Paleo-Pabappa: Difference between revisions

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==Tapilula (0) to Paleo-Pabappa (1900)==
''This page has been scrubbed in preparation for the introduction of a new set of languages descended from proto-Dreamlandic.''
 
The consonant inventory of Tapilula was
 
Rounded bilabials:                    hʷ  w
Spread bilabials:      p      m  b  f  (Ø)
Alveolars:            t      n  d      l
Rounded alveolars:    tʷ      nʷ  dʷ       
Velars:                k  ḳ  ŋ  ġ  h  g
 
#The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/.  If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared.  This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
#When a "velaroid" consonant (/''k ḳ ŋ h g l''/) followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a closed syllable.  Thus, for example, /àli/ > /ail/.  These closed syllables were all high-toned, and are thus written without tone marks. Thus, for example, ''aa'' implies ''àa''.  Later, daughter languages introduced tone contrasts and independent sequences. 
#A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared.  Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''.  This happened in both open and closed syllables.
#The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
#The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only. 
#The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
#The remaining double-vowel sequences ''aa ee oo'', which occurred only in open syllables, shifted to the long vowels '''ā ē ō'''.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''. 
#:''NOTE ON POLITICS: this is the date of the break with all other languages.''
#All consonants adjacent to an /u/ in either direction became labialized. 
#The sequences ''ao eo io'' shifted to '''au eu iu'''.
#In absolute initial position, ''t tʷ '' >'''s sʷ'''. 
#Velar consonants moved up: ''k ŋ h g'' > '''č ň š ž''', probably unconditionally.
#''q''>'''k'''.
#The palataloid ''ž'' shifted to '''r'''.
#In absolute final position,  ''š  ň'' > '''s  n'''.
#In absolute final position, ''hʷ č''> '''p t'''.
#The labial fricative ''f'' became '''p''' word-initially, and ''v'' became '''b''' everywhere. (/v/ was rare; it is not /w/)
#Frics became stops after a high tone.
#The schwas ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''u ū''' unconditionally.
#All labialized consonants change to plain bilabials.
#Voicing distinction disappears entirely.  This was actually triggered by a new voicing of stops after low tones, but because this change removed the last remaining environment that could host a minimal pair, there was no longer any phonemic contast.
 
Thus the consonant inventory was
 
 
Bilabials:            p  m  f 
Alveolars:            t  n  s  l  r
Palataloids:          č  ň  š   
Velars:                k 
 
and the vowel inventory was /a e i o u/, with a contrast between long and short vowels and high vs low tone.
 
==Grammar==
===Noun classes===
Paleo-Pabappa did not have an established syllable order such as that used by Late Andanese. 
 
Paleo-Pabappa retains the single-consonant forms of the CV classifiers, which appear only before stems beginning in vowels.  In Proto-[[Kava]] and proto-Eastern Subumpamese, these were replaced with reduplicated CVC forms, and in the [[Gold language]], they were replaced with the ordinary CV classifiers but later disappeared entirely.
 
====Animate Group I====
#'''pu''': Pregnant women and epicenes; verbs of emotion.
#:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems.
#'''pi''': Adult females; worms.
#:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
#'''tə''': Adult males; rabbits and hares.
#:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
 
Note that the feminine prefix ''pi-'' is historically cognate to the ''m-'' group below, which by the time of paleo-Pabappa had come to be a category for children rather than women.  In fact, the prefix was originally identical with ''mi-'' "milk; breast", but underwent a sound change due to being always used as a prefix whereas ''mi-'' could also appear in standalone form.
 
In addition to losing their vowels before vowel stems, these three stems disappear entirely before ''p-''stems on the conditions that:
#The ''p-''stem is not another noun. (For example, one must say '''pipèpu''' "her crab", not ''*pèpu''.)
 
====Animate Group II====
#'''ni''': Maidens, young girls; certain female body parts; ducklike birds.
#:Becomes '''m-''' before stems beginning in ''u-'' and '''ń-''' before other vowel-initial stems.
#'''mu''': Young children; most other birds.
#:Becomes '''m-''' before vowel-initial stems.; appears as ''mə-'' in a few words.
#'''pe''': Crustaceans; sea life.
#:Becomes '''m-''' before vowel-initial stems.
 
====Animate Group III====
Nouns in this group must be padded with one of the human identifier prefixes in order to form disyllabic prefixes.
 
#'''pa''': Sheep and goats.
#'''ńe''': Snakes.
#'''hə''': Frogs, amphibians.
#:Becomes '''f-''' before vowel-initial stems.
#'''li''': Turtles.
#'''la''': Mice and rodents.
#'''ča''': Flying insects.
#'''ke''': Cats.
#'''po''': Ants, crawling insects.
#:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
 
 
"Po-" is historically identical to the prefix for pregnant women and epicenes, but was never of the same level on the animacy hierarchy. <---POSSIBLY JUST DELETE THIS ENTIRELY FROM ALL LANGUAGES
 
These prefixes can also be used to denote the habitats of the animals.  e.g. ča = sky, hə = swamp, ke = forest, la & ńe = underground
 
====Inanimate Group I====
Most words in this group are words for plants or objects made from plants.
 
#'''ši''': Some types of trees.
#'''hə''': Corals.
#'''ti''': Flower blossoms.
#:Contracts to ''t-'' before a vowel.
#'''ma''': Very tall grasses.
#'''pe''': Money; some grasses.
#'''mu''': Fruit; buildings.
#'''me''': Alcohol, soap, and mixed formulas.
#'''fo''': Some types of grass.
#'''pu''': Succulent fruit; grass, clover, small plants;  round objects; some trees;
#'''nə''': Claws, sharp objects; certain fruits.
#'''fu''': Wind and air; claws and other hard body parts.
 
 
 
 
====Inanimate Group II====
This group contains body parts and certain things typically held close to one's person.
 
#'''ti''': Teeth.
#:Contracts to ''t-'' before a vowel.
#'''ko''': Bones.
#'''ni''': Feminine hygiene products.
#'''i''': Edible body parts.
#'''to''': Blood and bodily humors.
#'''pa''': Clothes.
#'''fo''': Some words for clothes.
#'''mi''': Milk, inedible body parts.
 
The prefix ''mi-'' is historically identical with the feminine prefix ''pi-''.  The "teeth" prefix ''ti-'' is historically homophonous with, but not related to, the "flower blossom" prefix.
 
====Inanimate Group III====
This group contains landforms and other objects most usually found in the locative rather than as the agent or patient of a verb.
 
#'''ə''': Open places.
#'''o''': Furniture and land formations.
#'''po''': Oceanographic formations.
#'''mu''': Fruit; buildings.
#'''pe''': Ocean and sea.
#'''ča''': Tall trees; the sky.
#'''pi''': Water, weather.
#'''me''': Kingdoms and empires.
#'''pu''': Celestial objects.
 
The prefix ''ča-'' "trees; sky" is in fact a single morpheme even going back to the days of Mumba, and not a merger of a velar with a palatal.
 
====Inanimate Group IV====
This group contains handheld objects and alienable possessions.
 
#'''yo''': Handheld objects; coins.
#'''ši''': Certain other handheld objects.
#'''ri''': Some other handheld objects.
#'''hə''': Corals; still other handheld objects.
#'''ke''': Wheels.
#'''pu''': Round objects; arrows, weapons, and handheld tools.
#'''a''': Whips.
 
The prefix ''ke-'' can be used for large circular objects; ''yo-'' for small ones, and ''pu-'' for spheres.<ref>If coins are round, that is.</ref>
 
====Uses of noun classes====
Note that some noun classes had little use as nouns; for example '''li-''' "turtle" was only used in a few words for turtles.  Instead, they were productive primarily as verbs, such as "to walk slowly", "to be hard", etc.
 
===Later history of Paleo-Pabappa===
Paleo-Pabappa did not evolve into [[Pabappa]].  Instead, Paba's people shifted to speaking the [[Gold language]] as it was introduced from [[AlphaLeap]], and quickly developed a distinctive dialect of it that ultimately came to be called Pabappa.  However, Paleo-Pabappa still survived inside [[Subumpam]], since the two nations of northeastern Subumpam had joined the Subumpamese Union after seceding from Paba.  The other Subumpamese people considered Paleo-Pabappa to be just another of the many Subumpamese languages, as it shared similarities with neighboring languages such as [[Gala language|Galà]] and proto-Eastern Subumpamese. 
 
Paleo-Pabappa split into three languages: one for each of the two Pabap nations in Subumpam, and one for people in Paba who had not yet shifted to speaking [[Gold language|Gold]].  However, Subumpam was soon wiped out in [[Vegetable War|a catastrophic war]], and Paba's strong national government drove the remnant speakers of Paleo-Pabappa into learning what was to eventually become [[Pabappa]].

Latest revision as of 04:13, 20 July 2022

This page has been scrubbed in preparation for the introduction of a new set of languages descended from proto-Dreamlandic.