Amal/affixes: Difference between revisions

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These are productive affixes in '''Amal'''. Nominal affixes are listed with "''nom''", verbal affixes with "''verb''".
These are productive affixes in '''Amal'''.  


=== a ===
:''See also'':
*[[Amal/lexicon|lexicon]]
**[[Amal/roots|roots]]
**[[Amal/thematic_lexicon|thematic lexicon]]


* '''-á''' - ''nom'' - used to create nouns from roots


* '''-ak''' - ''nom'' - instrumental/comitative case; "with, by, using, via" [COM]; adverbials [ADV]
= Case endings =


=== b ===
* '''bi-''' [''biʔ''] - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"
:: '''ib-''' - dative for pronouns


=== d ===
* '''-da''' [''daʔ''] - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"


* '''-da''' - ''nom'' - locative case; "in, at, on" [LOC]
* '''-ha''' - [''hak''] comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs
: ''from'': [[Wiktionary:-da#Turkish|-da]]
:: '''-ak''' - for some roots


=== e ===
* '''-sha''' [''ʃaʔ''] - ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives (sometimes used for negative mood [NEG])


* '''e-''' - ''nom'' - used to create nouns from roots
* '''-wa''' [''waʔ''] - accusative case [ACC]; object
:: '''-u''' - for some roots


* '''-esh''' - ''verb'' - general past tense [PST]
* '''-ya''' [''ʔaj''] - genitive; "of, from" [GEN]
:: '''-ai''' - for some roots


=== g ===
* '''-ul''' [''ʔul''] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] <small>(not one of the "official" case endings)</small>


=== h ===


* '''-ha''' - ''nom'' - instrumental/comitative case; "with, by, using, via" [COM]; adverbials [ADV]
.


=== i ===
= Verbal modifiers =


* '''-(i)k''' - ''nom'' - dual plural [DU]
* '''-ab''' [''ʔab''] - durative aspect [DUR]
* '''-al''' [''ʔal''] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
* '''-ek''' [''rek''] - infinitive [INF]
* '''-em''' [''ʔem''] - interrogative [Q]
* '''-esh''' [''ʔeʃ''] - past tense [PST]
* '''-eshb''' [''ʔeʃ''] + [''ʔɛb''] - passive participles [PPP]
* '''-ra''' [''rek''] - infinitive [INF]
* '''-ud''' [''ʔud''] - inceptive; inchoative [INC]
* '''-un''' [''ʔun''] - reportative marker [REP]


* '''-(i)m''' - ''nom'' - general plural [PL]
: ''from'': [[Wiktionary:־ים|־ים]]


=== k ===
.


=== l ===
== Modals ==


* '''-la''' - ''verb'' - negative mood [NEG]
* '''-ash''' [''ʔaʃ''] - desiderative mood [DES]
* '''-em''' [''ʔem''] - interrogative [Q]
* '''-la''' [''laʔ''] - negative mood [NEG]
:: not used with second or third person singular
* '''-ur''' [''ʔur''] - tentative mood [TENT]


=== m ===


=== n ===
.


=== p ===
== Voice ==


=== q ===
* '''-eb''' [''ʔeb''] - passive [PASS]
* '''-ed''' [''ʔed''] - causative [CAUS]
* '''-eg''' [''ʔeg''] - reflexive [REFL]


=== r ===


=== s ===
.


=== sh ===
= Adjectival Modifiers =


=== t ===
* '''-el''' [''ʔel''] - (adjective) -est, most, -most


=== u ===
* '''-iy(a)''' [''ʔij''] - adjectivization ('''dishiya''' ‘foreign’) [ADJ]


* '''-ur''' - ''verb'' - general future tense [FUT]
* '''-ub''' [''ʔub''] - (comparative suffix) -er, more


=== w ===


=== y ===
.
= Nominal Modifiers =
 
* '''-ám''' [''ʔám''] - augmentative [AUG]
 
* '''-at''' [''ʔat''] - produced by ~; item for ~
 
* '''-en''' [''ʃen''] - feminine; female [FEM]
 
* '''gi-''' [''giʔ''] - tool; device; instrument
 
* '''-in''' [''ʔin''] - agent noun [AG]
 
* '''-ish''' [''ʔiʃ''] - diminutive [DIM]
 
* '''ka-''' [''kaʔ''] - animal
 
* '''-ul''' [''mul''] - masculine; male [MASC]
 
* '''yi-''' [''gij''] - item of clothing
 
 
.
 
== Plurals ==
 
* '''-ik''' [''ʔik''] - dual plural [DU]
 
* '''-im''' [''ʔim''] - plural [PL]
 
* '''na-''' [''naʔ''] - collective plural [COL]
 
 
.
 
== Determiners ==
 
* '''bu-''' [''buʔ''] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with '''u''' or '''a''') [PROX]
:: '''be-''' - for roots with '''e''' or '''i'''
 
* '''mu-''' [''muʔ''] - other; else
 
* '''shu-''' [''ʃuʔ''] - proximal "that (by you / over there)" for (roots with '''u''' or '''a''') [DIST]
:: '''she-''' - for roots with '''e''' or '''i'''
 
* '''we-''' [''weʔ''] - some; any [INDEF]
 
 
.
 
= Numerical Modifiers =
 
* '''em-''' [''ʔem''] - ordinal number [ORD]
 
* '''ga-''' [''gaʔ''] - multiple number [MULT]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
.
 
= Medial Clusters =
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
!
! ''ba''
! ''da''
! ''ga''
! ''ha''
! ''ka''
! ''la''
! ''ma''
! ''na''
! ''pa''
! ''ra''
! ''sa''
! ''sha''
! ''ta''
! ''wa''
! ''ya''
|-align=center
! eb
| ''-''
| ''ebda''
| ''-''
| ''ebha''
| ''-''
| ''ebla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ebra''
| ''ebsa''
| ''ebsha''
| ''ebta''
| ''ebwa''
| ''ebya''
|-align=center
! ed
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''edra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-align=center
! eg
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''egla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''egra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''egwa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
! ek
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ekha''
| ''-''
| ''ekla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ekra''
| ''eksa''
| ''eksha''
| ''ekta''
| ''ekwa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
! el
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''elha''
| ''-''
| ''ella''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''elwa''
| ''elya''
|-align=center
! em
| ''emba''
| ''emda''
| ''-''
| ''emha''
| ''-''
| ''emla''
| ''-''
| ''emna''
| ''empa''
| ''emra''
| ''emsa''
| ''emsha''
| ''emta''
| ''emwa''
| ''emya''
|-align=center
! en
| ''-''
| ''enda''
| ''enga''<br>[ŋ]
| ''-''
| ''enka''
| ''enla''
| ''enma''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ensa''
| ''ensha''
| ''enta''
| ''enwa''
| ''enya''<br>[ɲ]
|-align=center
! ep
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''epla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''epra''
| ''epsa''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-align=center
! er
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''erha''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''erwa''
| ''erya''
|-align=center
! es
| ''esba''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''eska''
| ''esla''
| ''esma''
| ''esna''
| ''espa''
| ''esra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''esta''
| ''eswa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
! esh
| ''eshba''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''eshka''
| ''eshla''
| ''eshma''
| ''eshna''
| ''eshpa''
| ''eshra''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''eshta''
| ''eshwa''
| ''-''
|-align=center
! et
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''etla''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''etra''
| ''etsa''
| ''etsha''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|}

Latest revision as of 04:36, 22 October 2019


These are productive affixes in Amal.

See also:


Case endings

  • bi- [biʔ] - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"
ib- - dative for pronouns
  • -da [daʔ] - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"
  • -ha - [hak] comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs
-ak - for some roots
  • -sha [ʃaʔ] - ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives (sometimes used for negative mood [NEG])
  • -wa [waʔ] - accusative case [ACC]; object
-u - for some roots
  • -ya [ʔaj] - genitive; "of, from" [GEN]
-ai - for some roots
  • -ul [ʔul] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] (not one of the "official" case endings)


.

Verbal modifiers

  • -ab [ʔab] - durative aspect [DUR]
  • -al [ʔal] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
  • -ek [rek] - infinitive [INF]
  • -em [ʔem] - interrogative [Q]
  • -esh [ʔeʃ] - past tense [PST]
  • -eshb [ʔeʃ] + [ʔɛb] - passive participles [PPP]
  • -ra [rek] - infinitive [INF]
  • -ud [ʔud] - inceptive; inchoative [INC]
  • -un [ʔun] - reportative marker [REP]


.

Modals

  • -ash [ʔaʃ] - desiderative mood [DES]
  • -em [ʔem] - interrogative [Q]
  • -la [laʔ] - negative mood [NEG]
not used with second or third person singular
  • -ur [ʔur] - tentative mood [TENT]


.

Voice

  • -eb [ʔeb] - passive [PASS]
  • -ed [ʔed] - causative [CAUS]
  • -eg [ʔeg] - reflexive [REFL]


.

Adjectival Modifiers

  • -el [ʔel] - (adjective) -est, most, -most
  • -iy(a) [ʔij] - adjectivization (dishiya ‘foreign’) [ADJ]
  • -ub [ʔub] - (comparative suffix) -er, more


.

Nominal Modifiers

  • -ám [ʔám] - augmentative [AUG]
  • -at [ʔat] - produced by ~; item for ~
  • -en [ʃen] - feminine; female [FEM]
  • gi- [giʔ] - tool; device; instrument
  • -in [ʔin] - agent noun [AG]
  • -ish [ʔiʃ] - diminutive [DIM]
  • ka- [kaʔ] - animal
  • -ul [mul] - masculine; male [MASC]
  • yi- [gij] - item of clothing


.

Plurals

  • -ik [ʔik] - dual plural [DU]
  • -im [ʔim] - plural [PL]
  • na- [naʔ] - collective plural [COL]


.

Determiners

  • bu- [buʔ] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with u or a) [PROX]
be- - for roots with e or i
  • mu- [muʔ] - other; else
  • shu- [ʃuʔ] - proximal "that (by you / over there)" for (roots with u or a) [DIST]
she- - for roots with e or i
  • we- [weʔ] - some; any [INDEF]


.

Numerical Modifiers

  • em- [ʔem] - ordinal number [ORD]
  • ga- [gaʔ] - multiple number [MULT]




.

Medial Clusters

ba da ga ha ka la ma na pa ra sa sha ta wa ya
eb - ebda - ebha - ebla - - - ebra ebsa ebsha ebta ebwa ebya
ed - - - - - - - - - edra - - - - -
eg - - - - - egla - - - egra - - - egwa -
ek - - - ekha - ekla - - - ekra eksa eksha ekta ekwa -
el - - - elha - ella - - - - - - - elwa elya
em emba emda - emha - emla - emna empa emra emsa emsha emta emwa emya
en - enda enga
[ŋ] 		- enka enla enma - - - ensa ensha enta enwa enya
[ɲ]
ep - - - - - epla - - - epra epsa - - - -
er - - - erha - - - - - - - - - erwa erya
es esba - - - eska esla esma esna espa esra - - esta eswa -
esh eshba - - - eshka eshla eshma eshna eshpa eshra - - eshta eshwa -
et - - - - - etla - - - etra etsa etsha - - -
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