Amal/affixes: Difference between revisions

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These are productive affixes in '''Amal'''.  
These are productive affixes in '''Amal'''.  
:''See also'':
*[[Amal/lexicon|lexicon]]
**[[Amal/roots|roots]]
**[[Amal/thematic_lexicon|thematic lexicon]]




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:: '''-u''' - for some roots
:: '''-u''' - for some roots


* '''-ya''' [''ʔaj''] - genitive case [GEN]; possessive
* '''-ya''' [''ʔaj''] - genitive; "of, from" [GEN]
:: '''-ai''' - for some roots
:: '''-ai''' - for some roots


* '''-ul''' [''ʔul''] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] <small>(not one of the "official" case endings)</small>
* '''-ul''' [''ʔul''] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] <small>(not one of the "official" case endings)</small>
.


= Verbal modifiers =
= Verbal modifiers =
* '''-ab''' [''ʔab''] - durative aspect [DUR]
* '''-al''' [''ʔal''] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
* '''-ek''' [''rek''] - infinitive [INF]
* '''-em''' [''ʔem''] - interrogative [Q]
* '''-esh''' [''ʔeʃ''] - past tense [PST]
* '''-eshb''' [''ʔeʃ''] + [''ʔɛb''] - passive participles [PPP]
* '''-ra''' [''rek''] - infinitive [INF]
* '''-ud''' [''ʔud''] - inceptive; inchoative [INC]
* '''-un''' [''ʔun''] - reportative marker [REP]




* '''-ab''' [''ʔab''] - durative aspect [DUR]
.


* '''-al''' [''ʔal''] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
== Modals ==


* '''-ash''' [''ʔaʃ''] - desiderative mood [DES]
* '''-ash''' [''ʔaʃ''] - desiderative mood [DES]
* '''-em''' [''ʔem''] - interrogative [Q]
* '''-la''' [''laʔ''] - negative mood [NEG]
:: not used with second or third person singular
* '''-ur''' [''ʔur''] - tentative mood [TENT]


* '''-eb''' [''ʔɛb''] - passive [PASS]


* '''-ed''' [''ʔɛd''] - causative [CAUS]
.


* '''-eg''' [''ʔɛg''] - reflexive [REFL]
== Voice ==


* '''-ek''' [''rɛk''] - infinitive [INF]
* '''-eb''' [''ʔeb''] - passive [PASS]
* '''-ed''' [''ʔed''] - causative [CAUS]
* '''-eg''' [''ʔeg''] - reflexive [REFL]


* '''-em''' [''ʔɛm''] - interrogative [INT]


* '''-esh''' [''ʔɛʃ''] - past tense [PST]
.


* '''-eshb''' [''ʔɛʃ''] + [''ʔɛb''] - passive participles [PPP]
= Adjectival Modifiers =


* '''-la''' [''laʔ''] - negative mood [NEG]
* '''-el''' [''ʔel''] - (adjective) -est, most, -most
:: not used with second or third person singular


* '''-ra''' [''rɛk''] - infinitive [INF]
* '''-iy(a)''' [''ʔij''] - adjectivization ('''dishiya''' ‘foreign’) [ADJ]


* '''-un''' [''ʔun''] - reportative marker [REP]
* '''-ub''' [''ʔub''] - (comparative suffix) -er, more


* '''-ur''' [''ʔur''] - tentative mood [TENT]


.
= Nominal Modifiers =
= Nominal Modifiers =


* '''-am''' [''ʔam''] - augmentative [AUG]
* '''-ám''' [''ʔám''] - augmentative [AUG]
 
* '''-at''' [''ʔat''] - produced by ~; item for ~


* '''-en''' [''ʃen''] - feminine; female [FEM]
* '''-en''' [''ʃen''] - feminine; female [FEM]


* '''gi-''' [''gɪʔ''] - tool; device; instrument
* '''gi-''' [''giʔ''] - tool; device; instrument
 
* '''-in''' [''ʔin''] - agent noun [AG]


* '''-ik''' [''ʔɪk''] - dual plural [DU]
* '''-ish''' [''ʔiʃ''] - diminutive [DIM]


* '''-im''' [''ʔɪm''] - plural [PL]
* '''ka-''' [''kaʔ''] - animal


* '''-in''' [''ʔɪn''] - agent noun [AG]
* '''-ul''' [''mul''] - masculine; male [MASC]


* '''-ish''' [''ʔɪʃ''] - diminutive [DIM]
* '''yi-''' [''gij''] - item of clothing


* '''ka-''' [''kaʔ''] - animal
 
.
 
== Plurals ==
 
* '''-ik''' [''ʔik''] - dual plural [DU]
 
* '''-im''' [''ʔim''] - plural [PL]


* '''na-''' [''naʔ''] - collective plural [COL]
* '''na-''' [''naʔ''] - collective plural [COL]


* '''-ul''' [''mul''] - masculine; male [MASC]
 
.


== Determiners ==  
== Determiners ==  


* '''bu-''' [''bəʔ''] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with '''u''' or '''a''') [PROX]
* '''bu-''' [''buʔ''] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with '''u''' or '''a''') [PROX]
:: '''be-''' - for roots with '''e''' or '''i'''
:: '''be-''' - for roots with '''e''' or '''i'''


* '''mu-''' [''muʔ''] - other; else
* '''mu-''' [''muʔ''] - other; else


* '''shu-''' [''ʃəʔ''] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with '''u''' or '''a''') [DIST]
* '''shu-''' [''ʃuʔ''] - proximal "that (by you / over there)" for (roots with '''u''' or '''a''') [DIST]
:: '''she-''' - for roots with '''e''' or '''i'''
:: '''she-''' - for roots with '''e''' or '''i'''


* '''we-''' [''wəʔ''] - some; any [INDEF]
* '''we-''' [''weʔ''] - some; any [INDEF]
 
 
.


= Numerical Modifiers =
= Numerical Modifiers =
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* '''em-''' [''ʔem''] - ordinal number [ORD]
* '''em-''' [''ʔem''] - ordinal number [ORD]


* '''ga-''' [''gəʔ''] - multiple number [MULT]
* '''ga-''' [''gaʔ''] - multiple number [MULT]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
.


= Medial Clusters =
= Medial Clusters =

Latest revision as of 04:36, 22 October 2019


These are productive affixes in Amal.

See also:


Case endings

  • bi- [biʔ] - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"
ib- - dative for pronouns
  • -da [daʔ] - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"
  • -ha - [hak] comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs
-ak - for some roots
  • -sha [ʃaʔ] - ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives (sometimes used for negative mood [NEG])
  • -wa [waʔ] - accusative case [ACC]; object
-u - for some roots
  • -ya [ʔaj] - genitive; "of, from" [GEN]
-ai - for some roots
  • -ul [ʔul] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] (not one of the "official" case endings)


.

Verbal modifiers

  • -ab [ʔab] - durative aspect [DUR]
  • -al [ʔal] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
  • -ek [rek] - infinitive [INF]
  • -em [ʔem] - interrogative [Q]
  • -esh [ʔeʃ] - past tense [PST]
  • -eshb [ʔeʃ] + [ʔɛb] - passive participles [PPP]
  • -ra [rek] - infinitive [INF]
  • -ud [ʔud] - inceptive; inchoative [INC]
  • -un [ʔun] - reportative marker [REP]


.

Modals

  • -ash [ʔaʃ] - desiderative mood [DES]
  • -em [ʔem] - interrogative [Q]
  • -la [laʔ] - negative mood [NEG]
not used with second or third person singular
  • -ur [ʔur] - tentative mood [TENT]


.

Voice

  • -eb [ʔeb] - passive [PASS]
  • -ed [ʔed] - causative [CAUS]
  • -eg [ʔeg] - reflexive [REFL]


.

Adjectival Modifiers

  • -el [ʔel] - (adjective) -est, most, -most
  • -iy(a) [ʔij] - adjectivization (dishiya ‘foreign’) [ADJ]
  • -ub [ʔub] - (comparative suffix) -er, more


.

Nominal Modifiers

  • -ám [ʔám] - augmentative [AUG]
  • -at [ʔat] - produced by ~; item for ~
  • -en [ʃen] - feminine; female [FEM]
  • gi- [giʔ] - tool; device; instrument
  • -in [ʔin] - agent noun [AG]
  • -ish [ʔiʃ] - diminutive [DIM]
  • ka- [kaʔ] - animal
  • -ul [mul] - masculine; male [MASC]
  • yi- [gij] - item of clothing


.

Plurals

  • -ik [ʔik] - dual plural [DU]
  • -im [ʔim] - plural [PL]
  • na- [naʔ] - collective plural [COL]


.

Determiners

  • bu- [buʔ] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with u or a) [PROX]
be- - for roots with e or i
  • mu- [muʔ] - other; else
  • shu- [ʃuʔ] - proximal "that (by you / over there)" for (roots with u or a) [DIST]
she- - for roots with e or i
  • we- [weʔ] - some; any [INDEF]


.

Numerical Modifiers

  • em- [ʔem] - ordinal number [ORD]
  • ga- [gaʔ] - multiple number [MULT]




.

Medial Clusters

ba da ga ha ka la ma na pa ra sa sha ta wa ya
eb - ebda - ebha - ebla - - - ebra ebsa ebsha ebta ebwa ebya
ed - - - - - - - - - edra - - - - -
eg - - - - - egla - - - egra - - - egwa -
ek - - - ekha - ekla - - - ekra eksa eksha ekta ekwa -
el - - - elha - ella - - - - - - - elwa elya
em emba emda - emha - emla - emna empa emra emsa emsha emta emwa emya
en - enda enga
[ŋ] 		- enka enla enma - - - ensa ensha enta enwa enya
[ɲ]
ep - - - - - epla - - - epra epsa - - - -
er - - - erha - - - - - - - - - erwa erya
es esba - - - eska esla esma esna espa esra - - esta eswa -
esh eshba - - - eshka eshla eshma eshna eshpa eshra - - eshta eshwa -
et - - - - - etla - - - etra etsa etsha - - -
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