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| ==Tapilula (0) to Paleo-Pabappa (1900)==
| | ''This page has been scrubbed in preparation for the introduction of a new set of languages descended from proto-Dreamlandic.'' |
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| Paleo-Pabappa retains the single-consonant forms of the CV classifiers, which appear only before stems beginning in vowels. In Proto-[[Kava]] and proto-Eastern Subumpamese, these were replaced with reduplicated CVC forms, and in the [[Gold language]], they were replaced with the ordinary CV classifiers but later disappeared entirely.
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| ===Starting pohonology===
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| Tapilula's starting phonology was
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| CONSONANTS
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| /p b m f t d n l tʷ dʷ nʷ j k ḳ ŋ h g hʷ gʷ/
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| VOWELS
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| /a e i o u ə/
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| On high or low tone. Syllabic consonants were
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| m n ŋ
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| And the language was otherwise entirely CV. However, Paleo-Pabappa underwent the same contractions that [[Thaoa]] to its east and the other Subumpamese languages to the west did, and therefore Paleo-Pabappa, even by 1085 AD, was already incompatible with its protolanguage and although the people were literate almost nobody could read the old texts.
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| The early sound changes common to Thaoa, Paleo-Pabappa, and proto-Macro-Subumpamese did not affect the consonant inventory at all; in fact there was only one change, /k/ > /ć/ before [i], which could be considered mere allophony despite that it could delete a vowel.
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| Try for an absolute maximum of 20 sound changes to reach 1900 AD, the last date at which proto-Pabappa could still be the majority language of [[Paba]]. These 20 sound changes will include those shared with PMS and Thaoa. Even this rate of change is high for the family.
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| Limit Thaoa influence, since the speakers of Paleo-Pabappa are likely to be seen as "hyper-Pabaps", and be even more hostile to Thaoa than the upper class which was mostly safe from slavery and was the quickest to switch to speaking Gold. It might borrow the trait of /tʷ dʷ nʷ/ > /tl dl nl/ from Gold, but since PES and Litila no longer have this it's more likely that this feature is simply not a part of the sound changes of any non-Gold language.
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| ===Sound changes from Tapilula to Paleo-Pabappa===
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| Note that the sound changes preceded by a ''(d)'' can be ignored since they are all neutralized by a later change devoicing all stops and fricatives. However, they are still important for loanwords.
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| Vowel changes will either be highly conditional or entirely absent. This is because the palatalizations that triggered /e/ > /i/ in one branch and /ə/ > /i/ in another did not happen here, and because although labialization shifts did happen, shifting any other vowel to /u/ would result in a vowel inventory heavily weighted towards /u/ unless that shift was highly conditional.
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| The consonant inventory of Tapilula was
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| Rounded bilabials: hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b f (Ø)
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| Alveolars: t n d l
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| Rounded alveolars: tʷ nʷ dʷ
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| Velars: k ḳ ŋ ġ h g
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| #The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/. If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared. This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
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| #When a "velaroid" consonant (/''k ḳ ŋ h g l''/) followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a closed syllable. Thus, for example, /àli/ > /ail/. These closed syllables were all high-toned, and are thus written without tone marks. Thus, for example, ''aa'' implies ''àa''. Later, daughter languages introduced tone contrasts and independent sequences.
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| #A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared. Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''. This happened in both open and closed syllables.
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| #The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
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| #The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only.
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| #The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
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| #The remaining double-vowel sequences ''aa ee oo'', which occurred only in open syllables, shifted to the long vowels '''ā ē ō'''.
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| #The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''.
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| #:''NOTE ON POLITICS: this is the date of the break with all other languages.''
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| #All consonants adjacent to an /u/ in either direction became labialized.
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| #In absolute initial position, ''t tʷ '' >'''s sʷ'''.
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| #Velar consonants moved up: ''k ŋ h g'' > '''č ň š ž''', probably unconditionally.
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| #''q''>'''k'''.
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| #The palataloid ''ž'' shifted to '''z'''.
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| #In absolute final position, ''š ň'' > '''s n'''.
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| #In absolute final position, ''hʷ č''> '''p t'''.
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| #The labial fricative ''f'' became '''p''' word-initially, and ''v'' became '''b''' everywhere. (/v/ was rare; it is not /w/)
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| #Frics became stops after a high tone.
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| #The schwas ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''u ū''' unconditionally.
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| #All labialized consonants change to plain bilabials.
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| #Voicing distinction disappears entirely. This was actually triggered by a new voicing of stops after low tones, but because this change removed the last remaining environment that could host a minimal pair, there was no longer any phonemic contast.
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| Thus the consonant inventory was
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| Bilabials: p m f
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| Alveolars: t n s l
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| Palataloids: č ň š
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| Velars: k
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| and the vowel inventory was /a e i o u/, with a contrast between long and short vowels and high vs low tone.
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| ===Noun classes===
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| Paleo-Pabappa did not have an established syllable order such as that used by Late Andanese.
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| ====Animate Group I====
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| #'''pu''': Pregnant women and epicenes; verbs of emotion.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems.
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| #'''pi''': Adult females; worms.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
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| #'''tə''': Adult males; rabbits and hares.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
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| Note that the feminine prefix ''pi-'' is historically cognate to the ''m-'' group below, which by the time of paleo-Pabappa had come to be a category for children rather than women. In fact, the prefix was originally identical with ''mi-'' "milk; breast", but underwent a sound change due to being always used as a prefix whereas ''mi-'' could also appear in standalone form.
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| In addition to losing their vowels before vowel stems, these three stems disappear entirely before ''p-''stems on the conditions that:
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| #The ''p-''stem is not another noun. (For example, one must say '''pipèpu''' "her crab", not ''*pèpu''.)
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| ====Animate Group II====
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| #'''ni''': Maidens, young girls; certain female body parts; ducklike birds.
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| #:Becomes '''m-''' before stems beginning in ''u-'' and '''ń-''' before other vowel-initial stems.
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| #'''mu''': Young children; most other birds.
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| #:Becomes '''m-''' before vowel-initial stems.; appears as ''mə-'' in a few words.
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| #'''pe''': Crustaceans; sea life.
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| #:Becomes '''m-''' before vowel-initial stems.
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| ====Animate Group III====
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| Nouns in this group must be padded with one of the human identifier prefixes in order to form disyllabic prefixes.
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| #'''pa''': Sheep and goats.
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| #'''ńe''': Snakes.
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| #'''hə''': Frogs, amphibians.
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| #:Becomes '''f-''' before vowel-initial stems.
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| #'''li''': Turtles.
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| #'''la''': Mice and rodents.
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| #'''ča''': Flying insects.
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| #'''ke''': Cats.
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| #'''po''': Ants, crawling insects.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
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| "Po-" is historically identical to the prefix for pregnant women and epicenes, but was never of the same level on the animacy hierarchy. <---POSSIBLY JUST DELETE THIS ENTIRELY FROM ALL LANGUAGES
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| These prefixes can also be used to denote the habitats of the animals. e.g. ča = sky, hə = swamp, ke = forest, la & ńe = underground
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| ====Inanimate Group I====
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| Most words in this group are words for plants or objects made from plants.
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| #'''ši''': Some types of trees.
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| #'''hə''': Corals.
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| #'''ti''': Flower blossoms.
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| #:Contracts to ''t-'' before a vowel.
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| #'''ma''': Very tall grasses.
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| #'''pe''': Money; some grasses.
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| #'''mu''': Fruit; buildings.
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| #'''me''': Alcohol, soap, and mixed formulas.
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| #'''fo''': Some types of grass.
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| #'''pu''': Succulent fruit; grass, clover, small plants; round objects; some trees;
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| #'''nə''': Claws, sharp objects; certain fruits.
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| #'''fu''': Wind and air; claws and other hard body parts.
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| ====Inanimate Group II====
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| This group contains body parts and certain things typically held close to one's person.
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| #'''ti''': Teeth.
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| #:Contracts to ''t-'' before a vowel.
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| #'''ko''': Bones.
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| #'''ni''': Feminine hygiene products.
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| #'''i''': Edible body parts.
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| #'''to''': Blood and bodily humors.
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| #'''pa''': Clothes.
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| #'''fo''': Some words for clothes.
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| #'''mi''': Milk, inedible body parts.
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| The prefix ''mi-'' is historically identical with the feminine prefix ''pi-''. The "teeth" prefix ''ti-'' is historically homophonous with, but not related to, the "flower blossom" prefix.
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| ====Inanimate Group III====
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| This group contains landforms and other objects most usually found in the locative rather than as the agent or patient of a verb.
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| #'''ə''': Open places.
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| #'''o''': Furniture and land formations.
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| #'''po''': Oceanographic formations.
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| #'''mu''': Fruit; buildings.
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| #'''pe''': Ocean and sea.
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| #'''ča''': Tall trees; the sky.
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| #'''pi''': Water, weather.
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| #'''me''': Kingdoms and empires.
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| #'''pu''': Celestial objects.
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| The prefix ''ča-'' "trees; sky" is in fact a single morpheme even going back to the days of Mumba, and not a merger of a velar with a palatal.
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| ====Inanimate Group IV====
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| This group contains handheld objects and alienable possessions.
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| #'''yo''': Handheld objects; coins.
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| #'''ši''': Certain other handheld objects.
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| #'''ri''': Some other handheld objects.
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| #'''hə''': Corals; still other handheld objects.
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| #'''ke''': Wheels.
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| #'''pu''': Round objects; arrows, weapons, and handheld tools.
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| #'''a''': Whips.
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| The prefix ''ke-'' can be used for large circular objects; ''yo-'' for small ones, and ''pu-'' for spheres.<ref>If coins are round, that is.</ref>
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| ====Uses of noun classes====
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| Note that some noun classes had little use as nouns; for example '''li-''' "turtle" was only used in a few words for turtles. Instead, they were productive primarily as verbs, such as "to walk slowly", "to be hard", etc.
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| ===Later history of Paleo-Pabappa===
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| Paleo-Pabappa did not evolve into [[Pabappa]]. Instead, Paba's people shifted to speaking the [[Gold language]] as it was introduced from [[AlphaLeap]], and quickly developed a distinctive dialect of it that ultimately came to be called Pabappa. However, Paleo-Pabappa still survived inside [[Subumpam]], since the two nations of northeastern Subumpam had joined the Subumpamese Union after seceding from Paba. The other Subumpamese people considered Paleo-Pabappa to be just another of the many Subumpamese languages, as it shared similarities with neighboring languages such as [[Gala language|Galà]] and proto-Eastern Subumpamese.
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| Paleo-Pabappa split into three languages: one for each of the two Pabap nations in Subumpam, and one for people in Paba who had not yet shifted to speaking [[Gold language|Gold]]. However, Subumpam was soon wiped out in [[Vegetable War|a catastrophic war]], and Paba's strong national government drove the remnant speakers of Paleo-Pabappa into learning what was to eventually become [[Pabappa]].
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