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=General Description=
=General Description=


Kunke is a nominative-accusative SOV language which combines inverse number marking, orientation prefixes, and areal prefixes.
Kunke is a nominative-accusative SOV language which combines:


=Phonotactics=
1. trial number


<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.
2. inverse number marking


<r> becomes < s> before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.
3. orientation prefixes


<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.
4. areal prefixes.
 
5. disjoint prefixes


=Number and Orientation=
=Number and Orientation=


==Number==
==Number==


Direct -0
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Number
! Direct
! Inverse
|-
!
| -0
| -aah
|-
|}
 
==Orientation==
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Orientation
! Vertical
! Horizontal
! Squatting
|-
!
| osi-
| osuw-
| hii-
|-
|}
 
 
==Commentary==
 
Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. The inherent number, called '''DIRECT''', is zero-marked and lexically determined. Both non-inherent numbers, called '''INVERSE''', are indicated by the inverse number suffix '-aah'. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root.
 
The basic meaning of the root 'nasah' is 'long wooden thing' and it is inherently singular; thus 'osinasah' means 'tree', 'osinasahaah' 'trees (dual or plural)', 'osuwnasah' 'stick', 'hiinasah' 'branch'.
 
'Ruwsa' 'eyes' is inherently dual. 'Siwosuwsuwsa' means 'eyes (dual). 'Siuwosuwsuwsuayaah' means 'eye(s) (singular and plural)'. 'Siuwosizhuwsa' means 'downward eye; modesty', 'siuhiizhuwsa' 'upward-glancing eyes; insolence'.


Inverse -aah
'Runwu' 'water' is inherently plural. 'Osuwsunwu' means 'water (flat)', 'osizhunwu' means 'water (vertical)', and 'hiizhunwu' means 'water (squatting)' 'Osuwsunwuyaah' means 'drop of water (in river)', 'osizhunwuyaah' 'raindrop', and 'hiizhunwuyaah' 'waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical').


===Orientation==
=Possessive Prefixes=


Vertical osi-
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Possessive Prefixes
! Generic
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
! Reflexive
! Reciprical
! Areal
! Disjoint
! Inverse Disjoint
|-
!
| siu-
| nue-
| iih-
| asa-
| uwi-
| aek-
| eur-
| aas-
| uos-
|-
|}


Horizontal osuw-


Squatting hii-
There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, 'siu-', seen above in words such as 'siuyosuwsuwsa' ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns.


Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural.  <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.
'nue-' is the first person prefix.


=Phonotactics=
'iih-' is the second person prefix.


<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.
'asa-' is the third person prefix. It is often replaced by the options below.


<r> becomes <s> before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.
'uwi-' is the reflexive third person prefix. First and second reflexives use 'nue-' and 'iih-'.


<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.
'aek-' is the reciprocal person prefix.
=Number and Orientation=
 
'eur-' is the areal third person prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal.
 
'aas-' is the disjoint prefix. The disjoint prefix replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when both the possessum and the possessor are ''both'' in the direct (zero-marked) form and are not identical.
 
'uos-' is the inverse disjoint prefix. The inverse disjoint form replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when the possessum is inverse and the possessor is direct.
 
A disjoint prefix to replace 'asa-' when the possessum is direct and the possessor is inverse '''does not exist'''.
 
Thus:
 
'osizhena' ‘daughter’ from 'osi-rena':


Number
'siwosizhena' ‘daughter’


Direct -0
'nueyosizhena' ‘my daughter’
Inverse -aah


Orientation
'iihosizhena' ‘your daughter’


Vertical osi-
'asayosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter’
Horizontal osuw-
Squatting hii-


Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural.  <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.
'uwiyosizhena' ‘his/her/their own daughter’


=Phonotactics=
'aekosizhenayaah' ‘each other’s daughters’


<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.
'euzhosizhena' ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’


<r> becomes <s> before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.
'aasosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is direct)’


<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.
'uososizhenayaah' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is inverse)’
=Number and Orientation=


Number
=Genitives=


Direct -0
{|class="wikitable"
Inverse -aah
|-
! Genitive
! Alienable
! Inalienable
|-
!
| -ia
| -iko
|-
|}


Orientation
There are two genitive suffixes, one alienable '-ia', the other inalienable '-iko'. A piece of jewelry owned by the warrior’s daughter would produce 'iihosizhenayia hiikuaw' ‘your daughter’s jewelry’, but  her neck, 'ruta', would produce 'iihosizhenayiko siuyosizhuta' ‘your daughter’s neck’.


Vertical osi-
=Verbal Structure=
Horizontal osuw-
Squatting hii-


Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural.  <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.
Kunke verbs have the following structure:


=Phonotactics=
switch reference-(disjoint)-subject-root-object-tense.


<r> becomes <zh> at an intervocalic morpheme boundary.
==Switch reference==


<r> becomes <s> before <h> within a morpheme, after <w> at a morpheme boundary.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Switch Reference
! Remote Past
! Past
! Present
! Future
|-
! Same Subject
| une-
| ohru-
| uuh-
| hue-
|-
! Different Subject
| uno-
| our-
| uuw-
| oha-
|-
|}


<y> is an epenthetic (excrescent) consonant between vowels at a morpheme boundary.
Switch reference does not apply to the first verb in a series of clauses. The switch-reference prefixes encodes tense ''as well as'' change of subject.
=Number and Orientation=


Number
==Verbal Duoplurals==


Direct -0
{|class="wikitable"
Inverse -aah
|-
! Verbal Affixes
! Generic
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
! Reflexive
! Reciprocal
! Areal
! Disjoint
|-
! Singular
| ook-
| nue-
| iih-
| asa-
| uwi-
| aek-
| eur-
| aas-
|-
! Non-Singular
| hue-
| iti-
| wao-
| iho-
| uwi-
| aer-
| iar-
| uos-
|-
|}


Orientation


Vertical osi-
Horizontal osuw-
Squatting hii-


Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. For the numbers which are not inherent to that stem, the inverse number suffix <-aah> is added. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root. The three orientation roots are <osi-> ‘vertical’, <osuw-> ‘horizontal’, <hii-> ‘squatting’. The basic meaning of the root <nasah> is ‘long wooden thing’ and it is inherently singular; thus <osinasah> means ‘tree’ and <osinasahaah> means ‘trees (dual or plural). <osuwnasah> means ‘stick’, and <hiinasah> means ‘branch’. <ruwsa> means ‘eye’ and is inherently dual. <siuyosuwsuwsa> means ‘eyes (du)’, <siuyosuwsuwsayaah> ‘one eye’, <siuyosizhuwsa> ‘downward eye; modesty’, <siuhii-zhuwsa> ‘upward-glancing eye; insolence’. <runwu> means ‘water’ and is inherently plural.  <osuwsunwuyaah> means ‘drop of water (in river)’, <osizhunwuyaah> means ‘raindrop’, and <hiizhunwuyaah> means ‘waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical)’.
Verbs are inherently singular and therefore have explicit duoplural forms for numbers and persons. The singular forms are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic. The duoplural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the identical in singular and non-singular.


=Possessive Prefixes=
If the subject is different from that of the previous sentence, the verbal disjoint prefix must follow the the switch reference prefix.


Generic siu-
An areal suffix after the verb root refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the direct object. A verbal disjoint suffix after the verb refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the omitted direct object.


1st nue-
==Tense Suffixes==


2nd iih-


3rd asa-
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense Suffixes
! Remote Past
! Past
! Present
! Future
|-
!
| -iet
| -iur
| -iun
| -ihu
|-
|}


Reflexive uwi-
==Sentence Examples==


Reciprocal aek-
1.


Areal eur-
osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


Disjoint aas-
osi-horhet osuwsena  iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


Inverse Disjoint uos-
warrior  housemaid  NSG-see-SG-RPST  DJT-house    RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, <siu->, seen above in words such as <siuyosuwsuwsa> ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns. The first, second, and third persons are represented by <nue->, <iih->, and <asa->, respectively. <uwi-> is the reflexive prefix. <aek-> is the reciprocal prefix. Then it becomes less familiar to speakers of European languages. <eur-> is an areal prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal. <aas-> is the disjoint prefix, used when both the subject and the possessor are both in the direct zero-marked form and are not identical. <uos-> is the inverse disjoint form, used when the subject is inverse-marked, the possessor is not, and the possessor is not an individual included within the inverse-marked subject. Thus, from <osizhena> ‘daughter’ from <osi-rena>:
The warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.


<siuyosizhena> ‘daughter’
2.


<nueyosizhena> ‘my daughter’
osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


<iihosizhena> ‘your daughter’
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuwwehsi unesiso-eur-iet


<asayosizhena> ‘his/her daughter’
warrior-INV    housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


<uwiyosizhena> ‘his/her/their own daughter’
The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.


<aekosizhenayaah> ‘each other’s daughters’
3.


<euzhosizhena> ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’
osihoshetaah osuwsena asayosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


<aasosizhena> ‘his/her daughter (but not of the subject)’
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena asa-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi      une-siso-eur-iet.


<uososizhena> ‘his/her daughter (but not of a singular subject)’
warrior-INV    housemaid SG-see-SG-RPST  DJT-HORZ-building  RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


If the inverse-marked subject is inherently dual or plural, the inverse disjoint prefix can only reflect the non-singular meaning of the inverse-marked subject. Thus, if the subject is <osihoshetaah> ‘warrior/warriors (sg/du)’, from <osi-horhet>, <uososizhena> can only refer to a daughter of someone who is a not a part of the group of the two warriors who are the subject of the sentence; if she were the daughter of one of these warriors, one would use <asayosizhena>.
The warrior saw the housemaid and seized her house.


=Genitives=
4.


Alienable -ia
osihoshet osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasayet asayosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet


Inalienable -iko
osi-horhet osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


There are two genitive suffixes, one alienable <-ia>, the other inalienable <-iko>. A piece of jewelry owned by the warrior’s daughter would produce <iihosizhenayia hiikuaw> ‘your daughter’s jewelry’, but her neck, <ruta>, would produce <iihosizhenayiko siuyosizhuta> ‘your daughter’s neck’.
warrior  housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST  3-house        RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST  


=Verbal Structure=
The warriors saw the housemaids and seized their house.


Kunke verbs have the following structure:
5.


switch reference-subject-root-object-tense.
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet


==Switch reference==
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


===Same Subject===
warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-NSG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


Remote Past une-
The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other person.
The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.


Past ohru-
5a.


Present uuh-
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasaiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet


Future hue-
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet


===Different Subject===
warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


Remote Past uno-
The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.


Past our-


Present uuw-
6.


Future oha-
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah asayosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah asa-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet


Switch reference is zero-marked on a free-standing verb. Switch-reference encodes tense as well change of subject.
warrior-INV housemaid-INV SG-see-NSG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST 


==Verbal Plurals==
The warrior saw the housemaids and seized their house.


===Singular===


Generic          ook-
7.


1st              nue-
osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyuossisoyeuzhiet


2nd              iih-
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi uno-uos-siso-eur-iet


3rd              asa-
VERT-warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-NSG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST 


Reflexive        uwi-
The warriors saw the housemaid and some other people seized her house.


Reciprocal      aek-


Areal            eur-
8.


Disjoint        aas-
osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyaassisoyeuzhiet


Inverse Disjoint uos-
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-aas-siso-eur-iet


===Plural===
warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-SG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST 


Generic hue-
The warriors saw the housemaid and some other person seized her house.


1st iti-
9.


2nd wao-
osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu


3rd iho-
osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu


Reflexive uwi-
warrior field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT


Reciprocal aer-
The warriors will seize the fields.


Areal iar-
10.


osihoshet uososuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu


Verbs, unlike nouns, have explicit plural forms for numbers and persons. The singular/dual forms of the singular/dual are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic, which is different.The plural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the same.
osi-horhet uos-osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu


==Tense Suffixes==
warrior INV.DJT-field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT


Remote Past -iet
The warriors will seize her fields.


Past -iur


Present -iun
=Lexicon=


Future -ihu
asa - (sg) asa 'to see'; hiiyasa 'observation'


asiw (sg) -'area of agriculture'; asiw 'to cultivate'; osiyasiw 'vine trellis'; osuwasiw 'field'; hiiyasiw 'vineyard'


==Sentence Examples==
hoshet (< hor-het) (pl) - osihoshet 'band of warriors'; osihoshetaah 'warrior(s)'; euzhosihoshet 'mercenaries'


<osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet uososuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet>
kuaw (pl) - 'collection of shiny things'; osikuaw 'necklace'; osuwkuaw 'diadem'; hiikuaw 'jewelry'; hiikuawaah 'piece of jewelry'


osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet uos-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
kunke (pl) - kunke 'to speak'; osikunke 'the Kunke speaking community'; osikunkeyaah 'a speaker of Kunke; dialogue participant'; osuwkunke 'Kunke-speaking ancestors'; osuwkunkeyaah 'an ancestor; tradition (communication between living and late participants);


VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST PL.DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST 
nasah (sg) - 'long wooden thing'; osinasah 'tree'; osinasahaah 'trees'; osuwnasah 'stick'; hiinasah 'branch'


The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.
rena (sg) - 'girl, daughter'; osizhena 'girl'; siwosizhena 'daughter'; osuwsena 'housemaid'; euzhosizhena 'foundling; prostitute'


(No, there are no numbers yet)
runwu (pl) - 'water'; runwu 'be wet, make wet'; osizhunwu 'rain'; osizhunwuyaah 'raindrop'; osuwsunwu 'water'; osuwsunwuyaah 'drop of water (in river)'; hiizhunwu 'spray'; hiizhunwuyaah 'waterfall(s)'


<osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyiazhihu>
ruta (sg) - 'round protrudance'; ruta 'to protrude, intrude, enter'; siwosizhuta 'neck'; siwosuwsuta 'nose, ear'; siuhiizhuta 'limb'


Osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu
ruwsa (du) - 'eye'; siwosizhuwsa 'modesty'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eyes'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eye(s) (sg/pl)'; siuhiizhuwsa 'insolence'


VERT-warrior HORZ-field-INV 3pl-seize-AREA.PL-FUT
siso (du) - 'seize, grab with both hands'; siso 'to seize'; osisiso 'a lifting'; osuwsiso 'a pulling towards'; hiisiso 'a reaching in and pulling out'


The warriors will seize the fields’
wehsi (sg) - 'building'; wehsi 'to build'; osiwehsi 'tower'; osuwwehsi 'building, house'; hiiwehsi 'buttress'

Latest revision as of 14:28, 19 October 2020

General Description

Kunke is a nominative-accusative SOV language which combines:

1. trial number

2. inverse number marking

3. orientation prefixes

4. areal prefixes.

5. disjoint prefixes

Number and Orientation

Number

Number Direct Inverse
-0 -aah

Orientation

Orientation Vertical Horizontal Squatting
osi- osuw- hii-


Commentary

Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. The inherent number, called DIRECT, is zero-marked and lexically determined. Both non-inherent numbers, called INVERSE, are indicated by the inverse number suffix '-aah'. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root.

The basic meaning of the root 'nasah' is 'long wooden thing' and it is inherently singular; thus 'osinasah' means 'tree', 'osinasahaah' 'trees (dual or plural)', 'osuwnasah' 'stick', 'hiinasah' 'branch'.

'Ruwsa' 'eyes' is inherently dual. 'Siwosuwsuwsa' means 'eyes (dual). 'Siuwosuwsuwsuayaah' means 'eye(s) (singular and plural)'. 'Siuwosizhuwsa' means 'downward eye; modesty', 'siuhiizhuwsa' 'upward-glancing eyes; insolence'.

'Runwu' 'water' is inherently plural. 'Osuwsunwu' means 'water (flat)', 'osizhunwu' means 'water (vertical)', and 'hiizhunwu' means 'water (squatting)' 'Osuwsunwuyaah' means 'drop of water (in river)', 'osizhunwuyaah' 'raindrop', and 'hiizhunwuyaah' 'waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical').

Possessive Prefixes

Possessive Prefixes Generic 1st 2nd 3rd Reflexive Reciprical Areal Disjoint Inverse Disjoint
siu- nue- iih- asa- uwi- aek- eur- aas- uos-


There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, 'siu-', seen above in words such as 'siuyosuwsuwsa' ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns.

'nue-' is the first person prefix.

'iih-' is the second person prefix.

'asa-' is the third person prefix. It is often replaced by the options below.

'uwi-' is the reflexive third person prefix. First and second reflexives use 'nue-' and 'iih-'.

'aek-' is the reciprocal person prefix.

'eur-' is the areal third person prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal.

'aas-' is the disjoint prefix. The disjoint prefix replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when both the possessum and the possessor are both in the direct (zero-marked) form and are not identical.

'uos-' is the inverse disjoint prefix. The inverse disjoint form replaces 'asa-' (and only 'asa-') when the possessum is inverse and the possessor is direct.

A disjoint prefix to replace 'asa-' when the possessum is direct and the possessor is inverse does not exist.

Thus:

'osizhena' ‘daughter’ from 'osi-rena':

'siwosizhena' ‘daughter’

'nueyosizhena' ‘my daughter’

'iihosizhena' ‘your daughter’

'asayosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter’

'uwiyosizhena' ‘his/her/their own daughter’

'aekosizhenayaah' ‘each other’s daughters’

'euzhosizhena' ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’

'aasosizhena' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is direct)’

'uososizhenayaah' ‘his/her/their daughter (possessum is inverse)’

Genitives

Genitive Alienable Inalienable
-ia -iko

There are two genitive suffixes, one alienable '-ia', the other inalienable '-iko'. A piece of jewelry owned by the warrior’s daughter would produce 'iihosizhenayia hiikuaw' ‘your daughter’s jewelry’, but her neck, 'ruta', would produce 'iihosizhenayiko siuyosizhuta' ‘your daughter’s neck’.

Verbal Structure

Kunke verbs have the following structure:

switch reference-(disjoint)-subject-root-object-tense.

Switch reference

Switch Reference Remote Past Past Present Future
Same Subject une- ohru- uuh- hue-
Different Subject uno- our- uuw- oha-

Switch reference does not apply to the first verb in a series of clauses. The switch-reference prefixes encodes tense as well as change of subject.

Verbal Duoplurals

Verbal Affixes Generic 1st 2nd 3rd Reflexive Reciprocal Areal Disjoint
Singular ook- nue- iih- asa- uwi- aek- eur- aas-
Non-Singular hue- iti- wao- iho- uwi- aer- iar- uos-


Verbs are inherently singular and therefore have explicit duoplural forms for numbers and persons. The singular forms are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic. The duoplural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the identical in singular and non-singular.

If the subject is different from that of the previous sentence, the verbal disjoint prefix must follow the the switch reference prefix.

An areal suffix after the verb root refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the direct object. A verbal disjoint suffix after the verb refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the omitted direct object.

Tense Suffixes

Tense Suffixes Remote Past Past Present Future
-iet -iur -iun -ihu

Sentence Examples

1.

osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuwsena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.

2.

osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuwwehsi unesiso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.

3.

osihoshetaah osuwsena asayosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena asa-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet.

warrior-INV housemaid SG-see-SG-RPST DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warrior saw the housemaid and seized her house.

4.

osihoshet osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasayet asayosuwwehsi unesisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaids and seized their house.

5.

osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-NSG-RPST DJT-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other person. The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.

5a.

osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoosuwasaiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-siso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid-INV NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized the house of some other people.


6.

osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah asayosuwihoyet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah asa-osuw-iho-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet

warrior-INV housemaid-INV SG-see-NSG-RPST 3-house RPST.SAME-seize-AREA-RPST

The warrior saw the housemaids and seized their house.


7.

osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyuossisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi uno-uos-siso-eur-iet

VERT-warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-NSG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaid and some other people seized her house.


8.

osihoshet osuwsena ihoosuwasayet aasosuwwehsi unoyaassisoyeuzhiet

osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-aas-siso-eur-iet

warrior housemaid NSG-see-SG-RPST 3-house RPST.DIFF-SG.DJT-seize-AREA-RPST

The warriors saw the housemaid and some other person seized her house.

9.

osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu

osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu

warrior field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT

The warriors will seize the fields.

10.

osihoshet uososuwasiwaah ihosisoyazhihu

osi-horhet uos-osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu

warrior INV.DJT-field-INV NSG-seize-AREA.NSG-FUT

The warriors will seize her fields.


Lexicon

asa - (sg) asa 'to see'; hiiyasa 'observation'

asiw (sg) -'area of agriculture'; asiw 'to cultivate'; osiyasiw 'vine trellis'; osuwasiw 'field'; hiiyasiw 'vineyard'

hoshet (< hor-het) (pl) - osihoshet 'band of warriors'; osihoshetaah 'warrior(s)'; euzhosihoshet 'mercenaries'

kuaw (pl) - 'collection of shiny things'; osikuaw 'necklace'; osuwkuaw 'diadem'; hiikuaw 'jewelry'; hiikuawaah 'piece of jewelry'

kunke (pl) - kunke 'to speak'; osikunke 'the Kunke speaking community'; osikunkeyaah 'a speaker of Kunke; dialogue participant'; osuwkunke 'Kunke-speaking ancestors'; osuwkunkeyaah 'an ancestor; tradition (communication between living and late participants);

nasah (sg) - 'long wooden thing'; osinasah 'tree'; osinasahaah 'trees'; osuwnasah 'stick'; hiinasah 'branch'

rena (sg) - 'girl, daughter'; osizhena 'girl'; siwosizhena 'daughter'; osuwsena 'housemaid'; euzhosizhena 'foundling; prostitute'

runwu (pl) - 'water'; runwu 'be wet, make wet'; osizhunwu 'rain'; osizhunwuyaah 'raindrop'; osuwsunwu 'water'; osuwsunwuyaah 'drop of water (in river)'; hiizhunwu 'spray'; hiizhunwuyaah 'waterfall(s)'

ruta (sg) - 'round protrudance'; ruta 'to protrude, intrude, enter'; siwosizhuta 'neck'; siwosuwsuta 'nose, ear'; siuhiizhuta 'limb'

ruwsa (du) - 'eye'; siwosizhuwsa 'modesty'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eyes'; siwosuwsuwsa 'eye(s) (sg/pl)'; siuhiizhuwsa 'insolence'

siso (du) - 'seize, grab with both hands'; siso 'to seize'; osisiso 'a lifting'; osuwsiso 'a pulling towards'; hiisiso 'a reaching in and pulling out'

wehsi (sg) - 'building'; wehsi 'to build'; osiwehsi 'tower'; osuwwehsi 'building, house'; hiiwehsi 'buttress'

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