ ġʷ'' shifted to '''p b'''.
#The fricative ''h'' shifted to '''k''' after a high tone.
 
Thus the Eastern  Subumpamese consonant inventory was
Bilabials:      p  b  m  f  v  w     
Alveolars:      t  d  n  s      l  c  ʒ           
Palataloids:    č  ǯ  ň  š  ž  y                 
Velars:          k      ŋ  h
 
 
 
===Proto-Subumpamese (1700) to FILTER (2371)===
As this is said to be an extremely conservative language, the FILTER branch of the family may simply begin at the root, with no changes at all.  But it is likely that it at least shared the changes shared by the two main branches:
 
 
#The high central vowel ''ə'' changed to '''i''' unconditionally.
#Syllable-final nasals ''ŋ ň'' changed to match the place of a following consonant, and changed to '''n''' if word-final.
 
 
There may also be a shift of ''č ǯ ň ł'' to '''c ʒ n l''', but this would need to happen independently since it occurred at two different times in the two main branches.
 
==Tapilula (0) to Pre-Olati (1300)==
 
The Andanese/Gold dialect of Tapilula had the consonants
 
Rounded bilabials:                    hʷ  w
Spread bilabials:      p      m  b  f  (Ø)
Alveolars:            t      n  d      l
Rounded alveolars:    tʷ      nʷ  dʷ       
Velars:                k  ḳ  ŋ  ġ  h  g
 
#The accent pattern involved in certain infixes with accented schwa switched to favor the following vowel.  e.g. ăpo "field", apə̀ho "field (possessive) became /ăpo apəhò/.
#The "labial" vowel ''ə'' disappeared, syllabified nearby consonants or turned to '''i''' if the nearby consonants were not possible to become syllabic.  Note that it never occurred after labialized consonants. Sequences such as /pəh/ collapsed to form aspirated consonants, though these behaved as clusters.
#The velar nasal ''ŋ'' changed to '''n''' in all positions. 
#The  stops ''p b t'' became '''w w k''' (the /t/ shift was allophonically [th > tx > kx > kh]) except when occurring:
#:After an accented or high-tone vowel (but not before);
#:In a consonant cluster of any kind; or
#:In a monosyllabic word. 
#''tʷ dʷ nʷ'' > '''kʷ ġʷ ŋʷ'''.
#The labial fricative ''f'' shifted to '''hʷ'''.
#The labialized sounds ''kʷ ġʷ hʷ w'' changed to '''k ġ h g''' when they preceded a vowel followed by a labial consonant (including /w/).
#''ŋʷ''> '''ŋ'''.
#final /b/ > /w/. ''' must, now, add to other list!'''
#Tautosyllabic vowel sequences ''òi ài èi'' converged to '''ē'''. This did not affect syllable-straddling words like /tùya/.  Likewise, ''èu àu òu'' in the same environment converged to '''ō'''.
#Duplicate vowel sequences ''àa èe ìi òo ùu'' shifted to long vowels '''ā ē ī ō ū'''. But the same sequences with the opposite tone pattern did not shift.
 
===Proto-Olati (1300) to Olati-A (2672)===
The '''Olati''' languages are known both as South Andanic and West Subumpamese.  They are Andanic by genetics, but primarily Subumpamese (and partly Naman) by culture.
 
#The labialized consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ ġʷ hʷ w'' shifted to '''p p b f v''' unconditionally.
#The aspirate clusters ''bh dh'' shift to '''p t'''.
#The velars ''k g ġ ŋ h'' shifted to '''č y ň š''' unconditionally.
#The sequences ''py by fy'' shift to '''t d s''' before a vowel.
#The uvular stop ''ḳ'' became '''k'''.
#Remaining aspirated clusters deaspirate.
#Before a vowel, the sequences ''ay ey oy'' shift to '''ē'''. ''iy uy'' shift to '''ī'''. 
Thus the consonant inventory was
 
Labials:    p  b  m  f  v     
Alveolars:  t  d  n  s      l
Palataloids: č  ǯ  ň  š      y
Velars:      k
 
And the vowel inventory was /a e i o u/, on two tones, and a long series.
 
===Proto-Olati (1300) to Olati-B (2672)===
This may be the same as the '''Yoy''' language.... note that Yoy is said to have preserved voiced stops, like Olati, and unlike the rest of Andanic.
 
The consonant inventory as of 1300 AD was
 
Labials:        p      m  b      (Ø)
Alveolars:      t      n  d      l     
Velars:        k  ḳ  ŋ  ġ  h  g
Labiovelars:    kʷ  ḳʷ      ġʷ  hʷ  w
 
There were relatively few sequences of two or more consecutive vowels.
 
#The clusters ''bh dh ġh ġʷh gh'' shifted to '''p t k kʷ h'''. Then ''mh nh ŋh'' became '''mp nt ŋk'''.
#The voiced sounds ''g ġ ġʷ b'' shifted to '''Ø Ø w w'''. This set up a consonant gradation in which words with hiatus in their bare form developed an oblique form with -/k/- (generalized from a choice of k~p~h). 
#:NOTE: the /k/ alternant was almost certainly the rarest of the three by a wide margin. It should either be /p/ or /h/.
#Remaining aspirates disappeared.
#The voiced stop ''d'' shifted to '''r'''. It was still [d] word-initially.
#The labialized consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ hʷ'' shifted to '''p p f'''.
#Before a vowel, the sequences ''aw ew ow'' shifted to '''o'''. Then ''iw uw'' shifted to '''u'''.
#Before a vowel, the sequences ''ay oy uy'' shifted to '''e'''. Then ''iy uy'' shifted to '''i'''.
#The vowel sequences ''òe òi ài èi èe ìa'' shifted to '''ē'''. Then ''èo èu àu òu òo ùa'' shifted to '''ō'''.  Lastly, ''àe èa àa òa ào'' shifted to '''ā'''.
#:Note, the name of  the language is properly /jōj/, hence it comes from an earlier triple sequence. 
#The vowel sequences ''ùe ùi ìi ìe  '' shifted to '''ī'''.  Then ''ìo ìu ùu ùo '' shifted to '''ū'''.
#Before a high-tone vowel, the sequences ''ti ni ri li'' shifted to '''s n y y'''.  Then, ''ki ḳi ŋi hi'' in the same environment shifted to '''č č n s'''.
#Remaining ''ḳ  '' shifted to '''k  '''.
 
Thus the consonant inventory was
 
Labials:      p  m  f  w
Alveolars:    t  n  s  l  r
Postalveolars: č          y
Velars:        k  ŋ  h
 
===Proto-Olati (1300) to Olati-C (2672)===
It is possible that this is the language spoken in ''Vuʒi'', assuming that Vuʒi's own language was lost in the wipeout.
 
The consonant inventory as of 1300 AD was
 
Labials:        p      m  b  f  w
Alveolars:      t      n  d      l     
Velars:        k  ḳ  ŋ  ġ  h  g
Labiovelars:    kʷ  ḳʷ      ġʷ     
 
There were relatively few sequences of two or more consecutive vowels.
 
#The voiced stops ''ġʷ ġ'' shifted to '''w g'''.
#The voiceless stops ''p t  '' shifted to '''f s  '''.  This shift included the aspirate sequences /bh dh ph th/.
#The voiced stops ''b d '' shifted to '''p t''' unconditionally.
#After a low tone or word-initially, the voiceless stops ''k kʷ'' shifted to '''x xʷ'''.
#The voiceless ejectives ''ḳ ḳʷ'' shifted to '''k kʷ''' unconditionally.  The combination of the above shifts and grammatical levelling created a consonant gradation where words with /p t k kʷ/ as the last consonant in the word shifted it to /f s x xʷ/ to form the oblique. By analogy, some words in which historical /p t k kʷ/ had become /f s x xʷ/ now reverted to /p t k kʷ/ in order to use the gradations.
 
===Proto-Olati (1300) to Dakʷòhi (2672)===
This is the language spoken in '''Dakʷòhi''', which is the state labeled as ''Mania'' on some maps.
 
#The voiced sounds ''gʷ ġʷ ġ'' shifted to '''w w g'''.
#The voiceless stops ''p t  '' shifted to '''f s  '''.  This shift included the aspirate sequences /bh dh ph th/.
#The voiced sounds ''b d  g'' shifted to '''p t x''' unconditionally.
#The velars ''k ḳ g ŋ x'' shifted to '''č č y n š''' unconditionally.  Note that this /x/ is distinct from /h/.
#The labialized consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ w'' shifted to '''k k v'''.


==Linguistic characteristics==
==Linguistic characteristics==
The Lenian languages retain the classifier prefixes of [[Tapilula]] and have generally simple rules of grammar.  Even the most complex nominal morphology is simpler than that of [[Pabappa]].  Verbal morphology is highly variable; some languages are extremely simple, while others retain much of the early Tapilula system, which is, nevertheless, fairly simple by comparison to that of Gold and the Tarise-Thaoa supergroup.
The Lenian languages retain the classifier prefixes of [[Tapilula]] and have generally simple rules of grammar.  Even the most complex nominal morphology is simpler than that of [[Pabappa]].  Verbal morphology is highly variable; some languages are extremely simple, while others retain much of the early Tapilula system, which is, nevertheless, fairly simple by comparison to that of Gold and the Tarise-Thaoa supergroup.
==Proto-Hipatal (0) to HP-1 (2600 AD)==
This language is spoken in tropical rainforests of a chain of larger islands.  It is one of the few groups to contain people who live more than a mile away from the seashore. 
The original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  bʷ  mʷ  mbʷ mpʷ    w
Spread bilabials:      p  b  m  mb  mp    (Ø)       
Alveolars:            t      n  nd          l
Rounded alveolars:    tʷ      nʷ  ndʷ   
Velars:                k  ḳ  ŋ  ŋġ      h  g
#The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to match the next vowel in the word.  This also included the labialization of the initial consonant; thus, for example, /təpʷu/ > /tʷupʷu/. 
#The voiceless aspirated velar stop ''k  '' shifted to '''h''' unconditionally.  Ejectives and labialized forms were unaffected by this change.
#The labialized consonants ''lʷ gʷ '' shifted to '''w '''.
#The labialized alveolars ''tʷ nʷ ndʷ'' shifted to '''kʷ mʷ mmʷ'''.
#Schwa disappeared between a nasal and a following stop or fricative; if there was a fricative, it became a stop.
#Initial schwas disappeared.
#The ejective stops ''ḳ ḳʷ'' shifted to '''k kʷ'''.
#Any remaining schwa ''ə'' shifted to '''i'''.
#The rounded vowel '' o'' shifted to ''' a''' unconditionally.  /u/ became unrounded, but there was no change in spelling.
#The mid vowel ''e'' shifted to '''ə''' unconditionally.
#The prenasalized voiced stops ''mbʷ mb nd ŋġ ŋġʷ'' shifted to the double nasals '''mmʷ mm nn ŋŋ ŋŋʷ'''.
#The voiced velar sounds ''ŋ g'' disappeared to '''Ø Ø'''. This did not affect the geminate /ŋŋ/. 
#The labialized approximant ''bʷ'' shifted to '''w''' .
#Double nasals were reduced to singles.
Thus the consonant inventory of HP-1 was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b     
Alveolars:            t  n  l   
Palatals:                      y
Velars:                k  ŋ  (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ           
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with the labialized stops /pʷ kʷ/ appearing before all four vowels.  There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/.    The voiceless fricative /h/, the only fricative in the language, was highly variable in pronunciation, often being labialized or palatalized or both. 
====HP-1 (2600 AD) to Pamā====
This branch shifts all of its labialized consonants to pure labials, and then grows new labialized consonants from sequences like /awa/ and /ua/. 
The original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b     
Alveolars:            t  n  l   
Palatals:                      y
Velars:                k  ŋ  (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ           
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels.  There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/.
====HP-1 (2600 AD) to Nannapànnu====
This branch shifts all consonants forward in the mouth.
The original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b     
Alveolars:            t  n  l   
Palatals:                      y
Velars:                k  ŋ  (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ             
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels.  There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/.
#The alveolars ''t n l'' shifted to '''f m w'''.
#The velars ''k ŋ h'' shifted to '''č ň s'''.
#Labialization was lost.
====HP-1 (2600 AD) to Lākaha (4400 AD)====
The original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b     
Alveolars:            t  n  l   
Palatals:                      y
Velars:                k  ŋ  (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ             
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels.  There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/.
#The velars ''k ŋ  h'' shifted to '''č ň  š''' unconditionally.
#Labialization was lost.
#The sequences ''àa àə ə̀a'' shifted to '''ā'''.  Then ''ăa ăə ə̆a'' shifted to '''â''', and ''ə̀ə ə̆ə'' shifted to '''ə̄ ə̂'''.
#The postalveolar fricative ''š'' shifted to '''s'''.
#The sequences ''ìa  ìə ùa  ùə'' (where the first vowel has a high tone) shifted to '''èa ìe òa ùo'''.
#The vowel sequences ''ìi ùu'' became '''ī ū'''.
#The vowel sequences ''ĭə ŭə'' (equivalent to /iə̀ uə̀/) shifted to '''yè wò'''.
#Before a vowel, remaining ''i u'' shifted to '''y w'''.
#The vowel sequences ''ài ăi  àu ău  '' shifted to '''ē ê ō ô'''. 
#The vowel sequences ''ə̀i ə̆i ə̀u ə̆u'' shifted to '''ī î ū û'''.
#The sequences ''ky ŋy ty ny sy ly'' shifted to '''č ň č ň š y'''.
#The sequences ''tw nw sw lw'' shifted to '''p m f w'''. All other consonants preceding /w/ shifted to labials.
#Remaining post-consonantal /w/ and /y/ were deleted.
#The sequences ''èa ìe òa ùo'' shifted to '''ya ye wa wo'''. (Tone may have been influenced by surrounding syllables.)  Meanwhile ''ùi ìu'' shifted to '''wi yu'''.
#All sounds preceding a /w/ again became labials.
#All post-consonantal /w/ and /y/ were deleted.
The circumflex is an ad-hoc symbol for a long low tone. However, it may make sense to retain the circumflex vowels as sequences, as there are other sequences that would arise at morpheme boundaries.
Thus the consonant inventory was
Bilabials:          p  m  b  f  w
Alveolars:          t  n    s  l
Palataloids:        č  ň    š  y
Velars:            k
And there were six vowels, on two tones, and could be short or long.
====HP-1 (2600 AD) to Hahakànna====
The original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b     
Alveolars:            t  n  l   
Palatals:                      y
Velars:                k  ŋ  (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ           
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels.  There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/.
#Before a vowel, ''i'' shifted to '''y'''.
#Labialized consonants defeated any following /y/.
#The velar sequences ''ky ŋy hy'' shifted to '''č ň š'''.  The alveolar sequences ''ty ny ly'' also shifted to '''č ň ł'''.
#Labialization was lost.
#The postalveolar fricative ''š'' shifted to '''s'''.
#The sequences ''py my by'' shifted to '''č ň y'''.
Thus the consonant inventory was
Labials:              p  m  b  w
Alveolars:            t  n  l      s
Palataloids:          č  ň  ł  y 
Velars:              k  ŋ          h
====HP-1 (2600 AD) to Tākapi====
The original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b     
Alveolars:            t  n  l   
Palatals:                      y
Velars:                k  ŋ  (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ               
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels.  There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/.
#Single nasals metathesized across a vowel to form clusters with the next consonant. These all became homorganic; here, a /w/ behaved as a labiovelar, thus the resulting cluster was /ŋw/.
#The clusters ''ŋw ŋh nl '' shifted to '''ŋʷ h l'''.  /mb/ remained.
#Double nasals shifted to singles.
#The syllabic nasals ''ṁ ṅ ŋ̇'' shifted to '''um un uŋ''' unconditionally.
#The sequences ''aa aə əa  '', on all tones, merged as '''ā'''. ''əə'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
#Any ''h'' bordering an /i/ in either direction shifted to '''s'''.
#The sequences ''ii uu'' shifted to '''ī ū''' if the first tone was high; otherwise they shifted to '''yi ʷu'''.
#Any low-tone ''i'' before a vowel became a palatal approximant '''y'''.
#The sequences ''ty ky ny ŋy sy ly'' shifted to '''č č ň ň š ł'''. (/hy/ > /sy/ earlier.)
#Labial and labialized consonants swallowed a following ''y''.
#The approximant ''lʷ'' shifted to '''w'''.  The alveolars ''tʷ sʷ nʷ'' changed in a split shift to '''kʷ hʷ mʷ'''.
Thus the consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ  bʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p  m  b  (Ø) 
Alveolars:            t  n  l      s
Palatals:              č  ň  ł  y  š 
Velars:                k  ŋ      (Ø)  h
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ŋʷ          hʷ 
The four-vowel inventory remained, but there were many more long vowels and vowel sequences than there had been before.  The falling diphthongs were /ai au əi əu/.
==Proto-Hipatal (0) to HP-2 (???)==
This branch of the family is confined to smaller islands where the sea can be heard from any point on the island.  The initial phonology was slightly different from that of Tapilula, generated by the following sound shifts:
#Before a low tone, the  fricatives ''  h g'' were fortified to '''kʷ ḳʷ'''.    Before a high tone, they disappeared.  Thus the language became entirely free of fricatives.
#Before a low tone, the lateral approximant ''l'' shifted to '''r'''. 
At this stage the consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ      mʷ  w   
Spread bilabials:      p      m  b     
Alveolars:            t      n  l  r
Rounded alveolars:    tʷ      nʷ     
Velars:                k  ḳ  ŋ  (Ø)       
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ḳʷ
There were six vowels, /a e i o u ə/, of which the last was a high vowel, not a true schwa. There were two tones.  After a low tone, the stops were sometimes pronounced as fricatives in quick speech, but there was no phonemic contrast.  The prenasalized stops /mbʷ mb nd ndʷ ŋġ mpʷ mp/ all occurred  in root-initial position, but no classifiers began with a prenasalized stop, so very few words with initial prenasals were used.  These are considered allophones of a homorganic nasal followed by a stop; however, they are of mixed origins.
The sequences /ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu/ occurred, with the latter two being the most common. 
If the labialized consonants are treated as clusters, the phonology reduces to
Bilabials:            p      m  w  b     
Alveolars:            t      n  l  r
Velars:                k  ḳ  ŋ     
#The consonants ''t n l r k ḳ ŋ'' become palatalized to '''č  ň y y č č ň'''  before any /e/ or /i/. 
#Labialization was eliminated.
==History==
Lenian languages began to decline around by year 1900<ref>or earlier</ref> when settlers from [[AlphaLeap]] spread the [[Gold language]] into Paba. Shortly thereafter, [[Nama]] invaded [[Subumpam]] due to a famine, and after the famine was over, the [[Star Empire]] invaded Subumpam and occupied it for several generations. Then, yet another nation, [[Litila]], also invaded Subumpam and crushed the native population.  Subumpam was only rescued from their catastrophe when the [[Tarpabap]] people, speaking a Gold-derived language, invaded Subumpam one last time and completely drove out the native Lenian languages.
Meanwhile, by this time, Lenian languages had spread into colder climates and begun driving out the aboriginal [[Repilia]]n tribes, but they were being chased around by other tribes also growing northwards, and these tribes happened to speak Gold and [[Tarise]] languages.  AlphaLeap invaded Paba again in the 3800s, and the submissive Pabaps allowed them to use Paba as a base to invade a much larger range of habitats, eventually controlling more than half of the humanly habitable land on the planet. AlphaLeap did not hold their empire for long, but when it collapsed, it was to a new tribe of people calling themselves the '''Paaapa''', who spoke the language that would soon evolve into [[Pabappa]].
==Notes==
==Notes==
[[Category:Languages of Teppala]]
[[Category:Language families of Teppala|P1]]

Latest revision as of 04:59, 18 November 2024

The Lenian languages are a paraphyletic cultural grouping of related languages that descend from Tapilula but exclude branches that acquired divergent characteristics.

Scope

Use User:Soap/scratchpad for Dreamlandic and not this page.

See Play substratum languages.

All Dreamlandic languages are included. See also Minor Lenian languages.

Tribal identity

All Lenians were light-skinned people, mostly with blonde hair and blue eyes. They mostly lived in cold or temperate climates, but nonetheless some Lenians came to live in compact nations in the tropics, generally having to fight for their land as they arrive. Taken as a group, they were the world's most widely dispersed people, having the southernmost and westernmost (on the mainland) areas to themselves, and controlling much of the cold areas near the poles. However, the idea of a shared Lenian identity was only supported by some Lenians; they fought against each other as much as they fought against other tribes.

For the most part, these languages do not spread to non-Lenian tribes. The only language that had a sizable non-Lenian population of speakers was Oyster.

Tapilula (800 BC) to Proto-Dreamlandic (520)

The three-way split of Dreamlandic, "Andano-Tropical-Gold" (better name needed), and the HP-3/4 speakers is treated as simultaneous because ATG was a distinct dialect for hundreds of years before their migration, and because the speakers of the other languages remained in contact even though genetically they had diverged from each other earlier than ATG had split from HP-4. See Hipatal for details.

Note that Dreamlandic could have branched off earlier than the rest, perhaps as much as 1,000 years earlier, but that it might also be better to assume the others branch off around 500 AD than to push Dreamlandic alone all the way back to 1000 BC. Baywatch must be moved back to around 2800 in even the minimal case, and could be pushed all the way back to 2300 AD, making it almost contemporary with Gold.

The original consonant inventory was 

Rounded bilabials:     pʷ      mʷ  mbʷ mpʷ     w
Spread bilabials:      p   b   m   mb  mp     (Ø)         
Alveolars:             t       n   nd          l
Rounded alveolars:     tʷ      nʷ  ndʷ     
Velars:                k   ḳ   ŋ   ŋġ      h   g


Shared changes

Note that hiatus in this language is considered to be /g/. The differentiation between /Ø/ and /g/ in the other branch is due to analogy.

See Play substratum languages for further details.

  1. Before a low tone, the fricatives h g shifted to kʷ kʷʕ. Before a high tone, they disappeared. Thus, the language became entirely free of fricatives.
    In a few situations, to avoid sequences like /awó/, they also became hard before a high tone, thus producing /apwó/. This lenites later on, but lenites in a different way than if the phoneme had disappeared in the early shift.
  2. The dependent phonemes kʷ kʷʕ shifted to p pʕ if bordering any /u ə/ in either direction, and otherwise to k. Note that /o/ did not trigger this shift.
    Note, many words have this incorrectly shifting to /k ḳ/ rather than to just /k/. It may be best to leave it this way, as it fills out the consonant distribution.
    Note also that the rare true primordial /hʷ/ behaves here as the sequence /hu/, meaning that it becomes pu. This sound is much rarer than the cluster /mfʷ/ which became /hʷ/ in Gold.
  3. Before a low tone, the lateral approximant l shifted to r.
  4. Before a high tone, the voiceless stops pʷ p t tʷ k became the fricatives hʷ f s hʷ h. This did not apply to the emphatics.
  5. Voiceless prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + fricative. Voiced prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + stop. Thus they were no longer phonemic. Nevertheless, they continued to occur in the syllable onset rather than splitting between the onset and the preceding coda.
  6. The sequences aə əa aa all merged as ā.
  7. The sequences əu əi then shifted to ū ī. Thus /ū ī/ are distinct in proto-Dreamlandic from the sequences /uu ii/; the latter are spelled as "wu yi" when not after a consonant. In this they resemble the later-emerging Play system. There is no corresponding sequence /aa/, however.
    Note that the conditioning environment necessary to generate this shift might constrain it to occurring only in words that had primordial low-high tone melody, meaning that they would always have a lost final consonant. If the Dreamers always preserved these silent final consonants in spelling (since they reappeared in grammar), they would never need any symbols for long vowels. The only exceptions to this would be classifier prefixes that lost their status and came to be seen as part of the root. Here, it might be assumed that they had once ended in /g/, since there never was a final /g/ and the symbol would therefore be free.
  8. The emphatic stops pʕ ḳ shifted to pp kk except in absolute phrase-initial position. (Since most words began with classifier prefixes, this shift produced many root-initial clusters, but the classifiers that padded these roots did not acquire initial clusters.)
    For all practical purposes, the condition can be ignored, and it may be that the speakers produced geminates even at the beginning of a sentence.
  9. The voiceless alveolar stop t affricated to c before the high vowels [i ə u].
  10. The vowels a e i all shifted to palatalized forms ya ye yi. If one of the non-labialized consonants p m f t n s k ŋ h l r preceded, it became palatalized to pʲ mʲ fʲ č ň š ć ń ś ł ŕ. But palatalization of /l/ was not marked in spelling.
    Meanwhile, the long vowels ā ē ī shifted to yā yē yī (not *yaya, etc).
    It is likely that au, from earlier /ahu agu/ was excluded from this shift and did not become /yau/.
  11. The rounded alveolars tʷ nʷ became kʷ ŋʷ.
  12. The high central vowel ə shifted to i.
    Note that this shift opens up a three-way contrast of /t/~/č/~/k/ before [i], and the following shift adds [ə] and [a]. However, there was only a two-way contrast before [u]. This may be seen as related to the labialized phoneme /kʷ/ and might even trigger the loss of /u/ in some daughters.
  13. The mid vowels e o shifted to ə a. This did not affect, and was not affected by, whether the previous consonant was labialized or not; the respective allophones shifted in tandem.
  14. Tones were eliminated.
  15. Syllabic consonants preceded by a consonant were resolved as sequences of /i/ + consonant, and assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant. In absolute final position, they became in. Meanwhile, a syllabic consonant preceded by a vowel became a simple n. In all cases where another consonant followed, these nasals were front-loaded onto the next syllable, and thus the only closed syllables in proto-Dreamlandic were at the end of a word, and they were very rare.
    It is possible that rather than having all three syllabic nasals shift to /in/, the shift is ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ > un in ən, with /ŋ/ probably shifting first. A second possibility is /un in an/, where /ŋ/ starts out as /ə/ and then is pushed to /a/ when /m/ appears, which also started out as schwa but then became labial.
  16. The root-initial geminates pp ppʲ ćć kk shifted to singletons p pʲ ć k if there was another heavy syllable in the word.
  17. All prenasalized consonants became voiceless with a stopped release.
  18. The sequence ʷi shifted to i, except in hiatus (/awi iwi uwi/).

Thus the vowel inventory at this time was /a i u ə/, and the consonants were: 

                       CONSONANTS                 VOWELS

Rounded bilabials:     pʷ  mʷ      w              a i u ə
Plain bilabials:       p   m   f  (Ø)             a i u              
Spread bilabials:      pʲ  mʲ  fʲ  y              a i   ə
Alveolars:             t   n   s   l   r          a i u               (/ta ci cu/)
Postalveolars:         č   ň   š  *l  *r          a i   ə             (/ča či čə/)
(Palatals:             ć   ń   ś    )             a i   ə
Velars:                k   ŋ   h                  a i u
Labiovelars:           kʷ  ŋʷ  hʷ                 a i u ə

Thus the full set of four vowels was contrastive only after rounded consonants. However, /l/ and /r/ break this rule. There was also a sequence /mfʷ/.

At this point, around the year 1320, the language divides into two dialects: one for the western end of the peninsula, where travel between the north and south coasts is easy; and the other branch for the central and eastern areas, where travel is more difficult and daughter languages tend to divide more quickly. The eastern branch is called Nuclear Dreamlandic, but this is often shortened to just "Dreamlandic".

Dialect breakup

However, it is possible that all of the diversity arose in the western and central areas, and that the division between them was political rather than tribal. Thus North Dreamlandic would be simply a branch of one of many subgroups from the West or center.

Changes unique to Western Fojy

  1. The voiceless non-sibilant fricatives f fʲ h hʷ shifted to Ø Ø Ø w.
  2. The palatalized labials pʲ mʲ shifted to p m. (These may have passed through a linguolabial stage.)
  3. The bare vowel u shifted to ʉ. Then wa shifted to wo. Neither of these shifts were phonemic.

Changes unique to Nuclear Dreamlandic (695)

  1. The mid vowel e, which occurred almost entirely after palatalized consonants, shifted to a. Thus, the vowel inventory was reduced to /a i u/, with frequent sequences of /ya wa yi wu/ but no others.
    NOTE, this is almost certainly a mistake (or an early transcription) for ə.
  2. The true palatals ć ń ś shifted to č ň š .

At this stage the language had 95 syllables, considering the clusters /mp nt nk pp kk ćć/ to be singles. The syllabary contained signs for 

  a    i    u    ya   wa   yi   wu
 pa   pi   pu   pya  pwa  pyi  pwu
 ma   mi   mu   mya  mwa  myi  mwu
 ta  (ci   cu)  tya       tyi
 na   ni   nu   nya       nyi
 sa   si   su   sya       syi
 la   li   lu   lya       lyi
 ra   ri   ru   rya       ryi
 ka   ki   ku        kwa       kwu
 ŋa   ŋi   ŋu        ŋwa       ŋwu
 ha   hi   hu        hwa       hwu
 fa   fi   fu
mpa  mpi  mpu  mpya mpwa mpyi mpwu
nta (nsi  nsu  nsya      nsyi)
nka  nki  nku       nkwa      nkwu
ppa  ppi  ppu  ppya ppwa ppyi ppwu
kka  kki  kku  kkya kkwa kkyi kkwu

The following languages are ordered by inverse time of separation, not east-west as is usually followed. DPR is spoken to the west of Baywatch.

Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Dolphin Rider (3308)

Alternate names: Ōpo, Neamaki, Pōpō, Eurobabe. The speakers originated in "Laġo" and in the unlabeled territory next to Lago. The native name of the unlabeled state may in fact be Ōpo, but properly that is the name of the originating tribe and likely extended to areas beyond. All four of the alternate names were once valid in-language but are now expired "exonyms" from outside the world. Euro babe was at one point the word for dream.

Note that the maturation date of this branch is much later than that of Baywatch, and that it may have early-branching varieties of its own, perhaps as many as seven. (There are two maps of Dreamland with overlapping borders; the southern coastline is split into a group of three nations and a group of four.)

  1. The labiovelars kʷ ŋʷ hʷ shifted to pʷ mʷ fʷ unconditionally.
  2. The sequences ya wa shifted to ye o.
    It seems that yā did not shift to /*yē/, and that there may have been no /ē ō/ in the language at this time. Thus long vowels stay as they are. This makes sense as well given the shift below.
  3. The rare sequences aw iw shifted to ow uw (later /ō ū/); these may have been restricted to occuring before /i/; also, au became ou as well.
  4. The sequence uy shifted to iy. There may have likewise been a shift of /ay/ > /ey/. These were only from primordial /y/, not the /a/ > /ya/ shift.
    If this language had previously shared Baywatch's gap of /*so/, this fills that gap.
  5. Any new i before a vowel came to be interpreted like ʲ. The later /io/ is from /ifo/.
  6. In a closed syllable, the vowels i u lowered to e o. Long vowels did not shift.
  7. The sequence āi shifted to ē.
  8. Between vowels, the sequence ta shifted to ra.
  9. It is possible that r shifted to l in initial position here, but note that the main motivation for this had not yet come.
  10. Syllables ending in nasals shifted to having nasal vowels. This detail is irrelevant to DPR but the nasal vowels spread to PEB where they affect preceding consonants and also the vowel color.
  11. The prenasals mp nt nč ŋk shifted to voiced stops b r r g. This causes a lot of l to shift to r by analogy.
  12. The voiceless coronals t č š shifted to s . Meanwhile ň shifted to n.
  13. The palatalized labials pʲ mʲ fʲ bʲ became f m f b. Thus palatalization was defeated.
    It appears that lʲ rʲ also shifted to l r.
    It is important to note that the sequence pi, when not before a vowel, remained unchanged. This is why this shift is worded differently.
  14. The sequences hi hu shifted to si fu. Then ŋi shifted to ni.
    It is possible that languages like Lohi break off at around this stage. See Dreamlandic languages.
  15. The velars h g ŋ (including in clusters) disappeared to Ø.
  16. The sequences of ow uf uw shifted to ō ō ū ū. However, the geminate /ff/ did not participate in this shift.
  17. Most likely, ei ēi shifted to ē, and perhaps /ai āi/ (again) shifted as well. Consider that /ai/ and /ei/ often came from variants of the same root and that /ai/ was probbly slightly longer in duration.,
  18. Any remaining singleton f disappeared to Ø.
  19. Labialization was defeated. Any remaining w shifted to b.
    It is not clear what happens to sequences like /efʷo/ > /ewo/ here. But it is likely that /b/ does not appear.
  20. The geminates pp ff ss kk shifted to p s s k . Thus /f/ was eliminated.
  21. Nasal vowels denasalize.
  22. If there were any allophonic prenasals left over from above (most likely just /mb/ if any at all), they also become single consonants now.
    At this point, the consonant inventory was /p m b n s l r k/ and the vowels were /a e i o u/. Long vowels /ā ē ī ū/, but not /ō/, were fairly common. This occurred around the year ????. After this, the language became conservative.
  23. All vowels before a hiatus became short.
  24. Any remaining ae ea shifted to ā. But it is possible this had been sifted out earlier.
  25. The vowel sequences au ao eo oa oe shifted to ō. Thus the word for dolphin became /pōpō/. /ua uo/ remained, but they were rare, mostly coming from earlier /ufa ufo/. Thus, original sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ appeared as /ō ō io ō uo/, just as in Baywatch, but the shifts occurred roughly a thousand years apart and differed in other details.
  26. It is possible that all vowels before a long shifted to /i u/. There should be no /a/ in this position, but if it exists, it probably survives, and may shorten the following vowel instead.

Possible future sound changes

Branch I

17:17, 9 April 2024 (PDT)
  • ri ru > ǯi du. possibly same with /ir ur/.
  • then l > r.
  • ip up > ib ub (or the reverse).
  • Stressed vowels may lengthen (to escape from later shifts). This may even apply to all vowels spaced two apart.
  • e i u > Ø ʲ ʷ. ONLY IF LENGTHENING IS DONE BY NOW. else to /i ʲi u/.

BranchII

  • It is possible that vowels will elide following a long vowel (always separated by a consonant). That is, ōnu > on, etc. It is possible also that these will allow distinctions, e.g. /m/ when /u/ disappears, but it is difficult to align this with place-assimilation. In any case the resulting superheavy syllables would then contract to short vowels, and then probably vowel length disappears altogether.
  • New consonants from /Ci/ and /Cu/.
  • In theory could be
  • bʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ > d ň ř š
  • pʲ mʲ lʲ kʲ > t m λ č.
  • Thus a /t~k/ contrast is created, and there is crowding near /r/ as all of /d r ř l λ/ are contrastive. It is most likely (though not certain) that /k/ was already [č] before front vowels even before this shift. It is possible that /λ/ > /y/ early on since there would actually not be a phonemic IPA /j/ otherwise.
  • Note that /λ/ will be much rarer than /ř/ because of differences in patterning dating back to near-MRCA times.
  • And also
  • bʷ nʷ rʷ sʷ > b ŋ~m w f
  • pʷ mʷ lʷ kʷ > p m w k~p.
  • Note that /kʷ/ cannot shift to /p/ unconditionally because then there would be a gap of no /ku/ unless /ču/ shifted to /ku/ afterwards, but this could be problematic.
  • The shifts of /bʲ pʲ/ > /d t/ may be conditional too, because although it would not create a gap of no /bi pi/, those sequences would become rare.
  • A staircase shift for fricatives to fill out /f s š h/ instead of having /s/ dominate.
  • The shift of /b/ > /d/ might need to be conditional, and it is possible that /bi/ remains, since otherwise there would be a near-gap owing to the scarcity of /ʷi/. (Not as much a problem is /ʲu/.)
  • Possibly /ns mf/ > /z v/, etc. Voiced stop geminates devoice.
  • It is possible that /ā/ does not contract, as there is no obvious means by which to generate a new /ā/. However, it could be that like Japanese and Māori, some long vowels are more common than others. New /ā/ could be from morpheme crossers.


Other b ranches

  • In a separate branch from the above, b p > p f, greatly changing the sound of the language.
  • In a third branch, probably far west, b p > p Ø, and this may beg the branch above to shift its /f/ to /h/ or even to /Ø/. But they are not the same branch. This branch passed through a middle stage of /ʔ/, not a fricative.

Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570)

These languages were spoken in colder climates, rubbing up against Thunder and Moonshine settlements. The speakers were generally of blonde hair and blue eyes, perhaps even more so than the stereotypically blonde Thunderers.

This language can be called "Proto-Eastern Baywatch" to get the acronym to be PEB, but the name strictly speaking is incorrect since Baywatch is a subset of this group, not a larger group that encompasses it. Even so, the Baywatch name could be detached from its political party and so repurposed.

This group has many other descendants besides Baywatch proper, and probably has at least two descendants in Tata.

Initial phoneme inventory: 

Rounded bilabials:     pʷ  mʷ      w              a i u  
Plain bilabials:       p   m   f  (Ø)             a i u              
Spread bilabials:      pʲ  mʲ  fʲ  y              a i     
Alveolars:             t   n   s   l   r          a i u               (/ta ci cu/)
Postalveolars:         č   ň   š   ł   ř          a i                 (/ča či čə/)    
Velars:                k   ŋ   h                  a i u
Labiovelars:           kʷ  ŋʷ  hʷ                 a i u


  1. The sequences ya wa shifted to ye wo. Unlike Dolphin Rider, the resulting /wo/ does not shift to /o/ and then collapse with a preceding syllable. Thus, the sequence /iwa/ ultimately becomes /io/, not /ʲo/.
  2. In word-initial position, the sequence su shifted to hu.
  3. The sequences ti tu shifted to si su. (This includes all /č/.)
  4. The velars k ŋ shifted to t n. Then ň also became n.
  5. The sequence āi shifted to ē.
  6. The sequences ha hu shifted to a u.
    However, any new eu iu shifted to ē ī (not /ō ū/).
    It is possible that ea (always from /yā/) also shifted to ē, unlike in Dolphin Rider where it became /ā/.
  7. The sequence hi shifted to si.
  8. Before a consonant, the sequences nu tu lost their vowel, creating prenasalized and geminate consonants, which always assimilated. Triple consonant sequences reduced to doubles; the specific sequence tussi became tti due to the [č] allophone of /t/ in this position.
  9. The spread labials pʲ mʲ fʲ shifted to p m b unconditionally.
  10. The labial fricative f shifted to b in all positions.
    This is a good place to break off new daughter languages that were originally supposed to break off at the root. Some can also be split off two lines earlier, before /f fʲ/ > /b b/.
  11. The sequences ai ei oi merged as ē.
  12. The palatal glide y shifted to w if after /u/, and otherwise to Ø.
  13. The sequences au eu ou merged as ō. Note that underlying /ao eo oo/ also become /ō/ by the combination of this rule and the next, since this sequence was always [awo ewo] for the first two.
  14. The sequences wo wu shifted to o u. Any other /w/ also disappeared. Thus, by the combination of these two shifts, the underlying sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ shift to /ō ō io ō uo/, as if setting up a future syllable inventory in which the vowel /o/ could be preceded by a palatal or labial onglide. However, at the stage of classical Baywatch, these remained as two-vowel sequences.
  15. Long vowels followed by geminate consonants became short. But not prenasals.
  16. In root-initial position, the sequences bap bep bip bop bup (but not the long-vowel counterparts) shifted to pap pep pip pop pup. This also applied to /bVt/, but not to /bVs/.

If both labialized consonants and prenasalized consonants are analyzed as clusters, the phonology would be 

Bilabials:       p   m           b   
Alveolars:       t   n   s   l   r

And the vowels /a e i o u/ in both short and long forms. The geminates /pp ss tt/ still remained, and there were sound gaps of */te so bo lo ro/, except in a few rare words where contraction of long vowels before geminates had created new short vowels there.

The coronal stop /t/ was allophonically [k] before any /o u/. Unlike the neighboring Dolphin Rider language, however, it remained [t] before /a/, and therefore [t] is considered the primary allophone. It was not palatalized before /e i/.

Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Nunabetari

This is now an orphaned language since it was intended to appear 800 years later.

  1. The sibilant sequences sa se si so su shifted to pa te ti o u . Any new hiatus lengthened the preceding vowel.
  2. Remaining r shifted to b.

The consonant inventory had thus become merely 

Bilabials:       p   m   b   
Alveolars:       t   n   l

Note, the Nunabetari are actually migrants from the west, whose original language was PDP. Any other people identifying as Nunabetari were latecomers who joined the existing settlements.

Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Pre-Baywatch (3338 AD)

  1. The long vowels ē ī ō ū (but not /ā/) shortened to e i o u.
    This was originally below.
  2. Before a vowel, the sequences om um shifted to ōm ūm.
  3. The alveolar nasal n shifted to m unconditionally.
  4. The alveolar flap r shifted to l in word-initial position, and disappeared to Ø elsewhere.
  5. The sequences ma me mi mo mu shifted to nasal vowels ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ before a singleton consonant UNCONDITIONALLY!!!!!!!!!!.
  6. Prenasalized consonants bled into the preceding vowel and then denasalized.
  7. The sequences uoa uoe uoi uoo uou shifted to uwa uwe uwi uō ūō.
  8. The sequences ii uu shifted to ī ū. This included shifts from triplets like /auu/, etc.
    The Baywatchers who invaded and conquered the Thunder Empire spoke this stage of the language. The tiny province of Samia may have also spoken this stage of the language, as their entry occurred shortly after the Baywatchers were driven out. (Remember that they were traitors to their own nation, but would have spoken only one language like most of the Baywatchers.)
  9. After any vowel, the sequences oa oe oi (independent of nasalization) shifted to wa we wi. Nasalized w shifted to w̃.
  10. After a vowel, the sequences ua ue ui uo (independent of nasalization) shifted to wa we wi wo.
  11. All consonants became labialized before any /u/.
  12. Before a nasal vowel, the labial approximant w shifted to w̃.
  13. Geminates became simple.
    NOTE, this shift is only here because it appears in the dictionary; i never wrote it down.

The consonant inventory at this time could be analyzed as 

Bilabials:    p   b       w   w̃
Alveolars:    t       s   l


All syllables were CV. Thus a syllable chart can be created: 

  a   e   i   o   u   ã   ẽ   ĩ   õ   ũ
 pa  pe  pi  po  pu  pã  pẽ  pĩ  põ  pũ
 ba  be  bi  bo  bu  bã  bẽ  bĩ  bõ  bũ
 wa  we  wi  wo      
 w̃a  w̃e  w̃i  w̃o      w̃ã  w̃ẽ  w̃ĩ  w̃õ 
 ta  te  ti  to  tu  tã  tẽ  tĩ  tõ  tũ
 sa  se  si  so  su  sã  sẽ  sĩ  sõ  sũ
 la  le  li  lo  lu  lã  lẽ  lĩ  lõ  lũ

Longs are analyzed as sequences here and thus not shown. Longs can either be aa or aã~ãã; there is no *ãa.

Daughter languages of Playwatch include Mysticeti and probably others spoken by very small populations. Shifts include ĩ ũ > e o, ẽ ã õ > a, and w~ y~ > m n. Note, though, the languages that merge the nasal vowels retain the original allophones of preceding consonants. Thus, for example, tõ becomes ka, not *ta. Thus, the distinction between /t/ and /k/ becomes phonemic. /l/ might have been [n] before a nasal vowel even in Playwatch, and this could phonemicize too, but /y~/ also shifts to /n/.

Another possibility is that before vowel nasalization disappears, it first spreads out to the entire word, or to at least everything between the original nasal vowel and the stressed syllable. This assumes that Playwatch still has stress at all.

Pre-Baywatch to Baywatch (~4300 AD)

Since the timeline is being shifted backwards by 1,000 years, this is the new Baywatch.

  1. The sequences eu oi shifted to iu ui.
  2. The vowel sequences ai ei merged as ē. Then au ou merged as ō.
  3. The sequence tui shifted to pi .
  4. The nasalized approximants w̃ ỹ shifted to m n.
  5. The the coronal stop t came to be spelled k before any of /a o u/. (This was a long-standing allophonic variation.)
    It is possible that it should be /o u/.
  6. The nasal vowels ĩ ũ ẽ õ shifted to e o a a.
    This may need to be more finely detailed. For example, /ũ/ might shift to /ʷo/ at least conditionally.

Playwatch to Maple Rag

If not orphaned, this language is spoken along the north coast. "Like Seattle".

Note that the orthography here uses grave accents for low tone, unlike Moonshine and most related languages which use grave accents for checked syllables, which are typically short and allophonically high-toned. Nasalized /l/ may have reverted to plain /l/ in this branch.

  1. The glide y (the surface manifestation of some /i/) shifted to ỹ before any nasal vowels.
  2. The glides w̃ ỹ shifted to m n.
  3. The nasalized vowels ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ shifted to low tone à è ì ò ù.
    It is possible that some quality shifts, as in Mysticeti, happened before this shift.
  4. The plain vowels a e i o u became high tone á é í ó ú, except that a sequence of two high tones collapsed into high-low.

Other Dreamlandic languages

For Western and other minor branches, see Dreamlandic languages. and Minor Lenian languages

Non-Dreamlandic languages

Hipatal

See Hipatal.

History

Lenian languages began to decline around by year 1900[1] when settlers from AlphaLeap spread the Gold language into Paba. Shortly thereafter, Nama invaded Subumpam due to a famine, and after the famine was over, the Star Empire invaded Subumpam and occupied it for several generations. Then, yet another nation, Litila, also invaded Subumpam and crushed the native population. Subumpam was only rescued from their catastrophe when the Tarpabap people, speaking a Gold-derived language, invaded Subumpam one last time and completely drove out the native Lenian languages.

Meanwhile, by this time, Lenian languages had spread into colder climates and begun driving out the aboriginal Repilian tribes, but they were being chased around by other tribes also growing northwards, and these tribes happened to speak Gold and Tarise languages. AlphaLeap invaded Paba again in the 3800s, and the submissive Pabaps allowed them to use Paba as a base to invade a much larger range of habitats, eventually controlling more than half of the humanly habitable land on the planet. AlphaLeap did not hold their empire for long, but when it collapsed, it was to a new tribe of people calling themselves the Paaapa, who spoke the language that would soon evolve into Pabappa. These people were mostly of Lenian ancestry but identified themselves as Paaapa only, and did not seek alliances with Lenians. Importantly, they were known for having dark hair, and blondes were uncommon.

Linguistic characteristics

The Lenian languages retain the classifier prefixes of Tapilula and have generally simple rules of grammar. Even the most complex nominal morphology is simpler than that of Pabappa. Verbal morphology is highly variable; some languages are extremely simple, while others retain much of the early Tapilula system, which is, nevertheless, fairly simple by comparison to that of Gold and the Tarise-Thaoa supergroup.

Notes

  1. ↑ or earlier
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