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| | | ''This page has been wiped in preparation for the introduction of a new set of languages descended from proto-Dreamlandic.'' |
| The '''Subumpamese languages''' are the languages spoken in the eleven states of [[Subumpam]]. They split off from the parent language, called [[Tapilula]], around 600 AD and continued to be spoken until the defeat of Subumpam in the [[Vegetable War]] of 2668 AD.
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| ==Sound changes==
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| :''See [[Lenian languages]].''
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| ==Later developments==
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| All Subumpamese languages were submerged by the immigration of [[Merar]] (Tarpabappa) speakers in the year 2674 AD. Descendants of [[Kava]] survived only because they had earlier fled Subumpam.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Morphonology===
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| Pretonic /e~ə~o/ are in harmony with the tonic vowel, but every morpheme has a basic form that appears when the tonic vowel is one of /a i u/. Also, after a labialized consonant, only /o/ appears, and this causes any vowels earlier in the word to also become /o/ regardless of the tonic vowel. Note that this harmony persists in Subumpamese despite the fact that the schwa vowel /ə/ is a high vowel, not a mid vowel.
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| ===Inflections===
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| Kava was isolated from the [[Gold language]] for most of its history, and therefore took most of its influence from the grammatically dissilimar [[Old Andanese]] language. This caused Kava to develop a very simple grammar, losing most of the Subumpamese suffixes, while gaining no new prefixes or infixes from Andanese. A new part of speech called an ''auxiliary verb'' or ''weak verb'' appeared, which carried the meaning of inflections and behaved like verbs except that they did not carry the classifier prefixes that full verbs did.
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| These auxiliary verbs were suffixes, not separate words. Therefore, they functioned like case markers, and were just like those of Gold except that they were not fusional and never carried the word's stress. They included:
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| ;ADVERBIALS
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| #'''si ~ ši''' (genitive)
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| #'''su ~ hʷù''' (accusative)
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| #'''hà''' to be changed by
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| ;LOCATIVES
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| #'''-m(ə)''' (locative of place)
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| #'''n(ə)''' (locative of motion)
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| #'''ma''' on top of; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''mo''' on top of; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''pì''' supported by; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''ši''' underneath; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''ŋò''' with; next to; near
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| #'''ga''' in front of
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| #'''c̀e''' covering; standing over
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| #'''tà''' to push on; used as a suffix after ''-n''
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| #'''là''' to pull on; used as a suffix after ''-n''
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| There was also a new copula verb, '''tò'''.
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| ====Morphosyntactic sound changes====
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| Nouns ending in ''-x'' usually dropped the -x because it disappeared before the three most common case endings. Thus, for example, ''*pipēx'' changed to '''pipē''' "ocean; salt water".
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| However, in some nouns, it survived because these nouns were originally strong.
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| ===Nouns===
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| Subumpamese nouns have a true noun class system, not a gender system like that of the [[Gold language]], and it is very similar to that of Andanese.
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| Subumpam is a fairly diverse empire. The climate ranges from subtropical and nearly tropical in the south to the cold and rugged mountains of the north, whose people are much poorer than those of the tropics but also much better protected from foreign invasions. In the mountains, most people speak '''Andanic''' languages, a family which is related to Subumpamese but much more conservative.
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| The richer natural environment of the south has led its people to prosper and bring cultural innovations into the north, as well as a more diverse cuisine flavored with tropical fruits such as pineapples and coconuts as well as large, deep-water fish such as tuna.
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| Noun class prefixes are augmented to CVC before vowel-initial stems. Some of these have bled into the stems and created new roots beginning with the extra consonant, which then appear in other noun classes.
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| Note that /s/ appears whenever any primordial /h/ is bordered by /i~e/ and /u/ in either direction.
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| ====Strong nouns====
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| A small number of nouns retained their case marking; nominal complexity increased west to east. This applied to the whole sprachbund, shading from [[Kava]] with no inflections to [[Paleo-Pabappa]] where the entire vocabulary was strong. However, the nearby '''Eastern Subumpamese''' languages still used weak noun morphology for the majority of their vocabulary.
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| ==Notes==
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| [[Category:Languages of Teppala]]
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