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| | | ''This page has been wiped in preparation for the introduction of a new set of languages descended from proto-Dreamlandic.'' |
| The '''Subumpamese languages''' are the languages spoken in the eleven states of [[Subumpam]]. They split off from the parent language, called [[Tapilula]], around 600 AD and continued to be spoken until the defeat of Subumpam in the [[Vegetable War]] of 2668 AD.
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| ;NEW IDEA. THERE WAS NO WESTERN SUBUMPAMESE AT ALL; THIS WAS ACTUALLY PART OF ANDANESE TERRITORY. THIS MEANS, HOWVVEER, THAT THERE IS NO SPREACHBUMND THERE. BUT THAT IS IN KEEPING WITH THE IDEA THAT THE "KALPTA" TERRITORY WAS IN FACT ANDANESE.
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| ==Tapilula (0) to Proto-Subumpamese (???)==
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| The consonant inventory of Tapilula was
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| Rounded bilabials: hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b f (Ø)
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| Alveolars: t n d l
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| Rounded alveolars: tʷ nʷ dʷ
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| Velars: k ḳ ŋ ġ h g
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| #The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/. If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared. This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
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| #When a "velaroid" consonant (/''k ḳ ŋ h g l''/) followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a closed syllable. Thus, for example, /àli/ > /ail/. These closed syllables were all high-toned, and are thus written without tone marks. Thus, for example, ''aa'' implies ''àa''. Later, daughter languages introduced tone contrasts and independent sequences.
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| #A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared. Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''. This happened in both open and closed syllables.
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| #The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
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| #The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only.
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| #The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
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| #The sequences ''ie uo'' shifted to '''i u''' in open syllables only.
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| #The remaining double-vowel sequences ''aa ee oo'', which occurred only in open syllables, shifted to the long vowels '''ā ē ō'''.
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| #The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''.
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| #The vowels /u i e/ caused adjacent consonants, in both directions, to become labialized, palatalized, and prepalatalized. The last shift applied only to velars. Labialization and palatalization could stack.
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| #The sequences ''ìa ìo ìə'' shifted to '''ī'''.
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| #The sequences ''ùa ùo ùə'' shifted to '''ū'''. <s>''ə̄'' also shifted to '''ū'''.</s>
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| #The sequences ''ei ou'', in both open and closed syllables, shifted to '''ē ō'''.
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| #Syllable-final ''h'' shifted to '''x'''.
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| # The three syllabic nasals '' ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ '' all merged to '''ən'''.
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| #The velar ejective ''ḳ'' became '''q'''. Then ''kq qk'' shifted to '''qq'''.
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| #The cluster ''xhʷ'' became '''xʷ'''.
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| #All tones on unstressed syllables are released by spreading the tone of the accented syllable across the word.
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| #:In a two-syllable root, the unstressed syllable acquires the opposite tone from the accented syllable.
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| #:Classifier prefixes and auxiliary verbs all become low tone.
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| #:In compounds, there is no sandhi.
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| #The fricative '' śʷ s̀ʷ'' shifted to '''s'''. Then ''ś s̀'' became '''š'''.
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| #The nasals ''ń ǹ'' shifted to '''ň'''. Then ''mʷ nʷ ňʷ ŋʷ'' all merged as '''m'''.
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| #Voiced palatal stops and fricatives all merged as '''y'''.
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| #The sequences ''iy ey'', on any tone, shifted to ''ī ē''. <---QUESTIONABLE. most of this would have been from ĭg.
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| #Labialized palataloids shifted to velar. ''lʷ łʷ'' > '''w'''.
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| #The labialized alveolar stops ''tʷ dʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ bʷ'''.
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| #Unaccented final short schwas were deleted. (In nouns, they were retained because they were not always final. Therefore, this shift applies mostly to inflections.)
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| Thus the proto-Subumpamese language had the consonants
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| Rounded bilabials: pʷ bʷ w
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| Bilabials: p b m f
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| Alveolars: t d n s l
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| Postalveolars: č ǯ ň š ł
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| Palatals: ć y
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| Prevelars: c̀
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| Velars: k ġ ŋ x g
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| Labiovelars: kʷ ġʷ xʷ gʷ
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| Uvulars: q h
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| Rounded uvulars: qʷ hʷ
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| {{:Kava/sound_changes}}
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| ===Changes unique to Central Subumpamese===
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| #''gʷ hʷ'' > '''w f'''.
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| #The high central vowel ''ə'' changed to '''i''' unconditionally.
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| #Syllable-final nasals ''ŋ ň'' changed to match the place of a following consonant, and changed to '''n''' if word-final.
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| #the palatalized alveolar consonants ''č ǯ ň ł'' become plain alveolars '''c ʒ n l'''.
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| #The palatal ''ć '' is shifted forward to '''č '''. Allophonically, velars become palatal before [e] or [i]. Prevelar must also.
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| ===Changes common to Eastern Subumpamese===
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| No more than about 20 changes in any language are possible, and it should be more like 15. That is the total for the changes on this list and the individual language lists below. This branch is influenced heavily by Pabappa. It is spoken in Paba too, and the entire branch could perhaps be better named "Lenian languages" even though the much larger number of Pabaps who spoke Pabappa also considered themselves Lenians.
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| #''gʷ hʷ'' > '''v f'''.
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| #The high central vowel ''ə'' changed to '''i''' unconditionally.
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| #Syllable-final ''ŋ ň'' changed to match the place of a following consonant, and changed to '''n''' if word-final.
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| #''pʷ bʷ mʷ w'' > '''p b m v'''. (Possibly /ə/ > /o/ when facing a labialized consonant before this shift.)
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| # ''ai '' (on any tone) became '''ē''' (perhaps not always long).
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| #Palatals ''č ć ǯ ň ł'' > '''c c ʒ n l'''.
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| #Velars (but not labiovelars) shifted doubly forward:
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| #:''c̀ k ŋ x g'' > '''č č ň š ž'''. (Possibly velars remain in some positions, as in early Proto-Indo-European. This would best be explained as labialization.)
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| #The uvular stop ''q'' shifted to '''k'''. /h/ became /x/ in most positions, but the spelling remained.
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| #In syllable-final position, ''f c '' shifted to '''p t'''. (Thus /k/>/t č/, /h/>/s š/, even though the shifts were not related.)
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| #The fricative ''h'' shifted to '''q''' after a high tone.
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| This is ~1900 AD or a little bit afterwards. The last few changes likely spread areally through the PES languages, however, so they can be treated as canonical for the sake of comparing words.
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| PES soon redeveloped phonemic /q/, due to Andanese influence, interpreting it as an allophone of /h/ after a high tone. This is the same process that occurred in early [[Thaoa]]. Likewise, the frequent [[Gold language|Gold]] diphthongs ''ai əi'' were interpreted as a new vowel, /e/, while ''au əu'' were interpreted as /o/. These diphthongs occurred only on the long tone in Gold, since Gold did not contrast tone in diphthongs, but Old Andanese provided other tones for those vowels. Lastly, Old Andanese /i/ was pronounced [ə] in the vicinity of [q], and this practice was also borrowed (as it was in Thaoa). Thus for example, Old Andanese ''kòhi'' "flag, sign" was loaned as '''kòqy'''.
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| ==Later developments==
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| All Subumpamese languages were submerged by the immigration of [[Merar]] (Tarpabappa) speakers in the year 2674 AD. Descendants of [[Kava]] survived only because they had earlier fled Subumpam.
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| ==Grammar==
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| Kava was isolated from the [[Gold language]] for most of its history, and therefore took most of its influence from the grammatically dissilimar [[Old Andanese]] language. This caused Kava to develop a very simple grammar, losing most of the Subumpamese suffixes, while gaining no new prefixes or infixes from Andanese. A new part of speech called an ''auxiliary verb'' or ''weak verb'' appeared, which carried the meaning of inflections and behaved like verbs except that they did not carry the classifier prefixes that full verbs did.
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| These auxiliary verbs were suffixes, not separate words. Therefore, they functioned like case markers, and were just like those of Gold except that they were not fusional and never carried the word's stress. They included:
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| ;ADVERBIALS
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| #'''si ~ ši''' (genitive)
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| #'''su ~ hʷù''' (accusative)
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| #'''hà''' to be changed by
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| ;LOCATIVES
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| #'''-m(ə)''' (locative of place)
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| #'''n(ə)''' (locative of motion)
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| #'''ma''' on top of; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''mo''' on top of; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''pì''' supported by; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''ši''' underneath; used as a suffix after ''-m''
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| #'''ŋò''' with; next to; near
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| #'''ga''' in front of
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| #'''c̀e''' covering; standing over
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| #'''tà''' to push on; used as a suffix after ''-n''
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| #'''là''' to pull on; used as a suffix after ''-n''
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| There was also a new copula verb, '''tò'''.
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| ===Nouns===
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| Subumpamese nouns have a true noun class system, not a gender system like that of the [[Gold language]], and it is very similar to that of Andanese.
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| Subumpam is a fairly diverse empire. The climate ranges from subtropical and nearly tropical in the south to the cold and rugged mountains of the north, whose people are much poorer than those of the tropics but also much better protected from foreign invasions. In the mountains, most people speak '''Andanic''' languages, a family which is related to Subumpamese but much more conservative.
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| The richer natural environment of the south has led its people to prosper and bring cultural innovations into the north, as well as a more diverse cuisine flavored with tropical fruits such as pineapples and coconuts as well as large, deep-water fish such as tuna.
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| Noun class prefixes are augmented to CVC before vowel-initial stems. Some of these have bled into the stems and created new roots beginning with the extra consonant, which then appear in other noun classes.
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| Note that /s/ appears whenever any primordial /h/ is bordered by /i~e/ and /u/ in either direction.
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| {{:Paleo-Pabappa}}
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| ===Later descendants===
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| At least one Subumpamese language also survives to develop into [[Meromo]].
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| ==Notes==
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| [[Category:Languages of Teppala]]
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