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| = Basic =
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| == greetings ==
| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
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| * '''yata''' - <small>greet/farewell</small> - ''Hello. / Goodbye.''
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| * '''iyomani''' - <small>PROX-day-nice</small> - ''Good day/morning.''
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| * '''ipuamani''' - <small>PROX-evening-nice</small> - ''Good night/evening.''
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| * '''to tayo ka''' - <small>manner 2S.POSS Q</small> - ''How are you?''
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| * '''niha, nyasa''' - <small>fine thank</small> - ''Fine, thank you.''
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| == meeting ==
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| * '''ke ata tayo ka''' - <small>O name 2S.POSS Q</small> - ''What is your name?''
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| * '''____ ke ata nayo''' - <small>____ O name 1S.POSS</small> - ''____ is my name.''
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| * '''ya pesoni''' - <small>VOC meet-nice</small> - ''Nice to meet you.''
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| == civilities ==
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| * '''tsepa''' - <small>please</small> - ''Please.''
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| * '''nyasa''' - <small>thank</small> - ''Thank you.''
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| * '''nyasampa''' - <small>thank-much</small> - ''Thank you very much.''
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| * '''hako''' - <small>welcome</small> - ''You're welcome.''
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| * '''munyek''' - <small>problem-NEG</small> - ''No problem.''
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| * '''yali(te)''' - <small>pardon-(PREC)</small> - ''Excuse me.''<br>(getting attention, begging pardon, etc)
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| * '''na koya''' - <small>1S apologize</small> - ''I'm sorry.''
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| * '''tama''' - <small>good</small> - ''It's okay/fine.''<br>(polite response to “I’m sorry”)
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| * '''munak''' - <small>worry-NEG</small> - ''No worries.''<br>(informal response to “I’m sorry”)
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| = Communicating =
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| * '''na ke kala unyak''' - <small>1sg O language know-NEG</small> - ''I don't speak Kala.''
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| * '''ta ke enkalatla unya ka''' - <small>2sg O England-language know Q</small> - ''Do you know English?''
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| * '''kola ke enkalatla unyatle hina ka''' - <small>AG-INDEF O England-language know-REL be.here Q</small> - ''Is there someone here who speaks English?''
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| * '''yote!''' - <small>help</small> - ''Help!'' (in emergencies)
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| * '''na unyak''' - <small>1sg understand-NEG</small> - ''I don't understand.''
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| * '''pokomo ka''' - <small>urinate-place Q</small> - ''Where's the pisser?'' (informal)
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| * '''mo uetse ka''' - <small>place toilet Q</small> - ''Where is the toilet?'' (polite)
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| = Problems =
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| * '''ya utse''' - <small>VOC exclude</small> - ''Leave me alone.''
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| * '''na uehak''' - <small>1S want-NEG</small> - ''I don't want it!''<br>(useful for people who come up trying to sell you something)
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| * '''ya matok''' - <small>VOC touch-NEG</small> - ''Don't touch me!''
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| * '''na ke tsonyo nyalotli''' - <small>1S O police phone-FUT</small> - ''I'll call the police!''
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| * '''tsonyo''' - <small>police</small> - ''Police!''
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| * '''ya nusuko''' - <small>VOC steal-AG</small> - ''Stop, Thief!''
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| == Asking for help ==
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| * '''ena yotehe''' - <small>P.1S help-NEC</small> - ''I need help.''
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| = Test Sentences =
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| == Nominal Phrases ==
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| * '''na noya''' - <small>1s happy</small> - ''I am happy.''
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| * '''na noyak''' - <small>1s happy-NEG</small> - ''I am not happy.''
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| * '''na noyaye''' - <small>1s happy-PST</small> - ''I was happy.''
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| * '''ma ha noya''' - <small>and 3s happy</small> - ''She is also happy.''
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| * '''yema nam noya''' - <small>both 1pl happy</small> - ''We are both happy.''
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| * '''na noyala''' - <small>1s happy-become</small> - ''I become happy.''
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| * '''na noyalanko''' - <small>1s happy-become-PROG</small> - ''I'm becoming happy.''
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| * '''na noyanua''' - <small>1s happy-FREQ</small> - ''I stay happy.''
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| * '''tla poyo ua nyopa''' - <small>4s rich or poor</small> - ''You are either rich or poor.''
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| * '''tla noya uek muhe''' - <small>4s happy or-NEG sad</small> - ''You are neither happy nor sad.''
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| * '''ihito taha''' - <small>PROX-tree big</small> - ''This is a big tree.''
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| * '''yehito taha''' - <small>DIST-tree big</small> - ''That is a big tree.''
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| * '''yehito ke taha''' - <small>DIST-tree O big</small> - ''That is the big tree.''
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| * '''itoha niuahue nayo''' - <small>tree-AUG garden-LOC 1s.GEN</small> - ''There is a big tree in my garden.''
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| == Word Order ==
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| * '''tsumun na ke yena te ota nayo ka’e opatlaka ma’e tali onteyetle hilohue yeta'''
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| : <small>cautious-ADV 1s O money GEN father 1s.GEN toward danger-man in.front church determine-PST-REL plaza-LOC give</small>
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| :: ''I cautiously give the dangerous man my father's money at the predetermined square in front of the church.''
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| == Verbal Phrases - Time/Condition/Aspect ==
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| * '''iyoma na ke yonahi moya''' - <small>PROX-day 1s O letter-DIM write</small> - ''I (will) write a letter today.''
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| * '''iyoma na ke yonahi moyak''' - <small>PROX-day 1s O letter-DIM write-NEG</small> - ''I don't write the/a letter today.''
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| * '''yomaye na ke yonahi moya''' - <small>day-PST 1s O letter-DIM write</small> - ''I wrote a letter yesterday.''
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| * '''yomaye na ke yonahi moyak''' - <small>day-PST 1s O letter-DIM write-NEG</small> - ''I didn't write the/a letter yesterday.''
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| * '''sayoli na ke yonahi moyaye''' - <small>month-each 1s O letter-DIM write-PST</small> - ''I wrote a letter every month.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I used to write a letter every month.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I will write a letter tomorrow.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I will not write a letter tomorrow.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I would write a letter.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I would write a letter if I had a pencil.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I have written a letter.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I had written a letter.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I am writing a letter.''
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| * ''' x ''' - <small> x </small> - ''I was writing a letter.''
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| == Verbal Phrases - Modalities ==
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| I can write a letter [I could write one now]
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| I can write a letter
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| I could write a letter
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| I could have written a letter
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| I could be writing a letter
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| I have to write a letter
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| I must write a letter
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| I had to write a letter
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| I must have written a letter
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| I must be writing a letter
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| I can/may write a letter
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| I could write a letter [with permission]
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| I need to write a letter
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| I needed to write a letter
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| == Verbal Phrases - Passive ==
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| The letter is written by me
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| The letter was written by me
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| The letter has been written by me
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| The letter will be written by me
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| The letter would be written by me
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| The letter would have been written by me
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| == Verbal Phrases - Imperative ==
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| Write a letter!
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| Write a letter (pl.)!
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| Don't write a letter!
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| Don't write a letter (pl.)!
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| Let's write a letter!
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| Let the letter be written!
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| == Verbal Phrases - Subjunctive, Doubt, Certainty, Hope, Emotion ==
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| I doubt that he writes a letter
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| I doubt that he wrote a letter yesterday
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| I doubt that he wrote a letter every day
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| I doubt that he has written a letter
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| I doubt that he will write a letter
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| I doubt that he would write a letter
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| I am certain that he will write a letter
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| I hope that he will write a letter
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| I'm glad that he will write a letter
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| == Verbal Phrases - Participles ==
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| The man, now writing a letter, will go to the post office later
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| The man, having written a letter yesterday, has gone to the post office
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| The man, who will write a letter tomorrow, will go the post office
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| The man, who would write a letter, would go the post office
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| (While) risking his life, he saves me
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| (After/while) Having risked his life, he saved me
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| He is an understanding man
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| The told message was shocking
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| Verbal Nouns
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| The reading was relaxing
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| Verbal Phrases - Process
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| I start reading my book
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| I continue reading my book
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| I stop reading my book
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| I finished reading my book
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| Subordinate phrases
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| na nya yonam moya nomo 1sg for letter-PL write like I like to write letters
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| I decided to read my book
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| I try to show my opinion
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| I decide that I will read my book
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| I can't decide whether he should read my book
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| Interrogative Phrases
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| What is that?
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| Who is this/that?
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| Where is he?
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| Where do we go (to)?
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| When do we go?
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| How do we go?
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| How much water do you have?
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| How many friends do you have?
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| Which/what colour do you like?
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| Non-interrogative phrases
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| I don't understand what I see
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| I don't know where I live
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| I don't know when I'll come
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| I don't know how I will survive this disaster
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| Conjunctions - Conditional phrases
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| If I were rich I'd buy a new car
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| When I am rich, I'll buy a new car
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| I go to the party, except when it is raining
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| I go to the party, unless it is raining
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| I go to the party, even if it is raining
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| It is raining, nevertheless I will go to the party
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| Conjunctions - Reason, Cause, Consequence
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| I go to the party, although it is raining
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| I go to the party, because it is raining
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| I go to the party, since it is raining
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| I go to the party, so (that) I can drink beer
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| I go to the party, so say goodbye (to me)!
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| I go to the party to dance with my friends
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| Conjunctions - Additive/Coordinative
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| I will go to the party, but it is raining
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| I will go to the party, moreover, I will eat there
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| Conjunctions - Temporal
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| I drink tea before I read my book
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| I drink tea after I've read my book
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| I drink tea while I read my book
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| I will drink tea as soon as I've finished （reading) my book
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| I am drinking tea since I finished my book
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| I drink tea, then I finish my book
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| I will eat until I'm tired
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| Relative Phrases
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| I am the man who buys an apple
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| I am the woman who buys an apple
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| I see the man, who buys an apple
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| I see the man, whom she sees as well
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| I see the man, whom I gave a present
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| I see the man, whom I got the news from
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| I see the woman, whom I had a meeting with
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| I see the apple, which smells good
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| The apple, which I see, smells good
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| The apple, which I looked at, smells good
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| The apple, which the man buys, smells good
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| Comparative Phrases
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| I'm as big as you
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| I'm more intelligent than you
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| I'm less intelligent than you
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| I'm the most intelligent
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| I sing like you
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| I sing like you cry
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| Positional Phrases - Target/reason
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| I give you the present
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| I give the present to you
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| This is my friend's dog
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| Positional Phrases - Location/Movement
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| The bird is in his cage
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| The bird flies in his cage
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| The bird flies into his cage
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| The pilot flies in his airplane
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| The bird is sitting on his cage
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| The bird is sitting on top of his cage
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| The bird flies over his cage
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| The bird flies underneath his cage
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| The bird flies above his cage
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| The bird flies under his cage
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| The bird flies around his cage
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| The bird flies through his cage
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| The bird flies out of his cage
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| The bird flies to his cage
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| The bird flies towards his cage
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| The bird flies away from his cage
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| The bird flies past his cage
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| The bird flies alongside a plane
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| The bird flies near his cage
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| The bird flies far from his cage
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| Positional Phrases - Temporal
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| I drink wine before dinner
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| I drink wine after dinner
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| I drink wine during dinner
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| I've been drinking wine since dinner
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| I drank wine five days ago
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| I will drink wine in five minutes
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| I can finish my glass of wine within five minutes
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| I will meet you on monday in january
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| Positional Phrases - Topic
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| My mother speaks to me about cleaning my room
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| Regarding my room, it is still uncleaned
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| As for my room, it is still uncleaned
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| Positional Phrases - Other
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| I should clean my room, according to my mother
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| I didn't clean my room, despite my mother's warning
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| I didn't clean my room, contrary to my sister
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| I didn't clean my room, except my desk
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| I cleaned my room with my mother
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| I cleaned my room without my mother
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| I cleaned my room with a broom
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| Correlatives
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| I see everybody
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| I see somebody
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| I don't see anybody
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| Nobody can see me
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| I don't see anybody except you
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| I see only you
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| I see all men
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| I see no men
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| I see every man
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| I see everything
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| I see something
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| I don't see anything
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| I don't see anything else
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| I don't see anything anymore
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| Nothing can see me
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| I see all books
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| I see no books
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| I see every book
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| I see some books
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| I see some book
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| I see no book at all
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| I see the entire book
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| I see the book itself
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| I see the same book
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| I see such a book
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| You can choose any book
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| Nobody can see me
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| I have looked everywhere
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| I haven't looked anywhere
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| I have looked somewhere
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| We will meet sometime
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| We will meet sometimes
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| We will never meet
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| We will always meet
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| We will often meet
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| We will usually meet
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| We will rarely meet
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| Quantity
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| na ke mayampa yoha 1sg O water-much have I have a lot of water
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| I have enough water
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| I have too much water
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| I have a litre of water
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| I have five bottles of water
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| I have more water
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| I have less water
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| I only have water
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| I have water as well
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| I already have water
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| I still have water
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