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| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/lexicon|Ilya dictionary]]
| | <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px"> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/phrases|Ilya phrases]]
| | <font size="3">'''This project has been abandoned.'''</font><br /> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/roots|Ilya roots]]
| | </div> |
| | | [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]]) |
| == Phonology ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
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| |+ '''consonants'''
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| |-
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| <!-- Heading row -->
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| !
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| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Labiovelar
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| !Glottal
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| |- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
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| ! Plosives
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| | {{IPA|p b}}
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| | {{IPA|t d}}
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| | {{IPA|k g}}
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| | {{IPA|ʔ}} ('''q''')
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| |- align="center"
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| ! Nasals
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| | {{IPA|m}}
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| | {{IPA|n}}
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| |
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| |- align="center"
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| ! Fricatives
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| | {{IPA|s}}
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
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| |- align="center"
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| ! Approximants
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| | {{IPA|l}}
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| | {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
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| | {{IPA|w}}
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| | {{IPA|h}}
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| |-
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| ! Trill
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| | align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
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| |}
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| <small>Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ '''q''', is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes.</small>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+vowels
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| !
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| !Front
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| !Central
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| !Back
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !Close
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| |i~ɪ || || u~ʊ
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !Mid
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| |e~ɛ || || o
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !Open
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| | || a~ə ||
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| |}
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| Vowel length is productive and is marked by an [[WP:Acute_accent|acute]] accent. '''á é í ú'''
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| == Nouns ==
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| === Number ===
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| Ilya nouns can be singular, dual, or plural.
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| * '''kop-á''' - dog
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| ** '''kop-ik''' - (two) dogs
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| *** '''kop-im''' - dogs
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| === Gender ===
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| Ilya does not have grammatical gender. However, where desired, masculine individuals may be distinguished by the suffix XXX, and feminine ones by XXX :
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| * '''kop-á''' - dog
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| === Some ===
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| === Case ===
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| ==== nominative ====
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| The nominative case is the basic uninflected form of the noun.
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| ==== accusative ====
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| The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-wa''' Added to words ending in '''b, h, k, l, m, n, r''', and '''sh'''.
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| * '''-o''' Added to words ending in '''d, g, p, q, s, t, w''', and '''y'''.
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| ==== genitive ====
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| The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-ya''' Added to words ending in '''b, g, h, k, l, m, n''', and '''r'''.
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| * '''-ai''' Added to words ending in '''d, p, q, s, sh, t, w''', and '''y'''.
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| ==== dative ====
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| The dative for the beneficiary of an action, indirect object, or motion towards. Unlike other case endings, it has morphed to being a prefix and has only one form, used in all instances. The exception to this is the form used with pronouns, '''ib-'''.
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| * '''bi-'''
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| * '''daqeshan éyemwa bikopá.'''
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| : <small>give-PRF-1s food-ACC DAT-dog</small>
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| : ''I gave food to the dog.''
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| * '''ma (kayu) iban?'''
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| : <small>what (COP-3s) DAT-1s</small>
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| : ''What's for me?''
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| ==== locative ==== | |
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| The locative case indicates the place or time at which something happens. Its meaning can be translated by the English prepositions 'to', 'at', 'on', 'in' etc. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-(é)da''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, w''' and '''y'''. Often shortened to -'''éd''' after '''l, r, w''', and '''y'''.
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| * '''-úsh''' Added to words ending in '''d, g, h, k, q''' and '''t'''.
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| ==== ablative ====
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| The ablative case carries the meaning 'from' and shows separation away from an object. It is also used in comparisons and in this case translates as "than".
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| * '''-(é)sha'''
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| ==== comitative / instrumental ====
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| The instrumental/comitative case denotes accompaniment. It is translated as "with", "together with", "by", "with" or "through". An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since '''Ilya''' lacks a morphological adverb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-ha''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m''', and '''r'''.
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| :: '''sarha''' - quickly (with quickness)
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| * '''-ak''' Added to words ending in all others.
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| :: '''betak''' - using; with the house
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| === Vocative ===
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| === Affect (diminutive and augmentative) ===
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| == Pronouns ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
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| !
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| ! ''singular''
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| ! ''plural''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1
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| | '''-an'''
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| | '''-uk'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2
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| | '''-ti''' / '''-e'''
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| | '''-ut'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3
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| | '''-u''' / '''-a''' / '''il'''
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| | '''-um'''
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| |}
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| === Conjugation ===
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| There are two conjugations in '''Ilya''', easily identified by the final -'''ek''' or -'''rá''' in the infinitive. Sample conjugations are given below, as well as the forms for the irregular verb '''hará''' 'to be (permanent)'.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| !
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| | '''''hará'''''<br>be
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| | '''''ashek'''''<br>want
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| | '''''gelek'''''<br>arrive
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| | '''''shabrá'''''<br>know
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1s
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| | '''han'''
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| | '''ashan'''
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| | '''gelan'''
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| | '''shaban'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2s
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| | '''hati'''
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| | '''ashti'''
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| | '''gele'''
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| | '''shabti'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3s
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| | '''ilha'''
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| | '''ashu'''
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| | '''gelu'''
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| | '''shabu'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1p
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| | '''haquk'''
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| | '''ashuk'''
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| | '''geluk'''
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| | '''shabuk'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2p
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| | '''haqut'''
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| | '''ashut'''
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| | '''geli'''
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| | '''shabut'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3p
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| | '''umha'''
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| | '''ashum'''
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| | '''gelum'''
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| | '''shabum'''
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| |}
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| === Demonstrative pronouns ===
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| === Case ===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |- | |
| !
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| ! nominative
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| ! accusative
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| ! genitive
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| ! dative
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| |-
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| | '''1s''' || '''-an''' || '''eyan''' || '''nai''' || '''iban'''
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| |-
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| | '''2s''' || '''-ti''' / '''-e''' || '''eti''' / '''eye''' || '''tai''' || '''ibti'''
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| |-
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| | '''3s''' || '''-u''' / '''-a''' || '''eya''' || '''ai''' || '''ibu'''
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| |-
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| | '''1p''' || '''-uk''' || '''eyuk''' || '''kai''' || '''ibuk'''
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| |-
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| | '''2p''' || '''-ut''' / '''-í''' || '''eyut''' || '''wai''' || '''ibut'''
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| |-
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| | '''3p''' || '''-um''' || '''eyum''' || '''mai''' || '''imbu'''
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| |}
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| ==== direct object incorporation ====
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| Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of '''eya rayeshan''' (I saw her), '''rayeshana''' is grammatical. The DO pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of '''kawal rayeshanu''' (I saw (it) the horse), '''kawal rayeshan''' is grammatical.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |- | |
| ! verb
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| ! tense / aspect / mood
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| ! subject
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| ! object
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| |-
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| | '''ary''' || '''-esh''' || '''-an''' || '''-a'''
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| |-
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| | see || simple past || 1sg || 3sg.FEM
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| |-
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| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''I saw her.''
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| |}
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| == Prepositions ==
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| == Attributives ==
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| == Numbers ==
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| === Cardinal ===
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| === Ordinal ===
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| == Questions ==
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| === Affirmation & Negation ===
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| === Content Questions ===
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| === Answering ===
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| == Verbs ==
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| === Tense ===
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| === Aspect ===
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| === Mood ===
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| === Other modifiers ===
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| == Syntax ==
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| === Negation ===
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| === Conjunction ===
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| === Reported Speech ===
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| === Subordinate clauses ===
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| === Relative clauses ===
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