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= Phonology =
= tense =


== Consonants ==
==Present==
* '''Me pasea''' (''I walk, I am walking'')
* '''Me es en media de pasea''' (''I’m in the middle of walking'')  <small>If necessary to emphasize the action is in process</small>


* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.
==Past==
* '''Me ia pasea''' (''I walked, I had walked'', also: ''I was walking'')


{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center; width:40%;"
===Past perfect===
|+Consonants
* '''Me ia pasea ja''' (''I had walked already'')
!
!Labial
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m ('''m''')
|colspan=2|n ('''n''')
| ɲ ('''ny''')
|
|
|-
! Plosive
| p~b ('''p''')
|colspan=2|t~d ('''t''')
|
| k~g ('''g''')
| ʔ (''' ' ''')
|-
! Affricate
|
| ts~t͡ʃ ('''ts''') || t͡ɬ~tl ('''tl''')
|
|
|
|-
! Continuant
|
| s~ʃ ('''s''') || l~ɾ ('''l''')
|
|
| h~ɦ ('''h''')
|-
! Semivowel
|
|colspan=2|
| j ('''y''')
| w ('''u''')
|
|}


* '''Prenasalized''': /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
===Prospective perfect===
* '''Labialized''':/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ hʷ t͡ʃʷ/
* '''Me ia vade a pasea''' (''I was going to walk'', literally: ''I was going to walk, I went to walk'')
* '''Palatalized''': /pʲ kʲ mʲ hʲ/
* '''Me ia es a punto de pasea''' (''I was just about to walk'', literally:  ''I was at the point of walking'')


<small>Note: Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Kala''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s l h/ as [ʃ ɾ ɦ], and /t͡s t͡ɬ/ as [t͡ʃ t͡l]; also, vowels may be either long or short.</small>
===Imperfect===
* '''Me ia pasea''' (''I was walking'')
* '''Me ia es paseante''' (''I was walking'')  <small>If necessary to emphasize the action was in process</small>
* '''Me ia es en media de pasea''' (''I was in the middle of walking'')
* '''Me ia es en pasea''' (''I was walking'')


== Vowels ==
===Recent past===
{| class="wikitable"
* '''Me veni de pasea''' (''I just walked, I have just walked'')
|+Vowels
* '''Me es a fini de pasea''' (''I am at the end of walking, note: not yet done'')
!
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-align=center
!'''Close'''
|{{IPA|i~ɪ}} '''(i)''' || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
|-align=center
!'''Mid'''
|{{IPA|e~ɛ}} '''(e)''' || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
|-align=center
!'''Open'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|{{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)'''
|}


'''Kala''' has five vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and /u/. Each occurs in both stressed and unstressed syllables. Phonetic nasalization occurs for vowels occurring between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal, e.g. '''tsunka''' [ˈt͡ʃũᵑka] ('bug').
===Conditional perfect===
=== Diphthongs ===
* '''Me ia ta pasea''' (''I would have walked'')


Phonetically, Kala has only two diphthongs, both falling; [aɪ̯] and [aʊ̯], but there are five syllables that can be analyzed as rising diphthongs; [wa], [we], [ja], [je], and [jo]. The two triphthongs [waɪ̯] and [jaʊ̯] are very rare but should be noted as possible.
==Future==
* '''Me va pasea'''  (''I will walk'')


== Phonotactics ==
===Near future===
* '''Me va pasea''' (''I am going to walk, I will walk'')
* '''Me vade a pasea''' (''I am going to walk right now'', literally:  ''I go to walk, I am going to walk'')
* '''Me es a punto de pasea''' (''I am just about to walk'', literally: ''I am at the point of walking'')


'''Kala''' words are typically made up of [[wp:Syllable#Open_and_closed|open syllables]] of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with most words having syllables exclusively of this type. There is a limited set of syllables allowed by '''Kala''' phonotactics, similar to Japanese or Chinese.
===Future imperfect===
* '''Me va es paseante''' (''I will be walking'')  <small>If necessary to emphasize the action will be in process</small>
* '''Me va es en media de pasea'''  (''I will be in the middle of walking'')
* '''Me va es en pasea''' (''I will be walking'')


* /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and [[wp:Toponymy|toponyms]]).
===Future perfect===
* '''Me va pasea ja''' (''I will have walked'', literally: ''I will have walked already'')


== Stress ==
===Conditional===
[[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]] generally falls on the penultimate syllable, which means that stress is ''de facto'' initial in most lemma given that stems are most often (CVCV).
* '''Me ta pasea''' (''I would walk'')


=Word order=
===Imperative===
* '''Pasea plu rapida!''' (''Walk faster!'')


The basic structure of a '''Kala''' sentence is:
= 300 =


AGENT--PATIENT--VERB (or [[wp:Subject–object–verb|'''SOV''']])
== verbs ==


The agent is the person or thing doing the action described by the verb; The patient is the recipient of that action. The importance of word order can be seen by comparing the following sentences:
    be
    there is
    have
    do
    go
    want
    can
    need
    think
    know
    say
    like
    speak
    learn
    understand


* '''mita tlaka anya'''
== conjunctions ==
: <small>dog man see</small>
: ''The dog sees the man.''


* '''tlaka mita anya'''
    that (as in “I think that…” or “the woman that…”)
: <small>man dog see</small>
    and
: ''The man sees the dog.''
    or
    but
    because
    though
    so (meaning “therefore”; e.g. “I wanted it, so I bought it”)
    if


In both sentences, the words are identical, the only way to know who is seeing whom is by the order of the words in the sentence.
== prepositions ==


=Nouns=
    of
    to
    from
    in
    at (a place)
    at (a time)
    with
    about
    like (meaning “similar to”)
    for (warning, this one has several meanings that you need to take care of)
    before (also as a conjunction)
    after (also as a conjunction)
    during


Nouns in '''Kala''' are inflected only for number. Other relevant distinctions are animacy and possession, but these are not marked on the noun itself. Animacy plays a role both for pronoun choice and for the validity of some syntactic constructions.
== questions ==


==== Number Marking ====
    who
    what
    where
    when
    why
    how
    how much
    which


* Most nouns in '''Kala''' distinguish singular and plural number. There are several different “regular” ways to form the plural, which are to a certain degree predictable from the phonological shape of the singular form. Nouns can be marked [[wp:Plural|plural]] ('''PL''') by '''-m''' (or '''-lo''' if the final syllable contains /m/ or /p/, or, if the word begins with a vowel).
== adverbs ==
** In general the plural suffix is not used when the plurality of the noun is clear from context. For example, while the English sentence "there are three dogs" would use the plural "dogs" instead of the singular "dog", the '''Kala''' sentence '''mita ha'o a''' "dog three exist" keeps the word '''mita''' "dog" in its unmarked form, as the numeral makes the plural marker redundant.
** The collective plural is marked by '''tli'''-, derived from '''tatli''', meaning ‘group; collection; gathering’. It is mainly used to indicate collectives of animals, but can also indicate groups of flora, geographic features, and various other groupings. This is called the [[wp:Collective_noun|collective]] plural ('''COL''').
::
* <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>아다</b></big></font> - '''ata''' - name > <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>아다로</b></big></font> - '''atalo''' - names
* <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>미다</b></big></font> - '''mita''' – dog > <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>미담</b></big></font> - '''mitam''' - dogs > <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>티미다</b></big></font> - '''tlimita''' – a pack of dogs
* <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>야마</b></big></font> - '''yama''' – mountain > <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>티야마로</b></big></font> - '''tliyamalo''' – mountain ranges
* <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>자가</b></big></font> - '''tsaka''' – house > <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>티자가</b></big></font> - '''tlitsaka''' – neighborhood
* <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>브그</b></big></font> - '''puku''' – clothing > <font face="gungsuh"><big><b>티브그</b></big></font> - '''tlipuku''' – wardrobe


=Determiners=
    a lot
    a little
    well
    badly
    only
    also
    very
    too (as in “too tall”)
    too much
    so (as in “so tall”)
    so much
    more (know how to say “more … than …”)
    less (know how to say “less … than …”)
    as … as … (e.g. “as tall as”)
    most
    least
    better
    best
    worse
    worst
    now
    then
    here
    there
    maybe
    always
    usually
    often
    sometimes
    never
    today
    yesterday
    tomorrow
    soon
    almost
    already
    still
    even
    enough


The demonstratives can be prefixed to any noun to show [[Wikipedia:Deixis|deixis]]. Kala makes a three-way distinction. Typically there is a distinction between [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives|proximal]] or first person (objects near to the speaker), [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives|medial]] or second person (objects near to the addressee), and [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives|distal]] or third person (objects far from both).
== adjectives ==


{{col-begin}}
    the, a (technically articles)
{{col-break}}
    this
* '''itla''' ('''i-''') - this (near me)
    that
* '''uatla''' ('''ua-''') - that (near you)  
    good
* '''yetla''' ('''ye-''') - that (over there)
    bad
    all
    some
    no
    any
    many
    few
    most
    other
    same
    different
    enough
    one
    two
    a few
    first
    next
    last (meaning “past”, e.g. “last Friday”)
    last (meaning “final”)
    easy
    hard
    early
    late
    important
    interesting
    fun
    boring
    beautiful
    big
    small
    happy
    sad
    busy
    excited
    tired
    ready
    favorite
    new
    right (meaning “correct”)
    wrong
    true


Examples:
== pronouns ==


* '''imitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-few</small> - ''A few of these dogs''
    I
* '''yemitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Many of those dogs (over there)''
    you
* '''uamitali''' - <small>MED-dog-each</small> - ''Each of those dogs (near you)''
    she
{{col-break}}
    he
Quantifiers follow the noun that modify.
    it
    we
    you (plural)
    they


* '''kua''' ('''-kua''') - all; every; whole
== nouns ==
* '''oli''' ('''-li''') - each; every
* '''ula''' ('''-la''') - whatever; any; some
* '''mi''' ('''-mi''') - few; little
* '''nke''' ('''-k''') - none
* '''mpa''' ('''-mpa''') - many; much; a lot
* '''maha''' - more; plus
* '''ohi''' - less; fewer
{{col-end}}
=== correlative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 900px;"
|+ uatse
|-
!
! Proximal<br>'''i-'''
! Medial<br>'''ua-'''
! Distal<br>'''ye-'''
! Inclusive<br>'''-kua'''
! Negative<br>'''-k'''
! Indefinite<br>'''-la'''
|-
! mo<br>''place''
| '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there || '''yemua'''<br>over there || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>somewhere; anywhere
|-
! ko<br>''person''
| '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person<br>(over there) || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>someone; anyone
|-
! uku<br>''amount''
| '''iku'''<br>this much || '''uaku'''<br>that much || '''-''' || '''kua'''<br>all; every|| '''ok'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>some; any
|-
! ama<br>''time''
| '''ima'''<br>now, at present || '''uama'''<br>then; at that time || '''-''' || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''amak'''<br>never || '''tlama'''<br>sometime; anytime
|-
! so<br>''kind, type''
| '''iso'''<br>this kind || '''so'o'''<br>that kind || '''yeso'''<br>that kind<br>(over there) || '''sokua'''<br>all kinds || '''sok'''<br>no kind (at all) || '''sola'''<br>some/any kind
|-
! no<br>''thing''
| '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that<br>(over there) || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''nok'''<br>nothing; none || '''nola'''<br>something; anything
|-
! to<br>''manner, way''
| '''yoto'''<br>thus; like this; this way|| '''uato'''<br>that way || '''ato'''<br>that way<br>(over there) || '''tokua'''<br>every way || '''tok'''<br>no way || '''tola'''<br>somehow; anyway
|}


= Pronouns =
    everything
    something
    nothing
    everyone
    someone
    no one
    (name of the language you’re studying)
    English
    thing
    person
    place
    time (as in “a long time”)
    time (as in “I did it 3 times”)
    friend
    woman
    man
    money
    country
    (name of your home country)
    city
    language
    word
    food
    house
    store
    office
    company
    manager
    coworker
    job
    work (as in “I have a lot of work to do”)
    problem
    question
    idea
    life
    world
    day
    year
    week
    month
    hour
    mother, father, parent
    daughter, son, child
    wife, husband
    girlfriend, boyfriend


'''Kala''' agent pronouns are often omitted when the person is obvious from context. There are four persons in Kala. The 4th being inanimate, or indefinite. There is a special pronoun '''na'am''' which is used as the 1st person plural exclusive, meaning "We, but not you." The 3rd person plural is irregular, all other pronoun decline regularly. Pronouns do not inflect for gender; if gender is significant, one can use words like '''naka, tlaka, nahi, tahi''' (''the woman, the man, the girl, the boy''), etc.
== verbs 2 ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Personal pronouns:


* '''na''' - 1st person  
    work (as in a person working)
* '''ta''' - 2nd person
    work (meaning “to function”, e.g. “the TV works”)
* '''ha''' - 3rd person
    see
* '''tla''' - 4th person ("it", "one") (used for [[wp:Animacy|inanimate]] nouns)
    use
{{col-break}}
    should
Modifiers:
    believe
    practice
    seem
    come
    leave
    return
    give
    take
    bring
    look for
    find
    get (meaning “obtain”)
    receive
    buy
    try
    start
    stop (doing something)
    finish
    continue
    wake up
    get up
    eat
    eat breakfast (in several languages, this is a verb)
    eat lunch
    eat dinner
    happen
    feel
    create (aka “make”)
    cause (aka “make”)
    meet (meeting someone for the first time)
    meet (meaning “to bump into”)
    meet (an arranged meeting)
    ask (a question)
    ask for (aka “request”)
    wonder
    reply
    mean
    read
    write
    listen
    hear
    remember
    forget
    choose
    decide
    be born
    die
    kill
    live
    stay
    change
    help
    send
    study
    improve
    hope
    care


* '''-m''' - plural
== phrases ==
* '''-nku''' - [[wp:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal]] (only attaches to plural pronouns)
* '''e-''' - patient
* '''-i''' - reflexive
* '''-yo''' - possessive
{{col-break}}
Other pronouns include:


* '''tlokua''' - everyone, everybody
    hello
* '''kola''' - someone, somebody; whomever, anyone, anybody
    goodbye
* '''tlok''' - no one, nobody
    thank you
* '''nokua''' - everything
    you’re welcome
* '''nola''' - something; whatever, anything
    excuse me (to get someone’s attention)
* '''nok''' - nothing
    sorry
{{col-end}}
    it’s fine (response to an apology)
    please
    yes
    no
    okay
    My name is
    What’s your name?
    Nice to meet you.
    How are you?
    I’m doing well, how about you?
    Sorry? / What? (if you didn’t hear something)
    How do you say ______?
    What does ______ mean?
    I don’t understand.
    Could you repeat that?
    Could you speak more slowly, please?
    Well (as in “well, I think…”)
    Really?
    I guess that
    It’s hot. (talking about the weather)
    It’s cold. (talking about the weather)


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
= tp =
|+ nkalo
|-
!
! Agent
! Patient
! Reflexive
! Possessive
! Reciprocal
|-
! 1sg
| '''na''' || '''ena''' || '''na'i''' || '''nayo''' || '''-'''
|-
! 2sg
| '''ta''' || '''eta''' || '''ta'i''' || '''tayo''' || '''-'''
|-
! 3sg
| '''ha''' || '''eha''' || '''ha'i''' || '''hayo''' || '''-'''
|-
! 4sg
| '''tla''' || '''etla''' || '''tla'i''' || '''tlayo''' || '''-'''
|-
! 1pl<br>1pl exclusive
| '''nam'''<br>'''na'am''' || '''enam'''<br>'''ena'am''' || '''nami'''<br>'''na'ami''' || '''namyo'''<br>'''na'amyo''' || '''nanku'''<br>'''na'anku'''
|-
! 2pl
| '''tam''' || '''etam''' || '''tami''' || '''tamyo''' || '''tanku'''
|-
! 3pl
| '''kam''' || '''ekam''' || '''kami''' || '''kamyo''' || '''kanku'''
|-
! 4pl
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo''' || '''tlanku'''
|}


=Verbs=


Verbs in Kala are either active or or stative. Active verbs solely denote actions and occurrences and never states in Kala. Stative verbs are the words that modify nouns in an attributive and often adjectival way. They often express a state like a quality or result.
a あ (jp), 啊(zh)
    interj ah, ha, uh, oh, ooh, aw, well (emotion word)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    kri ho, ha, uf, nu, oj, aŭ (emocivorto)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


==== tense ====


Kala has three simple tenses; past, present, and future. Present tense is unmarked. However, past ('''-ye''') and future ('''-tli''') tenses can be modified to include immediate future ("''is about to''..."), distant future ("''will...in a long while''"), recent past ("''just'' ..."), and remote past ("...''a long while ago''"). These distinctions are made with the augmentative and diminutive endings '''-ha''' and '''-hi'''.
akesi 獣 (jp), 龟 (zh) gui1
    n non-cute animal, reptile, amphibian
    o malkaresinda besto, rampulo, amfibio
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    noun creeping animal, a scaly or slimy animal that creeps on land
    noun reptile, any air-breathing cold-blooded animal that crawls on land and has scales and bones; reptile
    noun amphibian, any cold-blooded animal with bones that lives on both land and in water; amphibian
    noun large arthropod, a large arthropod that lives on land; scorpion
    describer like an akesi in appearance
    describerhaving the characteristics or properties of an akesi


* The present tense can show immediacy by using the adverb '''ima''', "now; at this time":
:'''ima mita ina''' - <small>now dog eat</small> - ''The dog is eating right now.''


* If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted.
ala 無 (jp), 不(zh) bu2
:Example: '''yomaye nam ina''' - <small>yesterday 1pl eat</small> - We ate yesterday.
    mod no, not, none, un-
    n nothing, negation, zero
    interj no!
    a ne, neniu
    o nenio, neado, nul
    kri ne!
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    describer not, not such; no, not
    describer no, zero, no quantity of; no, zero
    describer un-, opposite of; un-
    noun the state, situation or general phenomenon of being ala; absence, emptiness, negation, nothing, zero
    interjection a short, sudden or emotional expression of ala; no!


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|+ eme
|-
!
! Kala
! gloss
! English
|-
! Present
| '''mita ina''' || <small>dog eat</small> || ''The dog eats.''
|-
! Past
| '''mita inaye''' || <small>dog eat-PST</small> || ''The dog ate.''
|-
! Recent Past
| '''mita inayehi'''<br>or '''-hye''' || <small>dog eat-REC</small> || ''The dog just ate.''<br>(action just finished)
|-
! Remote Past
| '''mita inayeha''' || <small>dog eat-REM</small> || ''The dog ate long ago.''<br>(before the lifetime of the speaker)
|-
! Future
| '''mita inatli''' || <small>dog eat-FUT</small> || ''The dog will eat.''
|-
! Immediate Future
| '''mita inatlihi'''<br>or '''-tlai''' || <small>dog eat-IMM</small> || ''The dog will eat soon.''<br>(within the day)
|-
! Distant Future
| '''mita inatliha''' || <small>dog eat-DIS</small> || ''The dog will eat a long while from now.''<br>(months from now)
|}


==== aspect ====
alasa 探 (jp)
    * This wasn't on the classic list.
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    transitive verb to gather, to collect food, resources or material needed for daily life and survival; to gather, harvest
    transitive verb to hunt, to pursue and kill animals to use as food and clothing; to hunt


There are four aspects in Kala. The progressive, also called the [[Wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|continuous]] ['''CONT'''], this is used to express an incomplete action or state in progress at a specific time. It is marked with '''-nko''', from '''nkoso''' - "to continue; proceed; progress". The [[Wikipedia:Perfective_aspect|perfective]] aspect indicates that an action is completed ['''PFV''']. It is often translated by the English present perfect (''have done some-thing''). It is marked with '''-pua''', from '''opua''' - "to end; finish; complete". The [[Wikipedia:Inchoative_aspect|inchoative]] aspect refers to the beginning of a state ['''INCH''']. It is marked with '''-mu''', from '''mula''' - "to begin; start; initiate". The [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]  aspect refers to a repeated action ['''FREQ''']. It is marked with '''-nua''', from '''nua''' - "frequent; often; regular".


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
ale, ali, 全 (jp), 全 (zh) quan2
|+ ti'a
    n everything, anything, life, the universe
|-
    mod all, every, complete, whole
!
    current jan Sonja, drafts
! Kala
    (ambaŭ variaĵoj estas ĝustaj)
! gloss
    o ĉio, la vivo, la universo
! English
    a ĉiu(j), tuta, kompleta
|-
    Tatoeba corpus (ale)
! Progressive
    Tatoeba corpus (ali)
| '''mita inanko''' || <small>dog eat-CONT</small> || ''The dog is eating.''
    tokipona.net corpus (ale)
|-
    tokipona.net corpus (ali)
! Perfective
    Forvo pronunciation (ale)
| '''mita inapua''' || <small>dog eat-PFV</small> || ''The dog has eaten.''
    Forvo pronunciation (ali)
|-
! Inchoative
| '''mita inamu''' || <small>dog eat-INCH</small> || ''The dog begins to eat.''
|-
! Frequentative
| '''mita inanua''' || <small>dog eat-FREQ</small> || ''The dog eats often.''
|}


==== mood ====


The negative mood (always marked finally) is indicated by the suffix –'''k''' or '''–nke''' (when the last syllable contains /k/).
anpa 下 (jp), 下(zh) xia4
    n bottom, lower part, under, below, floor, beneath
    mod low, lower, bottom, down
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o malsupro, subo, suba parto, planko
    a malsupra, suba
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


* '''mita inayek''' - <small>dog eat-PST-NEG</small> - ''The dog did not eat.''
* '''mita mokunke''' - <small>dog sleep-NEG</small> - ''The dog does not sleep.''


==== affix ordering ====
ante 变 (jp), 变 (zh) bian4
    n difference
    mod different
    conj otherwise, or else
    vt change, alter, modify
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o diferenco, malsameco
    a alia, malsama
    kunt alie, aliokaze
    vtr ŝanĝi, aliigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


Verbs can be marked with several suffixes to add or change meaning. The modals and tense affixes can be added in different order to a verb to create a new meaning…their placement is not always fixed. The negative, adjectival, and plural ending are always final, while other affixes can be varied, but in general they should be ordered:


<tt>STEM-(SIZE/IMPORTANCE)-(MOOD)-(ASPECT)-(TENSE)-(NEGATIVE)</tt>
anu ぬ (jp), 或 (zh) huo4
    conj or
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    konj aŭ
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


Example:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
awen 待 (jp), 守 (zh) shou3
|+
    vi stay, wait, remain
|-
    vt keep
! Verb Stem
    mod remaining, stationary, permanent, sedentary
! Size/Importance
    current jan Sonja, drafts
! Mood
    vntr resti, atendi, daŭri
! Aspect
    vtr gardi
! Tense
    a restanta, cetera, daŭra
! Negative
    Tatoeba corpus
|-
    tokipona.net corpus
| '''empa''' || '''-hi''' || '''-pa'''  || '''-nko''' || '''-ye''' || '''-k'''
    Forvo pronunciation
|-
| run || DIM || ABIL || PROG  || PST || NEG
|}


* '''na empahipankoyek'''
: <small>1SG run-DIM-able-PROG-PST-NEG</small>
: ''I was not able to keep jogging.''


==== relative ====
e え(jp), 把 (zh) ba3
In a relative clause, the verb has the suffix '''-tle''' (or '''-le''' if the final syllable contains /tl/) added to it. The order of the words in relative clauses remains the same as in regular clauses. The use of participles in Kala is rather different than in English and at first sight is difficult to understand. This is mainly due to the fact that the relative pronouns ''who, what, which, where'' are not used in Kala as in English.
    sep (introduces a direct object)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    div -n (indikas, ke akuzativon sekvas)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


* '''yalapa''' - ''to be able to walk'' produces: '''yalapatle''' - ''who/which/that can walk''
* '''yalapak''' - ''to not be able to walk'' produces: '''yalapanketle''' - ''who/which/that can't walk''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
This nominalizes the verb in some cases, and makes it possible for it to be either the subject or the object.


* '''na ke tlaka nya inama talatle unya'''
en ん (jp), 又 (zh) you4
: <small>1sg O man for eat-time come-REL know</small>
    conj and (used to coordinate head nouns)
: ''I know the man who is coming to lunch.''
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    konj kaj (uzata por kunordigi o-vortojn)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


* '''ke naka patlole pako'''
: <small>O woman sweep-REL young</small>
: ''The woman who is sweeping is young.''
{{col-break}}
The relative suffix is most often in the final position. In some cases, it may be followed by the negative '''-k'''.


* '''itsaka na sutahuetle'''
esun 市 (jp),
: <small>PROX-house 1sg reside-LOC-REL</small>
    n market, shop
: ''This is the house in which I live.''
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


* '''itsaka na sutahueyetlek'''
: <small>PROX-house 1sg reside-LOC-PST-REL-NEG</small>
: ''This is the house in which I did not live.''
{{col-end}}


= Adjectives =
ijo 物 (jp),事 (zh) shi4
Kala does not have adjectives as a distinct part of speech. Instead, many intransitive verbs can be used as adjectives. This leaves open to interpretation many phrases.
    n thing, something, stuff, anything, object
{{Col-begin}}
    mod of something
{{Col-break}}
    vt objectify
* '''mita inya''' - <small>dog be.hungry</small>
    current jan Sonja, drafts
** ''The dog hungers.''
    n aĵo, afero, io, objekto
** ''The dog is hungry.''
    a de io, pri io
** ''The hungry dog.''
    vtr objektigi
** ''A hungry dog.''
    Tatoeba corpus
{{Col-break}}
    tokipona.net corpus
* '''tsaka ketlahi''' - <small>house be.red-DIM</small>
    Forvo pronunciation
** ''The house is a little red.''
** ''The light-red house.''
** ''A pale red house.''
{{Col-break}}
* '''taki saua''' - <small>coat be.wet</small>
** ''The coat is wet.''
** ''The wet coat.''
** ''A wet coat.''
{{Col-break}}
* '''umalo tahaku''' - <small>horse-PL be.big-extreme</small>
** ''The horses are extremely large.''
** ''The very big horses.''
{{Col-end}}
==== comparison ====
In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective (verb) are merged into a single form, the [[Wikipedia:Elative_(gradation)|elative]]. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka'''
: <small>house 3sg.POSS O 1sg.POSS big-AUG</small>
: ''His house is bigger than mine.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ke mauam tayo yanaha'''
: <small>O flower.PL 2sg.POSS yellow-AUG</small>
: ''Your flowers are the most yellow.''
{{col-break}}
* '''iyapo ke tsaka tayo pakoha'''
: <small>PROX-building O home 2sg new-AUG</small>
: ''This building is newer than your home.''
{{col-end}}


=Adverbs=


=Prepositions=
ike 悪, 歹 (zh) dai3
    mod bad, negative, wrong, evil, overly complex, (figuratively) unhealthy
    interj oh dear! woe! alas!
    n negativity, badness, evil
    vt to make bad, to worsen, to have a negative effect upon
    vi to be bad, to suck
    [sounds like icky]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a malbona, aĉa, malĝusta, malica, tro kompleksa, (figure) malsana
    kri ho ve!
    o negativeco, malbono, malico
    vtr malbonigi, noci
    vntr aĉi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


Kala does not have prepositions (or postpositions) as a distinct part of speech. Instead, many locative verbs can be used as adpositionals, in which case they precede the noun they modify. There is one general locative (-'''hue''') which is affixed to nouns (and occasionally verbs) to indicate the sense of “at; in; on”. Here are some common verbs used as [[wp:Preposition_and_postposition|adpositions]]:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* '''pahe''' - against; touching
* '''pa'e''' - apart from; other than; except for
* '''paye''' - beyond; exceeding; farther than
* '''pue''' - after; back; behind; rear
* '''tahe''' - below; beneath; under
* '''ka'e''' - to; towards; at [moving toward]
* '''kaye''' - around; encircling; surrounding
* '''mahe''' - around; approximate; close to
* '''ma'a''' - with [accompanied by / furnished with]
* '''ma'e''' - before; in front
* '''maye''' - between; among
{{Col-2}}
* '''nahe ''' - in [located inside of]; internal
* '''nyaue''' - outside of; exterior to
* '''sahe''' - across; opposite; other side
* '''saye''' - along; following [a line]
* '''hue / -hue''' - at [in the same location as] [LOC]
* '''tsa'e''' - across; through
* '''ua'e''' - above; over / on
* '''uaye''' - from [moving out of or away from]
* '''ya'e''' - near; close to
* '''yomo''' - to the right of
* '''yoso''' - to the left of
{{Col-end}}


ilo 具 (jp), 匕 (zh) bi3
    n tool, device, machine, thing used for a specific purpose
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o ilo, maŝino
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


=Coordinating conjunctions=


=Questions=
insa 内 (jp), 内 (zh) nei4
    n inside, inner world, centre, stomach
    mod inner, internal
    [inside]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o eno, interno, interna mondo, centro, ventro
    a ena, interna
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


=Clauses=


=Numbers=
jaki 汚 (jp), 污 (zh) wu1, or 汙
    mod dirty, gross, filthy
    n dirt, pollution, garbage, filth
    vt pollute, dirty
    interj ew! yuck!
    [yucky]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a malpura, naŭza
    o malpuro, poluo, rubo
    vtr malpurigi, polui
    kri kiom naŭze!
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|+
|-
! Kala
! number
! English
! Kala
! number
! English
! Kala
! number
! English
|-
| '''ye'o''' || 0 || zero || '''tsa'o''' || 6 || six || '''nya'o''' || 500 || five hundred
|-
| '''na'o''' || 1 || one || '''ka'o''' || 7 || seven || '''tle'o''' || 10<sup>3</sup> || (one) thousand
|-
| '''ta'o''' || 2 || two || '''pa'o''' || 8 || eight || '''mue'o''' || 10<sup>4</sup> || ten thousand
|-
| '''ha'o''' || 3 || three || '''sa'o''' || 9 || nine || '''kye'o''' || 10<sup>5</sup> || (one) hundred thousand
|-
| '''ma'o''' || 4 || four || '''ue'o''' || 10 || ten || '''nte'o''' || 10<sup>6</sup> || (one) million
|-
| '''ya'o''' || 5 || five || '''nye'o''' || 100 || (one) hundred || '''hue'o''' || 10<sup>9</sup> || (one) billion
|}


==== Forming Larger Numbers ====
jan 人 (jp), 人 (zh) ren2
    n person, people, human, being, somebody, anybody
    mod human, somebody's, personal, of people
    vt personify, humanize, personalize
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a homo, ulo, persono, estaĵo, iu
    o homa, ies, persona
    vtr personigi, homigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11
* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20
* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107
* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') / '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024


==== Other Number Forms ====
jelo 黄 (jp), 黄 (zh) huang2
    mod yellow, light green
    [yellow]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a flava, helverda
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|+
 
|-
jo 有 (jp), 有 (zh) you3
! Kala
    vt have, contain
! number
    n having
! English
    kama receive, get, take, obtain
! ordinal
    current jan Sonja, drafts
! multiple
    vtr havi, enhavi, enteni
! fractional
    o havado
|-
    kama ricevi, preni
| '''na'o''' || 1 || one  || '''kina'o'''<br>first || '''tina'o'''<br>once || -
    Tatoeba corpus
|-
    tokipona.net corpus
| '''ueta'o''' || 12 || twelve || '''kiueta'o'''<br>twelfth  || '''tiueta'o'''<br>twelve times || '''iueta'o'''<br>a twelfth
    Forvo pronunciation
|-
 
| '''yauema'o'''<br>'''(yama'o)''' || 54 || fifty four  || '''kiyama'o'''<br>fifty fourth || '''tiyama'o'''<br>54 times || '''iyama'o'''<br>a fifty fourth
|-
 
| '''nyetsa'o''' || 106 || one hundred (and) six || '''kinyetsa'o'''<br>106<sup>th</sup> || '''tinyetsa'o'''<br>106 times || '''inyetsa'o'''<br>a 106<sup>th</sup>
kala 魚, 鱼 (zh) yu2
|-
    n fish, sea creature
| '''katle'o''' || 7000 || seven thousand  || '''kikatle'o'''<br>seven thousandth || '''tikatle'o'''<br>7000 times || '''ikatle'o'''<br>1/7000
    current jan Sonja, drafts
|}
    o fiŝo, marbesto
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kalama 音 (jp), 音(zh) yin4
    n sound, noise, voice
    vi make noise
    vt sound, ring, play (an instrument)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o sono, bruo, voĉo
    vntr soni, brui, sonori
    vtr sonigi, ludi (instrumenton)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kama 来 (jp), 到 (zh) dao4
    vi come, become, arrive, happen, pursue actions to arrive to (a certain state), manage to, start to
    n event, happening, chance, arrival, beginning
    mod coming, future
    vt bring about, summon
    [come up]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vntr veni, iĝi, aperi, alveni, okazi, agi por veni al (iu stato), sukcesi, ek-
    o evento, okazo, hazardo, veno, komenco
    a venanta, estonta
    vtr venigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kasi 木 (jp), 木 (zh) mu4
    n plant, leaf, herb, tree, wood
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o planto, folio, herbo, arbo, ligno
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
ken 能 (jp), 能 (zh) neng2
    vi can, is able to, is allowed to, may, is possible
    n possibility, ability, power to do things, permission
    vt make possible, enable, allow, permit
    cont it is possible that
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vntr povi, kapabli, rajti
    o povo, kapablo, rajto
    vtr ebligi, rajtigi, permesi
    kunt eblas, ke
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kepeken 使 (jp), 用 (zh) yong4
    vt use
    prep with
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vtr uzi
    prep per
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kili 果 (jp), 果, (zh) guo3
    n fruit, pulpy vegetable, mushroom
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o frukto, pulpa legomo, fungo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kin 又 (jp), 也 (zh) ye3
    mod also, too, even, indeed (emphasizes the word(s) before it)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a ankaŭ, eĉ, ja (akcentas la vorto(j)n antaŭ ĝi)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kipisi 切
    * this wasn't in the original classic word list.
    to cut
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kiwen 石 (jp), 石 (zh) shi2
    mod hard, solid, stone-like, made of stone or metal
    n hard thing, rock, stone, metal, mineral, clay
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a malmola, dura, solida, ŝton(ec)a, metala
    o malmolaĵo, ŝtono, metalo, mineralo, argilo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
ko 粉 (jp), 膏 (zh) gao1
    n semi-solid or squishy substance, e.g. paste, powder, gum
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o duonsolida aŭ premebla substanco, ekz. pasto, pulvoro, gumo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kon 空 (jp), 气 (zh) qi4
    n air, wind, smell, soul
    mod air-like, ethereal, gaseous
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o aero, vento, odoro, animo
    a aera, gasa
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kule 色 (jp), 色 (zh) se4
    n colour, paint
    mod colourful
    vt colour, paint
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o koloro, farbo
    a kolora, bunta
    vtr kolori, farbi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kute 聞 (jp), 耳 (zh) er3
    vt listen, hear
    mod auditory, hearing
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vtr aŭskulti, aŭdi
    a aŭda, aŭskulta
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
kulupu 群 (jp), 组 (zh) zu3
    n group, community, society, company, people
    mod communal, shared, public, of the society
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o grupo, komunumo, socio, firmao, popolo
    a komuna, publika, socia
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
la ら (jp), 喇 (zh) la1
    sep (between adverb or phrase of context and sentence)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    div (inter kunteksta adverbo aŭ esprimo kaj la frazo)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lape 眠 (jp), 觉 (zh) jiao
    n, vi sleep, rest
    mod sleeping, of sleep
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o dormo, ripozo
    vntr dormi, ripozi a dormanta, dorma, ripoza
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
laso 青 (jp), 青 (zh) qing1
    mod blue, blue-green
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a blua, bluverda
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lawa 首 (jp), 首 (zh) shou3
    n head, mind
    mod main, leading, in charge
    vt lead, control, rule, steer
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o kapo, menso
    a ĉefa, estra
    vtr estri, regi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
len 布 (jp), 巾 (zh) jin1
    n clothing, cloth, fabric
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o vesto(j), vestaĵo, ŝtofo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lete 冷 (jp), 冰 (zh) bing1
    n cold
    mod cold, uncooked
    vt cool down, chill
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o malvarmo
    a malvarma, frida, nekuirita
    vtr malvarmigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
li り (jp), 哩 (zh) li
    sep "(between any subject except mi and sina and its verb; also used to introduce a new verb for the same subject)"
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    div (inter iu ajn subjekto, krom mi kaj sina, kaj ties verbo; ankaŭ uzata por enkonduki novan verbon por la sama subjekto)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lili 小 (jp), 小 (zh) xiao3
    mod small, little, young, a bit, short, few, less
    vt reduce, shorten, shrink, lessen
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a malgranda, eta, juna, iomete, mallonga, malalta, malmulte, malpli
    vtr malpliigi, mallongigi, malgrandigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
linja 糸 (jp), 糸 (zh) mi4
    n long, very thin, floppy thing, e.g. string, rope, hair, thread, cord, chain
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o longa, tre maldika, malfirma objekto, ekz. ŝnuro, haro(j), ĉeno
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lipu 葉 (jp), 叶 (zh) ye4
    n flat and bendable thing, e.g. paper, card, ticket
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o plata kaj faldebla objekto, ekz. papero, karto, bileto
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
loje 赤 (jp), 红 (zh) hong2
    mod red
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a ruĝa
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lon 在 (jp), 在 (zh) zai4
    prep be (located) in/at/on
    vi be there, be present, be real/true, exist, be awake
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    prep esti en/ĉe/sur/je
    vntr ĉeesti, esti tie, veri, ekzisti, esti veka
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
luka 手 (jp), 手 (zh) shou3
    n hand, arm
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o mano, brako
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lukin 見 (jp), 看 (zh) kan4 (or 见 jian4)
    vt see, look at, watch, read
    vi look, watch out, pay attention
    mod visual(ly)
    [looking]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vtr vidi, rigardi, spekti, observi, legi
    vntr rigardi, atenti
    a vida, vide
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
lupa 穴 (jp), 孔 (zh) kong3
    n hole, orifice, window, door
    [sounds like loop]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o truo, aperturo, orifico, fenestro, pordo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
ma 土 (jp), 土 (zh) tu3
    n land, earth, country, (outdoor) area
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o tero, lando, (ekstera) tereno
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mama 母 (jp), 母 (zh) mu3
    n parent, mother, father
    mod of the parent, parental, maternal, fatherly
    [sounds like momma]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o patrino, patro
    a gepatra, patra, patrina
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mani 貝 (jp), 元 (zh) yuan2 (or 贝 bei4)
    n money, material wealth, currency, dollar, capital
    [money]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o mono, materia havaĵo, valuto, dolaro, kapitalo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
meli 女 (jp), 女 (zh) nü3/nv3
    n woman, female, girl, wife, girlfriend
    mod female, feminine, womanly
    [Mary]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o ino, virino, edzino, koramikino, femalo
    a ina, ineca
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mi 私 (jp), 我 (zh) wo3
    n I, we
    mod my, our
    [me]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o mi, ni
    a mia, nia
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mije 男 (jp), 男 (zh) nan2
    n man, male, boy, husband, boyfriend
    mod male, masculine, manly
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o viro, edzo, masklo
    a vira, vireca
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
moku 食 (jp), 菜 (zh) cai4
    n food, meal
    vt eat, drink, swallow, ingest, consume
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o manĝ(aĵ)o
    vtr manĝi, trinki, gluti, enstomakigi, konsumi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
moli 死 (jp), 死 (zh) si3
    n death
    vi die, be dead
    vt kill
    mod dead, deadly, fatal
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o morto
    vntr morti, esti morta
    vtr mortigi
    a morta, mortiga
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
monsi 後 (jp), 后 (zh) hou4
    n back, rear end, butt, behind
    mod back, rear
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o dorso, malantaŭo, pugo
    a dorsa, malantaŭa
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mu む (jp), 吽 (zh) ou2,hou2
    interj woof! meow! moo! etc. (cute animal noise)
    [moo]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    kri blek! ŭa! miaŭ! ra! ktp (ĉarma bestokrio)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mun 月 (jp), 月 (zh) yue4
    n moon
    mod lunar
    [moon]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o luno
    a luna
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
musi 楽 (jp), 玩 (zh) wan2
    n fun, playing, game, recreation, art, entertainment
    mod artful, fun, recreational
    vi play, have fun
    vt amuse, entertain
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o amuzo, ludo, distaĵo, arto
    a arta, amuza, distra, luda
    vntr ludi, amuziĝi
    vtr amuzi, distri
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
mute 多 (jp), 大 (zh) da
    mod many, very, much, several, a lot, abundant, numerous, more
    n amount, quantity
    vt make many or much
    [multi]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a multaj, tre, pluraj, multe, pli da
    o kvanto, multo, kiomo
    vtr multigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
namako 冗
    * this word is new
    extra, addtional, spice
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
nanpa 番 (jp), 个 (zh) ge4
    n number
    oth -th (ordinal numbers)
    [number]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o numero
    ali -a (unua, dua, ktp)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
nasa 狂 (jp), 怪 (zh) guai4
    mod silly, crazy, foolish, drunk, strange, stupid, weird
    vt drive crazy, make weird
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a freneza, stulta, ebria, stranga
    vtr frenezigi, strangigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
nasin 道 (jp), 道 (zh) dao4
    n way, manner, custom, road, path, doctrine, system, method
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o maniero, vojo, strato, kutimo, -ismo, sistemo, metodo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
nena 丘 (jp), 山 (zh) shan1
    n bump, nose, hill, mountain, button
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o elstaraĵo, nazo, mont(et)o, butono
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
ni 此 (jp), 这 (zh) zhe4
    mod this, that
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a tiu, ĉi tiu, ĉi-, jena
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
nimi 称 (jp), 名 (zh) ming2
    n word, name
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o vorto, nomo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
noka 足 (jp), 足 (zh) zu2
    n leg, foot
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o kruro, gambo, piedo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
o お (jp), 令 (zh) ling4
    sep O (vocative or imperative)
    interj hey! (calling somebody's attention)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    div ho (vokativo aŭ u-tempo)
    kri he! (por altiri ies atenton)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
oko 目 (jp), 目 (zh) mu4
    n eye
    [similar to oculist]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o okulo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
olin 愛 (jp), 爱 (zh) ai4
    n love
    mod love
    vt to love (a person)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o amo
    a ama
    vtr ami (iun)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
ona 彼 (jp), 他 (zh) ta1
    n she, he, it, they
    mod her, his, its, their
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o ŝi, li, ĝi, ili
    a ŝia, lia, ĝia, ilia
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
open 開 (jp), 开 (zh) kai1
    vt open, turn on
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vtr malfermi, ŝalti
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pakala 打 (jp), 打 (zh) da3
    n blunder, accident, mistake, destruction, damage, breaking
    vt screw up, fuck up, botch, ruin, break, hurt, injure, damage, spoil, ruin
    vi screw up, fall apart, break
    interj damn! fuck!
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o fuŝo, akcidento, katastrofo, detruo, eraro, damaĝo, rompo
    vtr fuŝi, rompi, vundi, damaĝi
    vtr fuŝiĝi, disfali, rompiĝi
    kri fek!
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pali 作 (jp), 工 (zh) gong1
    n activity, work, deed, project
    mod active, work-related, operating, working
    vt do, make, build, create
    vi act, work, function
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o ag(ad)o, laboro, faro, projekto
    a aga, labora, aktiva, funkcia
    vtr fari, konstrui, krei
    vntr agi, labori, funkcii
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
palisa 棒 (jp), 支 (zh) zhi1
    n long, mostly hard object, e.g. rod, stick, branch
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o longa kaj ĉefe malmola objekto, ekz. stango, bastono, branĉo, vergo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pan 米 (jp), 米 (zh) mi3
    n grain, cereal
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pana 授 (jp), 给 (zh) gei3
    vt give, put, send, place, release, emit, cause
    n giving, transfer, exchange
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vtr doni, meti, sendi, eligi, kaŭzi
    o dono, sendado, interŝanĝo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pata 氏 (Obsolete, see end for what this means)
    n brother
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pi ぴ (jp), 的 (zh) de
    sep of, belonging to
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    div de, apartenanta al
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pilin 心 (jp), 想 (zh) xiang3 (or 心 xin1)
    n feelings, emotion, heart
    vi feel
    vt feel, think, sense, touch
    [feeling]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o sentoj, emocio, koro
    vntr senti sin
    vtr senti, opinii, pensi, sensi, tuŝi, palpi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pimeja 黒 (jp), 黑 (zh) hei1
    mod black, dark
    n darkness, shadows
    vt darken
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a nigra, malluma, malhela
    o mallumo, nigro
    vtr mallumigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pini 終 (jp), 末 (zh) mo4
    n end, tip
    mod completed, finished, past, done, ago
    vt finish, close, end, turn off
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o fino, ekstremo, pinto
    a fina, finita, pasinta, farita, antaŭ
    vtr fini, fermi, malŝalti
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pipi 虫 (jp), 虫 (zh) chong2
    n bug, insect, spider
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o insekto, araneo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
poka 側 (jp), 旁 (zh) pang2
    n side, hip, next to
    prep in the accompaniment of, with
    mod neighbouring
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o flanko, kokso, apudo
    prep en la akompano de, kun
    a apuda, najbara
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
poki 箱 (jp), 包 (zh) bao1
    n container, box, bowl, cup, glass
    [box]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o ujo, skatolo, bovlo, taso, glaso
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
pona 良 (jp), 好 (zh) hao3
    n good, simplicity, positivity
    mod good, simple, positive, nice, correct, right
    interj great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!
    vt improve, fix, repair, make good
    [bonam]
    o bona, simplo, pozitivo
    a bona, simpla, pozitiva, afabla, ĝusta
    kri bone! bonege! dankon! en ordo!
    vtr (pli)bonigi, ripari
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    describer beneficial; good
    describer benevolent; altruistic, kind, symbiotic
    describer helpful; cooperating
    describer ideal
    describer conducive to overall wellness
 
 
sama 同 (jp), 同 (zh) tong2
    mod same, similar, equal, of equal status or position
    prep like, as, seem
    a sama, simila, egala, samgrava, samsituacia
    prep kiel, ŝajni
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    adjective filling the same or a similar role; equivalent
    adjective self-
 
 
seli 火 (jp), 火 (zh) huo3
    n fire, warmth, heat
    mod hot, warm, cooked
    vt heat, warm up, cook
    o fajro, varmo
    a varma, kuirita
    vtr varmigi, kuiri
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    noun fire, a force of nature or chemical reaction that releases heat and light, potentially causing destruction; fire, lightning, explosion, exothermic reaction
    noun heat source, something that provides heat
    noun cooking source, something that provides heat for preparing food
    noun light source, something that provides light
    transitive verbto use seli on
 
 
selo 皮 (jp), 甲 (zh) jia3
    n outside, surface, skin, shell, bark, shape, peel
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o ekstero, supraĵo, haŭto, ŝelo, formo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
seme 何 (jp), 什 (zh) she2
    oth what, which, wh- (question word)
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    ali ki- (demandovorto)
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
sewi 上 (jp), 上 (zh) shang4
    n high, up, above, top, over, on
    mod superior, elevated, religious, formal
    o alto, supro, supero, suro
    a supera, alta, nobla, religia, formala
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    awe-inspiring, inspiring a feeling of wonder, respect and fear; venerable, reverend, estimable, honourable, awe-inspiring, humbling, mesmerizing, venerable, reverend, honourable, looked up to in adoration
    captivating, causing a hypnotizing effect, able to hold people in an uncontrollable state of admiration; spellbinding, fascinating, mesmerizing, hypnotic, mysteriously impressive, captivating, enchanting
    having higher powers or effects
    supernatural
    interpreted as belonging to a world beyond the ordinary and physical; transcendent, transcending, divine, magical, mysterious, wondrous, miraculous
    causing supernormal stimulus
    idealized
    worshipped
    physically deep
    figuratively deep
 
 
sijelo 体 (jp), 身 (zh) shen1
    n body, physical state
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o korpo, fizika stato
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
sike 丸 (jp), 回 (zh) hui2
    n circle, wheel, sphere, ball, cycle
    mod round, cyclical
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o rondo, cirklo, rado, sfero, bulo, pilko, ciklo
    a ronda, cikla
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
sin 新 (jp), 新 (zh) xin1
    mod new, fresh, another, more
    vt renew, renovate, freshen
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a nova, freŝa, alia, ankorŭ (da)
    vtr (re)novigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
sina 君 (jp), 你 (zh) ni3
    n you
    mod your
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o vi
    a via
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
sinpin 前 (jp), 前 (zh) qian2
    n front, chest, torso, face, wall
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o antaŭo, brusto, torso, vizaĝo, muro
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
sitelen 画 (jp), 画 (zh) hua4
    n picture, image
    vt draw, write
    o bildo, foto, imago, desegno
    vtr desegni, skribi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    noun representation, a visual or tactile work that serves to show, describe, explain or remind us of something else; representation, model
    noun picture, specific lines and shapes marked on a surface; drawing, print, painting, image, sign, sketch, outline, blueprint, etching, picture,
    noun diagram, chart, graph
    noun sculpture , an object made into the shape of something; carving, sculpture, figurine, replica
 
 
sona 知 (jp), 知 (zh) zhi1/4
    n knowledge, wisdom, intelligence, understanding
    vt know, understand, know how to
    vi know, understand
    kama learn, study
    o scioj, saĝeco, inteligenteco, kompreno
    vtr scii, kompreni, koni
    vntr scii, kompreni
    kama lerni, studi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    system of knowledge or beliefs
 
 
soweli 猫 (jp), 马 (zh) ma3 (or 牛 niu2)
    n animal, especially land mammal, lovable animal
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o besto, precipe tera mambesto, aminda besto
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
suli 大 (jp), 高 (zh) gao1
    mod big, tall, long, adult, important
    vt enlarge, lengthen
    n size
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a granda, alta, longa, plenaĝa, grava
    vtr grandigi, longigi
    o grandeco
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
suno 日 (jp), 日 (zh) ri4 (or 光 guang1)
    n sun, light
    o suno, lumo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    describer having the qualities or characteristics of suno, shiny
 
 
supa 面 (jp), 张 (zh) zhang1
    n horizontal surface, e.g furniture, table, chair, pillow, floor
    o horizontala supraĵo, ekz. meblo, tablo, seĝo, kuseno, planko
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    noun supporting platform, surface
 
 
suwi 甜 (jp), 甜 (zh) tian2
    n candy, sweet food
    mod sweet, cute
    vt sweeten
    [sweet]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o dolĉaĵo
    a dolĉa, aminda
    vtr dolĉigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
tan 因 (jp), 从 (zh) cong2
    prep from, by, because of, since
    n origin, cause
    prep de, pro, el
    o deveno, kialo, origino
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    relation word, origin, indicates the place of origin
 
 
taso 許 (jp), 只 (zh) zhi3
    mod only, sole
    conj but
    [that's all]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a nur, nura, sola
    konj sed
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
tawa 去 (jp), 去 (zh) qu4
    prep to, in order to, towards, for, until
    vi go to, walk, travel, move, leave
    n movement, transportation
    mod moving, mobile
    vt move, displace
    [towards]
    prep al, por, ĝis
    vntr iri al, vojaĝi, moviĝi, foriri
    o movo, transportado
    a mova
    vtr movi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
 
 
telo 水 (jp), 水 (zh) shui3
    n water, liquid, juice, sauce
    vt water, wash with water
    o akvo, likvaĵo, suko, saŭco
    vtr akvumi, lavi per akvo
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    noun liquid, a flowing wet substance; liquid, fluid, water
    noun beverage, a liquid for drinking; beverage, drink, water, juice
    noun a liquid for washing; water
    noun body fluid, a liquid that comes out of the body; blood, milk, saliva, semen, sweat, tears, urine
    noun body of water, an area covered with water; bay, strait, sea, lake, river, stream
    transitive verb to use telo on; to water, rinse, wash, wet
    describer having the characteristics or properties of telo; wet, liquid
 
 
tenpo 时 (jp), 时 (zh) shi2
    n time, period of time, moment, duration, situation
    o tempo, tempoperiodo, momento, daŭro, situacio
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    moment
    occasion
 
 
toki 言 (jp), 言 (zh) yan2
    n language, talking, speech, communication
    mod talking, verbal
    vt say
    vi talk, chat, communicate
    interj hello! hi!
    o lingvo, parolado, komunikado
    a parola, lingva, komunika
    vtr diri
    vntr paroli, babili, komuniki
    kri saluton!
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    transitive verb to give and receive (e: information) (tawa: with); to communicate
    transitive verb to put together (e: thoughts or ideas); to think out
 
 
tomo 家 (jp), 穴 (zh) xue2
    n indoor constructed space, e.g. house, home, room, building
    mod urban, domestic, household
    o interna konstruita spaco, ekz. domo, hejmo, ĉambro, konstruaĵ
    a urba, doma, hejma
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    shelter
    building
    home
    room
    designated place
 
 
tu 二 (jp), 二 (zh) er4
    mod two
    n duo, pair
    vt double, separate/cut/divide in two
    [two]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a du
    o duo, paro
    vtr duobligi, duigi, dividi/tranĉi en du
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
unpa 盛 (jp), 性 (zh) xing4
    n sex, sexuality
    mod erotic, sexual
    vt have sex with, sleep with, fuck
    vi have sex
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o seksumo, amoro, fikado, volupto
    a erotika, seksuma, amora
    vtr seksumi kun, amori kun, fiki
    vntr amori, seksumi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
uta 口 (jp), 口 (zh) kou3
    n mouth
    mod oral
    o buŝo
    a buŝa
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
 
noun
 
    mouth
    the part of the human body that includes the lips and everything inside the mouth and throat; mouth, oral cavity, throat, pharynx, lips
    maw
    a similar part in an animal's body, used for eating, sucking or grooming; beak, bill, rostrum, jaw, proboscis
 
 
utala 戦 (jp), 战 (zh) zhan4 (or 斗 dou4)
    n conflict, disharmony, competition, fight, war, battle, attack, blow, argument, physical or verbal violence
    vt hit, strike, attack, compete against
    a konflikto, malharmonio, konkuro, batalo, milito, atako, disputo, fizika aŭ verba perforto
    vtr bati, frapi, ataki, konkuri kun, atenci
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    competition
    conflict
    struggle
 
 
walo 白 (jp), 白 (zh) bai2
    mod white, light (colour)
    n white thing or part, whiteness, lightness
    [sounds like wall, which is often white]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a blanka, hela
    o blanko, blankaĵo, blankeco, heleco
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
wan 一 (jp), 一 (zh) yi1
    mod one, a
    n unit, element, particle, part, piece
    vt unite, make one
    [one]
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a unu, iu
    o unuo, elemento, ero, parto, peco
    vtr unuigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
waso 鳥 (jp), 鸟 (zh) niao3
    n bird, winged animal
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    o birdo, flugilhava besto
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
wawa 力 (jp), 力 (zh) li4
    n energy, strength, power
    mod energetic, strong, fierce, intense, sure, confident
    vt strengthen, energize, empower
    o energio, potenco, forto, vigleco
    a energia, forta, intensa, potenca, certa, memfida
    vtr fortigi, vigligi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
    current jan Sonja, drafts
 
        intense
        strong
        fast
        loud
        (of sound) having a high volume or amplitude
        confident, sure
 
 
weka 遥 (jp), 脱 (zh) tuo1
    mod away, absent, missing
    n absence
    vt throw away, remove, get rid of
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    a fora, forestanta, mankanta
    o foresto, manko
    vtr forigi
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation
 
 
wile 要 (jp), 要 (zh) yao4
    vt to want, need, wish, have to, must, will, should
    n desire, need, will
    mod necessary
    current jan Sonja, drafts
    vtr voli, bezoni, deziri, devi, -os
    o deziro, bezono, devo, volo
    a necesa, deviga, bezonata
    Tatoeba corpus
    tokipona.net corpus
    Forvo pronunciation

Latest revision as of 08:14, 21 May 2018

tense

Present

  • Me pasea (I walk, I am walking)
  • Me es en media de pasea (I’m in the middle of walking) If necessary to emphasize the action is in process

Past

  • Me ia pasea (I walked, I had walked, also: I was walking)

Past perfect

  • Me ia pasea ja (I had walked already)

Prospective perfect

  • Me ia vade a pasea (I was going to walk, literally: I was going to walk, I went to walk)
  • Me ia es a punto de pasea (I was just about to walk, literally: I was at the point of walking)

Imperfect

  • Me ia pasea (I was walking)
  • Me ia es paseante (I was walking) If necessary to emphasize the action was in process
  • Me ia es en media de pasea (I was in the middle of walking)
  • Me ia es en pasea (I was walking)

Recent past

  • Me veni de pasea (I just walked, I have just walked)
  • Me es a fini de pasea (I am at the end of walking, note: not yet done)

Conditional perfect

  • Me ia ta pasea (I would have walked)

Future

  • Me va pasea (I will walk)

Near future

  • Me va pasea (I am going to walk, I will walk)
  • Me vade a pasea (I am going to walk right now, literally: I go to walk, I am going to walk)
  • Me es a punto de pasea (I am just about to walk, literally: I am at the point of walking)

Future imperfect

  • Me va es paseante (I will be walking) If necessary to emphasize the action will be in process
  • Me va es en media de pasea (I will be in the middle of walking)
  • Me va es en pasea (I will be walking)

Future perfect

  • Me va pasea ja (I will have walked, literally: I will have walked already)

Conditional

  • Me ta pasea (I would walk)

Imperative

  • Pasea plu rapida! (Walk faster!)

300

verbs

   be
   there is
   have
   do
   go
   want
   can
   need
   think
   know
   say
   like
   speak
   learn
   understand

conjunctions

   that (as in “I think that…” or “the woman that…”)
   and
   or
   but
   because
   though
   so (meaning “therefore”; e.g. “I wanted it, so I bought it”)
   if

prepositions

   of
   to
   from
   in
   at (a place)
   at (a time)
   with
   about
   like (meaning “similar to”)
   for (warning, this one has several meanings that you need to take care of)
   before (also as a conjunction)
   after (also as a conjunction)
   during

questions

   who
   what
   where
   when
   why
   how
   how much
   which

adverbs

   a lot
   a little
   well
   badly
   only
   also
   very
   too (as in “too tall”)
   too much
   so (as in “so tall”)
   so much
   more (know how to say “more … than …”)
   less (know how to say “less … than …”)
   as … as … (e.g. “as tall as”)
   most
   least
   better
   best
   worse
   worst
   now
   then
   here
   there
   maybe
   always
   usually
   often
   sometimes
   never
   today
   yesterday
   tomorrow
   soon
   almost
   already
   still
   even
   enough

adjectives

   the, a (technically articles)
   this
   that
   good
   bad
   all
   some
   no
   any
   many
   few
   most
   other
   same
   different
   enough
   one
   two
   a few
   first
   next
   last (meaning “past”, e.g. “last Friday”)
   last (meaning “final”)
   easy
   hard
   early
   late
   important
   interesting
   fun
   boring
   beautiful
   big
   small
   happy
   sad
   busy
   excited
   tired
   ready
   favorite
   new
   right (meaning “correct”)
   wrong
   true

pronouns

   I
   you
   she
   he
   it
   we
   you (plural)
   they

nouns

   everything
   something
   nothing
   everyone
   someone
   no one
   (name of the language you’re studying)
   English
   thing
   person
   place
   time (as in “a long time”)
   time (as in “I did it 3 times”)
   friend
   woman
   man
   money
   country
   (name of your home country)
   city
   language
   word
   food
   house
   store
   office
   company
   manager
   coworker
   job
   work (as in “I have a lot of work to do”)
   problem
   question
   idea
   life
   world
   day
   year
   week
   month
   hour
   mother, father, parent
   daughter, son, child
   wife, husband
   girlfriend, boyfriend

verbs 2

   work (as in a person working)
   work (meaning “to function”, e.g. “the TV works”)
   see
   use
   should
   believe
   practice
   seem
   come
   leave
   return
   give
   take
   bring
   look for
   find
   get (meaning “obtain”)
   receive
   buy
   try
   start
   stop (doing something)
   finish
   continue
   wake up
   get up
   eat
   eat breakfast (in several languages, this is a verb)
   eat lunch
   eat dinner
   happen
   feel
   create (aka “make”)
   cause (aka “make”)
   meet (meeting someone for the first time)
   meet (meaning “to bump into”)
   meet (an arranged meeting)
   ask (a question)
   ask for (aka “request”)
   wonder
   reply
   mean
   read
   write
   listen
   hear
   remember
   forget
   choose
   decide
   be born
   die
   kill
   live
   stay
   change
   help
   send
   study
   improve
   hope
   care

phrases

   hello
   goodbye
   thank you
   you’re welcome
   excuse me (to get someone’s attention)
   sorry
   it’s fine (response to an apology)
   please
   yes
   no
   okay
   My name is
   What’s your name?
   Nice to meet you.
   How are you?
   I’m doing well, how about you?
   Sorry? / What? (if you didn’t hear something)
   How do you say ______?
   What does ______ mean?
   I don’t understand.
   Could you repeat that?
   Could you speak more slowly, please?
   Well (as in “well, I think…”)
   Really?
   I guess that
   It’s hot. (talking about the weather)
   It’s cold. (talking about the weather)

tp

a あ (jp), 啊(zh) 

   interj	ah, ha, uh, oh, ooh, aw, well (emotion word)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   kri ho, ha, uf, nu, oj, aŭ (emocivorto)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


akesi 獣 (jp), 龟 (zh) gui1 

   n	non-cute animal, reptile, amphibian
   o malkaresinda besto, rampulo, amfibio
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   noun creeping animal, a scaly or slimy animal that creeps on land
   noun reptile, any air-breathing cold-blooded animal that crawls on land and has scales and bones; reptile
   noun amphibian, any cold-blooded animal with bones that lives on both land and in water; amphibian
   noun large arthropod, a large arthropod that lives on land; scorpion
   describer like an akesi in appearance
   describerhaving the characteristics or properties of an akesi


ala 無 (jp), 不(zh) bu2 

   mod	no, not, none, un-
   n	nothing, negation, zero
   interj	no!
   a ne, neniu
   o nenio, neado, nul
   kri ne!
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   describer not, not such; no, not
   describer no, zero, no quantity of; no, zero
   describer un-, opposite of; un-
   noun the state, situation or general phenomenon of being ala; absence, emptiness, negation, nothing, zero
   interjection a short, sudden or emotional expression of ala; no!


alasa 探 (jp) 

   * This wasn't on the classic list.
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   transitive verb to gather, to collect food, resources or material needed for daily life and survival; to gather, harvest
   transitive verb to hunt, to pursue and kill animals to use as food and clothing; to hunt


ale, ali, 全 (jp), 全 (zh) quan2 

   n	everything, anything, life, the universe
   mod	all, every, complete, whole
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   (ambaŭ variaĵoj estas ĝustaj)
   o ĉio, la vivo, la universo
   a ĉiu(j), tuta, kompleta 
   Tatoeba corpus (ale)
   Tatoeba corpus (ali)
   tokipona.net corpus (ale)
   tokipona.net corpus (ali)
   Forvo pronunciation (ale)
   Forvo pronunciation (ali)


anpa 下 (jp), 下(zh) xia4 

   n	bottom, lower part, under, below, floor, beneath
   mod	low, lower, bottom, down
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o malsupro, subo, suba parto, planko
   a malsupra, suba 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ante 变 (jp), 变 (zh) bian4 

   n	difference
   mod	different
   conj	otherwise, or else
   vt	change, alter, modify
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o diferenco, malsameco
   a alia, malsama 
   kunt alie, aliokaze
   vtr ŝanĝi, aliigi 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


anu ぬ (jp), 或 (zh) huo4 

   conj	or
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   konj aŭ
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


awen 待 (jp), 守 (zh) shou3 

   vi	stay, wait, remain
   vt	keep
   mod	remaining, stationary, permanent, sedentary
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vntr resti, atendi, daŭri
   vtr gardi
   a restanta, cetera, daŭra 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


e え(jp), 把 (zh) ba3 

   sep	(introduces a direct object)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   div -n (indikas, ke akuzativon sekvas)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


en ん (jp), 又 (zh) you4 

   conj	and (used to coordinate head nouns)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   konj kaj (uzata por kunordigi o-vortojn) 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


esun 市 (jp), 

   n	market, shop
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ijo 物 (jp),事 (zh) shi4 

   n	thing, something, stuff, anything, object
   mod	of something
   vt	objectify
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   n aĵo, afero, io, objekto
   a de io, pri io
   vtr objektigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ike 悪, 歹 (zh) dai3 

   mod	bad, negative, wrong, evil, overly complex, (figuratively) unhealthy
   interj	oh dear! woe! alas!
   n	negativity, badness, evil
   vt	to make bad, to worsen, to have a negative effect upon
   vi	to be bad, to suck
   [sounds like icky]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a malbona, aĉa, malĝusta, malica, tro kompleksa, (figure) malsana
   kri ho ve!
   o negativeco, malbono, malico
   vtr malbonigi, noci
   vntr aĉi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ilo 具 (jp), 匕 (zh) bi3 

   n	tool, device, machine, thing used for a specific purpose
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o ilo, maŝino
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


insa 内 (jp), 内 (zh) nei4 

   n	inside, inner world, centre, stomach
   mod	inner, internal
   [inside]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o eno, interno, interna mondo, centro, ventro
   a ena, interna
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


jaki 汚 (jp), 污 (zh) wu1, or 汙 

   mod	dirty, gross, filthy
   n	dirt, pollution, garbage, filth
   vt	pollute, dirty
   interj	ew! yuck!
   [yucky]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a malpura, naŭza
   o malpuro, poluo, rubo
   vtr malpurigi, polui
   kri kiom naŭze!
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


jan 人 (jp), 人 (zh) ren2 

   n	person, people, human, being, somebody, anybody
   mod	human, somebody's, personal, of people
   vt	personify, humanize, personalize
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a homo, ulo, persono, estaĵo, iu
   o homa, ies, persona
   vtr personigi, homigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


jelo 黄 (jp), 黄 (zh) huang2 

   mod	yellow, light green
   [yellow]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a flava, helverda
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


jo 有 (jp), 有 (zh) you3 

   vt	have, contain
   n	having
   kama	receive, get, take, obtain
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr havi, enhavi, enteni
   o havado
   kama ricevi, preni
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kala 魚, 鱼 (zh) yu2 

   n	fish, sea creature
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o fiŝo, marbesto
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kalama 音 (jp), 音(zh) yin4 

   n	sound, noise, voice
   vi	make noise
   vt	sound, ring, play (an instrument)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o sono, bruo, voĉo
   vntr soni, brui, sonori
   vtr sonigi, ludi (instrumenton)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kama 来 (jp), 到 (zh) dao4 

   vi	come, become, arrive, happen, pursue actions to arrive to (a certain state), manage to, start to
   n	event, happening, chance, arrival, beginning
   mod	coming, future
   vt	bring about, summon
   [come up]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vntr veni, iĝi, aperi, alveni, okazi, agi por veni al (iu stato), sukcesi, ek-
   o evento, okazo, hazardo, veno, komenco
   a venanta, estonta
   vtr venigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kasi 木 (jp), 木 (zh) mu4 

   n	plant, leaf, herb, tree, wood
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o planto, folio, herbo, arbo, ligno
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ken 能 (jp), 能 (zh) neng2 

   vi	can, is able to, is allowed to, may, is possible
   n	possibility, ability, power to do things, permission
   vt	make possible, enable, allow, permit
   cont	it is possible that
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vntr povi, kapabli, rajti
   o povo, kapablo, rajto
   vtr ebligi, rajtigi, permesi
   kunt eblas, ke
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kepeken 使 (jp), 用 (zh) yong4 

   vt	use
   prep	with
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr uzi
   prep per
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kili 果 (jp), 果, (zh) guo3 

   n	fruit, pulpy vegetable, mushroom
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o frukto, pulpa legomo, fungo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kin 又 (jp), 也 (zh) ye3 

   mod	also, too, even, indeed (emphasizes the word(s) before it)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a ankaŭ, eĉ, ja (akcentas la vorto(j)n antaŭ ĝi)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kipisi 切 

   * this wasn't in the original classic word list.
   to cut
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kiwen 石 (jp), 石 (zh) shi2 

   mod	hard, solid, stone-like, made of stone or metal
   n	hard thing, rock, stone, metal, mineral, clay
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a malmola, dura, solida, ŝton(ec)a, metala
   o malmolaĵo, ŝtono, metalo, mineralo, argilo 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ko 粉 (jp), 膏 (zh) gao1 

   n	semi-solid or squishy substance, e.g. paste, powder, gum
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o duonsolida aŭ premebla substanco, ekz. pasto, pulvoro, gumo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kon 空 (jp), 气 (zh) qi4 

   n	air, wind, smell, soul
   mod	air-like, ethereal, gaseous
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o aero, vento, odoro, animo
   a aera, gasa
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kule 色 (jp), 色 (zh) se4 

   n	colour, paint
   mod	colourful
   vt	colour, paint
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o koloro, farbo
   a kolora, bunta
   vtr kolori, farbi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kute 聞 (jp), 耳 (zh) er3 

   vt	listen, hear
   mod	auditory, hearing
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr aŭskulti, aŭdi
   a aŭda, aŭskulta
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


kulupu 群 (jp), 组 (zh) zu3 

   n	group, community, society, company, people
   mod	communal, shared, public, of the society
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o grupo, komunumo, socio, firmao, popolo
   a komuna, publika, socia
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


la ら (jp), 喇 (zh) la1 

   sep	(between adverb or phrase of context and sentence)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   div (inter kunteksta adverbo aŭ esprimo kaj la frazo)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lape 眠 (jp), 觉 (zh) jiao 

   n, vi	sleep, rest
   mod	sleeping, of sleep
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o dormo, ripozo
   vntr dormi, ripozi a dormanta, dorma, ripoza
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


laso 青 (jp), 青 (zh) qing1 

   mod	blue, blue-green
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a blua, bluverda
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lawa 首 (jp), 首 (zh) shou3 

   n	head, mind
   mod	main, leading, in charge
   vt	lead, control, rule, steer
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o kapo, menso
   a ĉefa, estra
   vtr estri, regi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


len 布 (jp), 巾 (zh) jin1 

   n	clothing, cloth, fabric
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o vesto(j), vestaĵo, ŝtofo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lete 冷 (jp), 冰 (zh) bing1 

   n	cold
   mod	cold, uncooked
   vt	cool down, chill
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o malvarmo
   a malvarma, frida, nekuirita
   vtr malvarmigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


li り (jp), 哩 (zh) li 

   sep	"(between any subject except mi and sina and its verb; also used to introduce a new verb for the same subject)"
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   div (inter iu ajn subjekto, krom mi kaj sina, kaj ties verbo; ankaŭ uzata por enkonduki novan verbon por la sama subjekto)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lili 小 (jp), 小 (zh) xiao3 

   mod	small, little, young, a bit, short, few, less
   vt	reduce, shorten, shrink, lessen
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a malgranda, eta, juna, iomete, mallonga, malalta, malmulte, malpli
   vtr malpliigi, mallongigi, malgrandigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


linja 糸 (jp), 糸 (zh) mi4 

   n	long, very thin, floppy thing, e.g. string, rope, hair, thread, cord, chain
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o longa, tre maldika, malfirma objekto, ekz. ŝnuro, haro(j), ĉeno
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lipu 葉 (jp), 叶 (zh) ye4 

   n	flat and bendable thing, e.g. paper, card, ticket
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o plata kaj faldebla objekto, ekz. papero, karto, bileto 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


loje 赤 (jp), 红 (zh) hong2 

   mod	red
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a ruĝa
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lon 在 (jp), 在 (zh) zai4 

   prep	be (located) in/at/on
   vi	be there, be present, be real/true, exist, be awake
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   prep esti en/ĉe/sur/je
   vntr ĉeesti, esti tie, veri, ekzisti, esti veka
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


luka 手 (jp), 手 (zh) shou3 

   n	hand, arm
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o mano, brako
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lukin 見 (jp), 看 (zh) kan4 (or 见 jian4) 

   vt	see, look at, watch, read
   vi	look, watch out, pay attention
   mod	visual(ly)
   [looking]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr vidi, rigardi, spekti, observi, legi
   vntr rigardi, atenti
   a vida, vide
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


lupa 穴 (jp), 孔 (zh) kong3 

   n	hole, orifice, window, door
   [sounds like loop]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o truo, aperturo, orifico, fenestro, pordo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ma 土 (jp), 土 (zh) tu3 

   n	land, earth, country, (outdoor) area
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o tero, lando, (ekstera) tereno
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mama 母 (jp), 母 (zh) mu3 

   n	parent, mother, father
   mod	of the parent, parental, maternal, fatherly
   [sounds like momma]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o patrino, patro
   a gepatra, patra, patrina
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mani 貝 (jp), 元 (zh) yuan2 (or 贝 bei4) 

   n	money, material wealth, currency, dollar, capital
   [money]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o mono, materia havaĵo, valuto, dolaro, kapitalo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


meli 女 (jp), 女 (zh) nü3/nv3 

   n	woman, female, girl, wife, girlfriend
   mod	female, feminine, womanly
   [Mary]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o ino, virino, edzino, koramikino, femalo
   a ina, ineca
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mi 私 (jp), 我 (zh) wo3 

   n	I, we
   mod	my, our
   [me]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o mi, ni
   a mia, nia 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mije 男 (jp), 男 (zh) nan2 

   n	man, male, boy, husband, boyfriend
   mod	male, masculine, manly
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o viro, edzo, masklo
   a vira, vireca
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


moku 食 (jp), 菜 (zh) cai4 

   n	food, meal
   vt	eat, drink, swallow, ingest, consume
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o manĝ(aĵ)o
   vtr manĝi, trinki, gluti, enstomakigi, konsumi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


moli 死 (jp), 死 (zh) si3 

   n	death
   vi	die, be dead
   vt	kill
   mod	dead, deadly, fatal
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o morto
   vntr morti, esti morta
   vtr mortigi
   a morta, mortiga 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


monsi 後 (jp), 后 (zh) hou4 

   n	back, rear end, butt, behind
   mod	back, rear
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o dorso, malantaŭo, pugo
   a dorsa, malantaŭa
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mu む (jp), 吽 (zh) ou2,hou2 

   interj	woof! meow! moo! etc. (cute animal noise)
   [moo]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   kri blek! ŭa! miaŭ! ra! ktp (ĉarma bestokrio)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mun 月 (jp), 月 (zh) yue4 

   n	moon
   mod	lunar
   [moon]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o luno
   a luna
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


musi 楽 (jp), 玩 (zh) wan2 

   n	fun, playing, game, recreation, art, entertainment
   mod	artful, fun, recreational
   vi	play, have fun
   vt	amuse, entertain
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o amuzo, ludo, distaĵo, arto
   a arta, amuza, distra, luda
   vntr ludi, amuziĝi
   vtr amuzi, distri
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


mute 多 (jp), 大 (zh) da 

   mod	many, very, much, several, a lot, abundant, numerous, more
   n	amount, quantity
   vt	make many or much
   [multi]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a multaj, tre, pluraj, multe, pli da
   o kvanto, multo, kiomo
   vtr multigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


namako 冗 

   * this word is new
   extra, addtional, spice
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


nanpa 番 (jp), 个 (zh) ge4 

   n	number
   oth	-th (ordinal numbers)
   [number]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o numero
   ali -a (unua, dua, ktp)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


nasa 狂 (jp), 怪 (zh) guai4 

   mod	silly, crazy, foolish, drunk, strange, stupid, weird
   vt	drive crazy, make weird
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a freneza, stulta, ebria, stranga
   vtr frenezigi, strangigi 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


nasin 道 (jp), 道 (zh) dao4 

   n	way, manner, custom, road, path, doctrine, system, method
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o maniero, vojo, strato, kutimo, -ismo, sistemo, metodo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


nena 丘 (jp), 山 (zh) shan1 

   n	bump, nose, hill, mountain, button
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o elstaraĵo, nazo, mont(et)o, butono 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ni 此 (jp), 这 (zh) zhe4 

   mod	this, that
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a tiu, ĉi tiu, ĉi-, jena
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


nimi 称 (jp), 名 (zh) ming2 

   n	word, name
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o vorto, nomo 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


noka 足 (jp), 足 (zh) zu2 

   n	leg, foot
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o kruro, gambo, piedo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


o お (jp), 令 (zh) ling4 

   sep	O (vocative or imperative)
   interj	hey! (calling somebody's attention)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   div ho (vokativo aŭ u-tempo)
   kri he! (por altiri ies atenton)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


oko 目 (jp), 目 (zh) mu4 

   n	eye
   [similar to oculist]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o okulo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


olin 愛 (jp), 爱 (zh) ai4 

   n	love
   mod	love
   vt	to love (a person)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o amo
   a ama
   vtr ami (iun)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


ona 彼 (jp), 他 (zh) ta1 

   n	she, he, it, they
   mod	her, his, its, their
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o ŝi, li, ĝi, ili
   a ŝia, lia, ĝia, ilia
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


open 開 (jp), 开 (zh) kai1 

   vt	open, turn on
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr malfermi, ŝalti
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pakala 打 (jp), 打 (zh) da3 

   n	blunder, accident, mistake, destruction, damage, breaking
   vt	screw up, fuck up, botch, ruin, break, hurt, injure, damage, spoil, ruin
   vi	screw up, fall apart, break
   interj	damn! fuck!
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o fuŝo, akcidento, katastrofo, detruo, eraro, damaĝo, rompo
   vtr fuŝi, rompi, vundi, damaĝi
   vtr fuŝiĝi, disfali, rompiĝi
   kri fek!
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pali 作 (jp), 工 (zh) gong1 

   n	activity, work, deed, project
   mod	active, work-related, operating, working
   vt	do, make, build, create
   vi	act, work, function
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o ag(ad)o, laboro, faro, projekto
   a aga, labora, aktiva, funkcia
   vtr fari, konstrui, krei
   vntr agi, labori, funkcii 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


palisa 棒 (jp), 支 (zh) zhi1 

   n	long, mostly hard object, e.g. rod, stick, branch
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o longa kaj ĉefe malmola objekto, ekz. stango, bastono, branĉo, vergo 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pan 米 (jp), 米 (zh) mi3 

   n	grain, cereal
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pana 授 (jp), 给 (zh) gei3 

   vt	give, put, send, place, release, emit, cause
   n	giving, transfer, exchange
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr doni, meti, sendi, eligi, kaŭzi
   o dono, sendado, interŝanĝo 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pata 氏 (Obsolete, see end for what this means) 

   n brother
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pi ぴ (jp), 的 (zh) de 

   sep	of, belonging to
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   div de, apartenanta al
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pilin 心 (jp), 想 (zh) xiang3 (or 心 xin1) 

   n	feelings, emotion, heart
   vi	feel
   vt	feel, think, sense, touch
   [feeling]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o sentoj, emocio, koro
   vntr senti sin
   vtr senti, opinii, pensi, sensi, tuŝi, palpi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pimeja 黒 (jp), 黑 (zh) hei1 

   mod	black, dark
   n	darkness, shadows
   vt	darken
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a nigra, malluma, malhela
   o mallumo, nigro
   vtr mallumigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pini 終 (jp), 末 (zh) mo4 

   n	end, tip
   mod	completed, finished, past, done, ago
   vt	finish, close, end, turn off
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o fino, ekstremo, pinto
   a fina, finita, pasinta, farita, antaŭ
   vtr fini, fermi, malŝalti 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pipi 虫 (jp), 虫 (zh) chong2 

   n	bug, insect, spider
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o insekto, araneo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


poka 側 (jp), 旁 (zh) pang2 

   n	side, hip, next to
   prep	in the accompaniment of, with
   mod	neighbouring
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o flanko, kokso, apudo
   prep en la akompano de, kun
   a apuda, najbara
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


poki 箱 (jp), 包 (zh) bao1 

   n	container, box, bowl, cup, glass
   [box]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o ujo, skatolo, bovlo, taso, glaso
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


pona 良 (jp), 好 (zh) hao3 

   n	good, simplicity, positivity
   mod	good, simple, positive, nice, correct, right
   interj	great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!
   vt	improve, fix, repair, make good
   [bonam]
   o bona, simplo, pozitivo
   a bona, simpla, pozitiva, afabla, ĝusta
   kri bone! bonege! dankon! en ordo!
   vtr (pli)bonigi, ripari
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   describer beneficial; good
   describer benevolent; altruistic, kind, symbiotic
   describer helpful; cooperating
   describer ideal
   describer conducive to overall wellness


sama 同 (jp), 同 (zh) tong2 

   mod	same, similar, equal, of equal status or position
   prep	like, as, seem
   a sama, simila, egala, samgrava, samsituacia
   prep kiel, ŝajni
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   adjective filling the same or a similar role; equivalent
   adjective self-


seli 火 (jp), 火 (zh) huo3 

   n	fire, warmth, heat
   mod	hot, warm, cooked
   vt	heat, warm up, cook
   o fajro, varmo
   a varma, kuirita
   vtr varmigi, kuiri
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   noun fire, a force of nature or chemical reaction that releases heat and light, potentially causing destruction; fire, lightning, explosion, exothermic reaction
   noun heat source, something that provides heat
   noun cooking source, something that provides heat for preparing food
   noun light source, something that provides light
   transitive verbto use seli on


selo 皮 (jp), 甲 (zh) jia3 

   n	outside, surface, skin, shell, bark, shape, peel
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o ekstero, supraĵo, haŭto, ŝelo, formo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


seme 何 (jp), 什 (zh) she2 

   oth	what, which, wh- (question word)
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   ali ki- (demandovorto)
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


sewi 上 (jp), 上 (zh) shang4 

   n	high, up, above, top, over, on
   mod	superior, elevated, religious, formal
   o alto, supro, supero, suro
   a supera, alta, nobla, religia, formala
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   awe-inspiring, inspiring a feeling of wonder, respect and fear; venerable, reverend, estimable, honourable, awe-inspiring, humbling, mesmerizing, venerable, reverend, honourable, looked up to in adoration
   captivating, causing a hypnotizing effect, able to hold people in an uncontrollable state of admiration; spellbinding, fascinating, mesmerizing, hypnotic, mysteriously impressive, captivating, enchanting
   having higher powers or effects
   supernatural
   interpreted as belonging to a world beyond the ordinary and physical; transcendent, transcending, divine, magical, mysterious, wondrous, miraculous
   causing supernormal stimulus
   idealized
   worshipped
   physically deep
   figuratively deep


sijelo 体 (jp), 身 (zh) shen1 

   n	body, physical state
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o korpo, fizika stato 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


sike 丸 (jp), 回 (zh) hui2 

   n	circle, wheel, sphere, ball, cycle
   mod	round, cyclical
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o rondo, cirklo, rado, sfero, bulo, pilko, ciklo
   a ronda, cikla
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


sin 新 (jp), 新 (zh) xin1 

   mod	new, fresh, another, more
   vt	renew, renovate, freshen
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a nova, freŝa, alia, ankorŭ (da)
   vtr (re)novigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


sina 君 (jp), 你 (zh) ni3 

   n	you
   mod	your
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o vi
   a via
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


sinpin 前 (jp), 前 (zh) qian2 

   n	front, chest, torso, face, wall
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o antaŭo, brusto, torso, vizaĝo, muro 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


sitelen 画 (jp), 画 (zh) hua4 

   n	picture, image
   vt	draw, write
   o bildo, foto, imago, desegno
   vtr desegni, skribi 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   noun representation, a visual or tactile work that serves to show, describe, explain or remind us of something else; representation, model
   noun picture, specific lines and shapes marked on a surface; drawing, print, painting, image, sign, sketch, outline, blueprint, etching, picture, 
   noun diagram, chart, graph
   noun sculpture , an object made into the shape of something; carving, sculpture, figurine, replica


sona 知 (jp), 知 (zh) zhi1/4 

   n	knowledge, wisdom, intelligence, understanding
   vt	know, understand, know how to
   vi	know, understand
   kama	learn, study
   o scioj, saĝeco, inteligenteco, kompreno
   vtr scii, kompreni, koni
   vntr scii, kompreni
   kama lerni, studi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   system of knowledge or beliefs


soweli 猫 (jp), 马 (zh) ma3 (or 牛 niu2) 

   n	animal, especially land mammal, lovable animal
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o besto, precipe tera mambesto, aminda besto
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


suli 大 (jp), 高 (zh) gao1 

   mod	big, tall, long, adult, important
   vt	enlarge, lengthen
   n	size
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a granda, alta, longa, plenaĝa, grava
   vtr grandigi, longigi
   o grandeco
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


suno 日 (jp), 日 (zh) ri4 (or 光 guang1) 

   n	sun, light
   o suno, lumo
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   describer having the qualities or characteristics of suno, shiny


supa 面 (jp), 张 (zh) zhang1 

   n	horizontal surface, e.g furniture, table, chair, pillow, floor
   o horizontala supraĵo, ekz. meblo, tablo, seĝo, kuseno, planko
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   noun supporting platform, surface


suwi 甜 (jp), 甜 (zh) tian2 

   n	candy, sweet food
   mod	sweet, cute
   vt	sweeten
   [sweet]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o dolĉaĵo
   a dolĉa, aminda
   vtr dolĉigi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


tan 因 (jp), 从 (zh) cong2 

   prep	from, by, because of, since
   n	origin, cause
   prep de, pro, el
   o deveno, kialo, origino
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   relation word, origin, indicates the place of origin


taso 許 (jp), 只 (zh) zhi3 

   mod	only, sole
   conj	but
   [that's all]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a nur, nura, sola
   konj sed
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


tawa 去 (jp), 去 (zh) qu4 

   prep	to, in order to, towards, for, until
   vi	go to, walk, travel, move, leave
   n	movement, transportation
   mod	moving, mobile
   vt	move, displace
   [towards]
   prep al, por, ĝis
   vntr iri al, vojaĝi, moviĝi, foriri
   o movo, transportado
   a mova
   vtr movi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts


telo 水 (jp), 水 (zh) shui3 

   n	water, liquid, juice, sauce
   vt	water, wash with water
   o akvo, likvaĵo, suko, saŭco
   vtr akvumi, lavi per akvo 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   noun liquid, a flowing wet substance; liquid, fluid, water
   noun beverage, a liquid for drinking; beverage, drink, water, juice
   noun a liquid for washing; water
   noun body fluid, a liquid that comes out of the body; blood, milk, saliva, semen, sweat, tears, urine
   noun body of water, an area covered with water; bay, strait, sea, lake, river, stream
   transitive verb to use telo on; to water, rinse, wash, wet
   describer having the characteristics or properties of telo; wet, liquid


tenpo 时 (jp), 时 (zh) shi2 

   n	time, period of time, moment, duration, situation
   o tempo, tempoperiodo, momento, daŭro, situacio
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   moment
   occasion


toki 言 (jp), 言 (zh) yan2 

   n	language, talking, speech, communication
   mod	talking, verbal
   vt	say
   vi	talk, chat, communicate
   interj	hello! hi!
   o lingvo, parolado, komunikado
   a parola, lingva, komunika
   vtr diri
   vntr paroli, babili, komuniki
   kri saluton!
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   transitive verb to give and receive (e: information) (tawa: with); to communicate
   transitive verb to put together (e: thoughts or ideas); to think out


tomo 家 (jp), 穴 (zh) xue2 

   n	indoor constructed space, e.g. house, home, room, building
   mod	urban, domestic, household
   o interna konstruita spaco, ekz. domo, hejmo, ĉambro, konstruaĵ
   a urba, doma, hejma
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   shelter
   building
   home
   room
   designated place


tu 二 (jp), 二 (zh) er4 

   mod	two
   n	duo, pair
   vt	double, separate/cut/divide in two
   [two]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a du
   o duo, paro
   vtr duobligi, duigi, dividi/tranĉi en du
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


unpa 盛 (jp), 性 (zh) xing4 

   n	sex, sexuality
   mod	erotic, sexual
   vt	have sex with, sleep with, fuck
   vi	have sex
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o seksumo, amoro, fikado, volupto
   a erotika, seksuma, amora
   vtr seksumi kun, amori kun, fiki
   vntr amori, seksumi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


uta 口 (jp), 口 (zh) kou3 

   n	mouth
   mod	oral
   o buŝo
   a buŝa
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts

noun 

   mouth
   the part of the human body that includes the lips and everything inside the mouth and throat; mouth, oral cavity, throat, pharynx, lips
   maw
   a similar part in an animal's body, used for eating, sucking or grooming; beak, bill, rostrum, jaw, proboscis


utala 戦 (jp), 战 (zh) zhan4 (or 斗 dou4) 

   n	conflict, disharmony, competition, fight, war, battle, attack, blow, argument, physical or verbal violence
   vt	hit, strike, attack, compete against
   a konflikto, malharmonio, konkuro, batalo, milito, atako, disputo, fizika aŭ verba perforto
   vtr bati, frapi, ataki, konkuri kun, atenci
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   competition
   conflict
   struggle


walo 白 (jp), 白 (zh) bai2 

   mod	white, light (colour)
   n	white thing or part, whiteness, lightness
   [sounds like wall, which is often white]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a blanka, hela
   o blanko, blankaĵo, blankeco, heleco
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


wan 一 (jp), 一 (zh) yi1 

   mod	one, a
   n	unit, element, particle, part, piece
   vt	unite, make one
   [one]
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a unu, iu
   o unuo, elemento, ero, parto, peco
   vtr unuigi 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


waso 鳥 (jp), 鸟 (zh) niao3 

   n	bird, winged animal
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   o birdo, flugilhava besto 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


wawa 力 (jp), 力 (zh) li4 

   n	energy, strength, power
   mod	energetic, strong, fierce, intense, sure, confident
   vt	strengthen, energize, empower
   o energio, potenco, forto, vigleco
   a energia, forta, intensa, potenca, certa, memfida
   vtr fortigi, vigligi
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
   current jan Sonja, drafts

       intense
       strong
       fast
       loud
       (of sound) having a high volume or amplitude
       confident, sure


weka 遥 (jp), 脱 (zh) tuo1 

   mod	away, absent, missing
   n	absence
   vt	throw away, remove, get rid of
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   a fora, forestanta, mankanta
   o foresto, manko
   vtr forigi 
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation


wile 要 (jp), 要 (zh) yao4 

   vt	to want, need, wish, have to, must, will, should
   n	desire, need, will
   mod	necessary
   current jan Sonja, drafts
   vtr voli, bezoni, deziri, devi, -os
   o deziro, bezono, devo, volo
   a necesa, deviga, bezonata
   Tatoeba corpus
   tokipona.net corpus
   Forvo pronunciation
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