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| ==Obscene and profane language==
| | #REDIRECT [[Pabappa]] |
| Pabappa's approach to obscene and profane language resembles that of its neighbor, [[Poswa]]. However, while Poswa could be analyzed as entirely lacking obscene words, in Pabappa it is more common to say that the obscene vocabulary lacks the sharp bite that comes with such words in most other languages.
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| ===Obscene language===
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| Obscene words are called '''waptispi''', derived from the verb '''wapti''' "to face away; turn one's back to someone" and '''sipi''' "words, speech, language".<ref>This ''sipi'' is a dummy word created to represent a hypothetical uncontracted form of the morpheme '''spi'''. Insertion of -i- is the commonest method to break up unacceptable consonant clusters because this is the commonest reflex of the missing schwa.</ref> This can be used as a verb, and like other verbs it can take the agentive suffix ''-ta'', to form '''waptispida''' "potty mouth".
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| Pabappa's vocabulary of obscene words is mild by comparison to its neighbors, but not entirely absent as in Poswa. One commonly heard word is '''popop'''. An angry young child saying
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| :''' ''Popopop'' pobumpu!'''
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| ::Eat ''crap''!
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| May catch the notice of adults in the room, but such speech would not be considered out of character or deserving of punishment. Nevertheless, toddlers and young children are more likely to use words like ''popop'' and its derivatives than to use terms for sexual intercourse or other things not commonly accessible to young children. ''Popop'' has many variants with little difference in meaning. For example, '''popopa''', which has the "of humans" suffix ''-a'', is considered to be simply a synonym of ''popop''. Because the suffix consists of a single vowel, it is entirely eliminated when the possessive suffixes are added and therefore merges with the word from which it is derived. Another variant is '''puppop''', which means etymologically "pile of poop".
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| ;Urine
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| The word for urine, '''wupu''', is not considered particularly forceful, despite the fact that it is homophonous with one of the words for pain. '''Wupu''' can even substitute as a euphemism for ''popop'' "poop, crap, shit" in some contexts, regardless of whether or not it makes sense semantically:
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| :'''Poma ''wupuba''!'''<ref>Note, this is homophonous with "pain". Perhaps the word for pain needs a ''-p'' suffix.</ref>
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| ::I ''pee on'' you!
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| ===References to sex and violence===
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| ====Obscene terms for sex and sexual activity====
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| Adults are more likely than young children to use references to sex in their sentences. The verb '''lana''' "to have sex" is used in everyday speech with little elicited reaction from the listener, so '''puppupu''' "rape" is more common in aggressive speech. Another synonym for sexual intercourse is '''pussini'''.<ref>Consider tying this together with ''pussi'' below even though the two words are not related.</ref>
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| The nouns '''pumapi''' "penis" and '''pumblara''' "vagina" are also in common use, and can function as verbs indicating sexual roles. Oddly, there are many synonyms for these words, but few are in widespread use, because what are today the primary terms were originally euphemisms that only recently drove out the words they were created to replace. Nevertheless, many Pabaps are familiar with terms such as '''pamblara''', '''paru''', '''pau''', '''warbi''', '''ronni''', '''passar''', and '''nilim''', all of which mean "vagina". These words can be used as interjections, with little regard to context or literal meaning, as general expressions of frustration. This is more common than encountering them used literally. Any of the terms not already ending in ''-a'' can additionally take the meaningless body part suffix '''-a'''; with this suffix on, ''pau'' becomes '''pawa'''.
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| The original terms for penis and vagina, '''nopop''' and '''lara''', are rarely encountered today. (''Lara'' originally meant "legs", and was itself a euphemism for an earlier term '''pip'''.) There are also more specific terms such as '''pella''' "vaginal labia", but these are not widely considered obscene and have not developed euphemistic replacements. '''Pimmi''' "clitoris" is another word which can be used either in a literal sense or as an expression of frustration, but is not generally considered obscene in and of itself.
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| The number of alternative terms for the penis is much smaller: '''noppana''', '''nampa''', '''ninel'''. Thus, ''n-'' has come to be considered a masculine-sounding consonant in Pabappa to some extent, despite historically being associated with feminine words. None of these words are considered obscene, and so none appear commonly in aggressive speech; they are better considered as slang terms rather than obscenities.
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| For the buttocks, there are several competing words, such as '''pupop''', '''pussi''', '''pupi''', '''pubia''', and '''pumpa''', with little difference in meaning. The similarity in sound of these many words is primarily due to coincidence, as they are not actually cognates, except for ''pubia'' and ''pumpa''.
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| '''Menstruation''' is also highly taboo, and euphemisms exist for the process as well as associated words such as '''pallasa''' "tampon" which may be acceptable in some contexts and not in others. A more polite word for a tampon is '''pupep'''. This is homophonous with the word for "arrow (weapon)" and therefore considered more acceptable to use in mixed company than the standard word ''pallasa''.
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| :'''Publipis wurpomusup suppabi ''pupepil''.'''
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| ::The soldier defeated the spy ''with her arrows''.
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| ====Categorization of obscene words in different speech registers====
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| In most social circles, males are forbidden to use the word '''palla''' "to menstruate" in the presence of females of any age. This taboo also extends to words derived from ''palla'', such as '''pallasa''' "tampon". Instead, men are allowed to use euphemisms such as '''wapti''' "to face away" and '''bala''' "(to be) human". That is to say, experiencing menstruation is seen as a defining characteristic of being human, but is generally hidden from sight.
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| Women also sometimes use euphemisms for menstruation, but only rarely do they use the same terms that men use. Pabappa has three different word stems with the same meaning, of which is '''palla''' is considered the true word and the others are considered gentler. The second most common word root is '''pappadep''', which is a distant cognate of ''wapti'' "to face away". A variant of this is '''pappadap''', which has the additional body part suffix ''-a'' before the reflexive marker ''-p''. Both verbs are always reflexive. Thus one can say
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| :'''Blalola ''pappadesa''.'''
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| ::The girl ''is menstruating''.
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| ====Use of verbs and complete sentences with obscene vocabulary====
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| The above words show that what little capacity for obscene speech that Pabappa provides is mostly focused on use of nouns. Verbs and complete sentences are rarely used. A complete sentence may actually sound more forceful than a simple interjection, but would not necessarily be considered more obscene or otherwise objectionable. For example,
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| :'''Mas pastidip lanaba!'''
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| ::You have sex with your dog!
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| Is considered far more offensive than a single-word insult such as '''pumapi''' "penis", even though it uses the most neutral term for sexual intercourse that the language possesses.
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| Male homosexuality is openly practiced and encouraged among the Pabaps, although it is actually less common than among Poswobs and other cultures further north.
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| ====Terms for violent acts====
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| Pabaps have traditionally been a very pacifistic people, and have neither invaded nor been invaded by a foreign nation in more than a thousand years. They are very peaceful internally too, with one of the lowest violent crime rates in the world. Thus, terms for violence often bring to mind an unrealistic, even comical aspect, as few people hearing a shouted threat such as
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| :'''Nubes<ref>not in dictionary; derive this from ''nə < nùi'' "stand, believe"</ref> poma ''pipibu''!'''
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| ::I ''will kill'' you!
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| Would have any reason to worry.
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| Few Pabaps own dangerous weapons, so most people associate violence and bloodshed with encountering natural objects such as sharp thorns on bushes and the teeth of animals more so than with manmade objects such as knives and spears. To some extent, however, these natural objects are associated with pain because they are uncontrollable by man, whereas Pabap society has a whole has had their own temptation to misuse weapons under control for quite some time. Anything with a sharp point can be used as an expression of pain, whether or not it describes a literal encounter.
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| ===Euphemisms for obscene concepts===
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| As Pabappa's repertoire of obscene vocabulary is mild, it has developed few euphemisms. One of the few in common use is '''papsu''' "sticky, adhesive", which replaces ''popop''. Another option is to say '''pepara''' "soil of humans", or, commonly, just '''pepar''' "soil". All of these words are generally used as substitutes for ''popop'' only in a literal sense, as a sentence like
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| :''' ''Pepir'' pommisu!'''
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| ::Bathe yourself ''with soil''!
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| Would sound about as meaningful as its literal English translation, and not be perceived as aggressive. Likewise, using ''papsu'' would bring to mind the mental image of a person taking a bath in a tub of glue. Instead whenever a metaphorical meaning is intended, it is more common for a speaker seeking a euphemism to instead substitute a word for an entirely different thing, often choosing '''wupu''' "urine".
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| For the buttocks, there is also a euphemism '''wapiba''', literally meaning "curve". There is also a cover-all term '''pup''' "genitals, belly, crotch", used when a speaker does not want to be too specific, but this is considered too vague to be even a mild obscenity.
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| The words for penis and vagina were originally euphemisms, which only recently drove out the original words inherited from the parent language. This is why Pabappa lacks convenient euphemisms for these words despite having euphemisms for the buttocks, generally considered a less obscene part of the body.
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| ;NOTE, THE FOLLOWING SECTION APPLIES TO POSWA, NOT PABAPPA. I WILL SWITCH IT OVER SOON.
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| ===Terms for female anatomy===
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| ====The vagina====
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| As above, there are many words for vagina, but they have little difference in meaning and, for the most part, any of the words can be used in any context, from the doctor's office to the bedroom. The commonest terms are '''valem''' and '''wavie'''. Both contain the letter ''v'', which is found in many words denoting sharp objects and dangerous things. In this case, the success of the /v/ words is due largely to Poswob males' perceptions of the vagina as a very powerful thing, even though it is not physically sharp or dangerous to the touch.
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| '''Valem''' is a very strong word, and is sometimes replaced by the euphemism '''walem''' "middle, center" in polite speech. Note, however, that Poswobs measure their politeness depending on context and culture, and that even ''valem'' is not always considered rude.
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| '''Wavie''' is an irregular noun which mutates to an alternate stem ''wavv-'' when combined with possession markers. There is no standard euphemism for this word, but any word with a similar sound used in the proper context, such as '''wawia''' "playground", will be easily recognized by adult listeners as a synonym for ''wavie''.
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| Lesser-used words for the vagina include '''pumpi''', '''pabaffo''', '''bvo''', '''romne''', and '''pfo'''.<ref>''Bvo'' and ''pfo'' are probably gender-colored variants of some other word, but I dont know which one. It seems to be cognate to Khulls ''pʷō'', but I have no etymology beyond that. The most likely match seems to be Poswa's '''wavie''' series of words, which would include '''wab''' (from Babakiam ''fau'') if it had survived as an independent word.</ref>
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| Although Poswobs do not consider talking about female genitalia to be obscene or offensive, one sometimes hears '''romba''' "womb" used instead of one of the words for vagina.
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| Many of the other words were originally slang terms whose original literal meaning faded after thousands of years of sound changes.
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| ====The clitoris====
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| Most of Poswa's words for clitoris are derived by adding the morpheme ''-va'' to the end of any word for vagina. Thousands of years ago, this word could stand alone, but it now occurs only in compounds. The morpheme obeys the sound changes expected for a suffix, so that for example, the compound of ''valem'' and ''va'' is '''valemba'''. There is also another word, '''wavva''', derived from an obsolete term for the vagina, but this word merges with another word for the vagina itself in many of its inflected forms, and so is not often used. Others, mostly obscure, are '''piva''', '''palva''', '''pabva''', '''rombva''', '''šuva''', '''buva''', '''puva''', and '''luva'''. Additionally, the synonym '''pižbis''' exists, and is not derived from a word for the vagina.
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| ====Menstruation====
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| Menstruation is considered an impolite topic to address in mixed company. A man might say
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| :'''Fwulpiae?'''
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| ::Are you on your period?
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| To his wife or girlfriend, but in a wider public situation the same question would invite a violent answer. Indeed, in some social circles, males are not allowed to use the word '''fwulpwa''' "to menstruate" at all, nor any of its derivatives. Instead, they use euphemisms. Some people extend this taboo to encompass any word beginning with the rounded bilabial fricative /fʷ/, since it is one of the rarest consonants to find at the beginning of a Poswa word, and any word beginning with /fʷ/ will remind the listener of ''fwulpwa''. The commonest word affected by this taboo is '''fwava''' "cosmetics, balm".
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| However, this word taboo is found primarily in southern areas where Poswobs live with speakers of [[Pabappa]], which has similar taboos. In the wider Poswob homeland, words for menstruation are used freely by males and females alike, whether socially appropriate or not.
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| ====The breasts====
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| The commonest word for adult female breasts is '''papopop'''; the ''-pop'' suffix marks the dual number, and a single breast is '''papo'''. One can also say '''matwappop''', "that which casts shadows", for breasts that are particularly large and noticeable. A commonly heard word is '''požepop''', which refers to the nipples, but is often used as a measurement of breast size; specifically to denote how far the nipples are from the base of the chest. The primary word for nipple is '''mum''', which is an irregular noun which behaves as if it were simply '''m''' in some forms. Because this word is so short, it is often padded with one of the words for breast before it, or (when appropriate), adding the dual suffix ''-pop'', which turns it into a regular noun. The area between the breasts is called the '''bumpul'''.
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| Breast milk is '''bub''', which is distantly related to the word for milk in general (''blub''). This word is also often padded by prefixing it with ''mum'' "nipple"; an alternative is to use a [[Poswa nouns#Becausative|becausative]] derivation of the word for nipple itself, producing '''mie'''. Thus one can say
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| :'''Plefi! Bambas nobellia ''miul''?'''
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| ::Whoa! The baby's icecream ''is made from your breast milk''?
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| Some Poswob men practice self-stimulation in order to give themselves the ability to lactate; male breast milk is called '''pisi'''. This is an irregular noun, however; a Poswob worker coming across an overcrowded break room fridge would therefore have to say
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| :'''Pios ''pižža'' šuppsapepiem pwofa?'''
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| ::Whose ''breast milk'' is sitting in the fridge?
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| ====Gender-specific taboo vocabulary====
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| Nevertheless, despite Poswa's immodest habits of using the most straightforward terms for obscene body parts and activities, taboos do in fact exist. Searching deeply, one finds a rich assortment of words for the uterus and other related concepts. Here the Poswob cultural trait of superstition comes into play, and this has created an intricate array of synonyms and taboos.
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| Traditionally, in Poswob schools, young children learn that there is a list of words in Poswa dictionaries which females are allowed to say, but males are not. Since the words are largely terms for adult concepts, young boys and girls usually do not know the meanings of the many words or why girls are allowed to say them whereas boys are not; they learn the list and move on to learning how to count on their hands. (Most teachers of small children are females.)
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| This taboo is very rarely broken, and a man or boy uttering one of the words on the list will be assumed to be quoting someone else. These words are not taboo because they are considered obscene or disgusting, but because they are considered powerful.
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| For example, men cannot use the terms '''tweb''' or '''warma''', both of which mean "abortion". Male Poswa speakers are allowed to use '''mappapa''' for "abortion" and '''wabviwabi''' for "miscarriage", but many prefer to avoid the subject entirely and merely say that a woman is no longer pregnant.
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| There is another word for menstruation, '''waviop''', on the list of words that males are not allowed to say. However, this word has nearly disappeared from Poswa speech in general, including the speech of females. The word '''waptem''' "woman" is also on the list, meaning that only a woman (or girl) can refer to another woman as a ''waptem''. This has made the term take on insulting connotations, although the term has never had a more precise definition than simply "woman".
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| Neighboring cultures think it is strange that Poswob men are allowed to use words like '''wavie''' "vagina" in public without the fear of punishment, yet none will dare to so much as utter the related term '''waviop''', which means menstruation, or any of its derivatives. These words are forbidden because of cultural superstitions largely related to childbirth, and not because they are considered obscene. The two phenomena feed each other; in the closely related [[Paba]]p culture, the taboos on words such as ''waviop'' disappeared but were soon replaced by more traditional taboos for obscene concepts.
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| ====Terms for male anatomy====
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| Terms for male anatomy are generally more descriptive than those for the female anatomy. Poswa has eight words for vagina with little difference in meaning. By contrast, although the commonest word for the penis is '''noppupu''', there are other words available to describe the penis with finer precision.
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| For example, a healthy adult penis can be called '''popwap''', "that which causes children". An infertile one can be called '''pwabwap''' "that which causes urine", which is also the word for urethra. (Note that the word used for urine here is not '''twub''', the modern term, but rather an earlier one that died out.) Both terms are often used sarcastically or otherwise figuratively.
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| ===Wider varieties of obscenities===
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| Poswa more rarely uses terms and interjections involving whole sentences:
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| :'''Bwaptwipši!'''<ref>The ''-š-'' does not change to another consonant because it is actually a mutated ''-k-''.</ref>
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| ::Get raped!
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| Which is the closest literal equivalent to the English "Fuck you!" and its equivalents in many other European languages.
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| Despite the presence of vocabulary such as the above, Poswobs are just as likely to use more childish-sounding substitutions for this interjection such as
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| :'''Pobbwutši!'''
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| ::Get pooped on!
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| :'''Twatwutši!'''
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| ::Get peed on a lot!
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| And for those who are really worried about offending someone
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| :'''Myptalwutši!'''
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| ::Get slimed on!
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| Thus, the offensiveness of an expression is determined by the literal meaning of the words being chosen rather than by a word's belonging to a particular category of "adult" vocabulary despite sharing a literal meaning with some much less offensive word. Put another way, there is no way to make a sentence like "get pooped on" any more offensive in Poswa without changing its meaning.
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| ;END OF POSWA SECTRION
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| ===Profane language===
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| By contrast, '''blasphemy''' is strictly taboo, and this taboo has extended to other religions adopted by the Pabaps throughout time.
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| ===Use of obscene words as slang vocabulary===
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| Pabappa also does not have a large corpus of slang terms that are confined to informal usage. That is to say, a silly person is one whose butt is bigger than the rest of their body put together. | |
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| ==Social divisions in Pabap society==
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| The Yiibam religion divided the people of Paba into genities, or moieties, called ''lisa''. Each was assoaciated with a color name, and the people traditionally wore that color at least as underwear. Nudism was allowed, and provided a freedom from the constant association with one's genity. The genities, however, largely corresponded to ethnic groups in early Pabap society, and only became blended together much later.
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| On the other hand, the correspondence of genity to ethnic group was definitely not one-to-one, because the whole setup was in place to ensure people did not marry their cousins and that guilds of various occupations could not store up all their money and hide it from the rest of the society. Thus, although in early Pabap society the '''Orange''' genity was created for the ethnic minority calling itself the Nik, they were strongly encouraged to marry other colors, which meant marrying non-Nik people. The Nik population did not disappear, since they carried their identity paternally through mixed marriages, but it meant that wihin just a few generations the Nik had two main groups insytead of one.
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| People were expected to wear clothes the color of their genity, at least as underwear. Paba made most of its clothes from plant fibers, often with flower petals as decoration.
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| ===List of colors===
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| '''Blue''' A group consisting of the navy and all people who work primarily at sea, whether they be fishermen, traders, or explorers. This is because all of these groups are dependent on Paba's strong navy for their existence and for the most part actually overlap with the navy. In much of Paba, especially far eastern Paba, the Blue people have a very close culture, with men spending days a time without seeing their wives. Note that Paba's genities are not ethnic groups because people are encouraged to marry outside their group. Thus, most Blue men do not have Blue wives, although the taboo is not strcitly enforced in the fishing-dominated areas of the east because the original settlers were almost entirely Blue and voided the taboo as a matter of ensuring their survival. They were originally independent societies that only later became part of Paba and re-adopted the inbreeding taboo. Thus, the people here know that they are entirely descended from Blues who would be considered "inbred" by mainstream Pabap society and do not think of themselves as inferior for so being. Nevertheless, even here, it is considered more socially positive for Blues to marry outside their group, and the commonest choice is Yellow.
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| '''Purple''' The land army. The color is named after Paba's wine grapes, the source of much of its fame and wealth. They were early on the commonest choice for Orange people to marry, and thus the Orange people got a strong link into Paba's military. The military is purple becayse protecting Paba's vineyards is almost as important at protestcing its people. The Purple group also includes workers on the vineyards, but does not include other farmers such as those involved in growing large vegetables.
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| '''Red''' A term for the farming class. They generally live on hereditarily owned farms, but many of these farms are large enough that they can hire outside laborers. These laborers, however, maintain whatever their original color association was, and do not simply all become Red.
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| '''Orange''' A group created for the ''Nik'', a group originally found along the southwest coast, just west of the original Pabap settlement in Tamusur Bay. Many of them moved north into the core of Paba, but did not blend in because they were very tall and dark skinned and didnt feel comofrtable marrying the small, blonde Pabap people. However, they were discouraged from marrying other Orange people, because that could lead to accidental cousin marriages, so when they first moved north they oftne had a difficult time finding marriages.
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| '''Yellow''' A term for people who live in large cities and mostly work manual labor jobs. However, schoolteachers are also Yellow. Along the coast, this caste has lost its association with land-based employment and essentially provides the Blue caste with a separate group to marry into. However, inland, and even in certain coastal areas, it is strongly associated with urban employment. The term "Gold" is avoided because it is the name of a much larger and unrelated political organization based in Nama. Gold people in Paba are usually classified as Black.
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| Blue-Yellow marriages are the majority along most of the wealthier parts of the coast, and this trend has even followed Pabaps outside their empire and into foreign lands such as [[Subumpam]] and [[Gold Empire|Lobexon]]. This means that for all practical purposes, Yellow people are of the same occupations and social status as Blue, so there are Blue schoolteachers, Blue shopkeepers, Blue street sweepers, etc., and Yellow fishermen, sailors, and traders. This also means that Pabaps living abroad tend to wear blue and yellow clothes.
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| '''Green''' A group consisting of the decendants of anyone who has violated hte marriage restrictions, or has married a foreigner. Orange-Orange marriages are not actually illegal, it just is that their children are put into the Green group instead of inheriting the ORange. Anyone marrying Green becomes Green themselves, as do their children.
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| '''White''' The ruling class, living mostly in and near castles in Paba's capital city of Biospum.<ref>Later, Paba reliqnuished control, and Paba just came to refer to the city.</ref> They generally do not marry any non-White people, but doing so is not forbidden. They do not have a problem with inbreeding because the Whites are the descendants of the entire founding population of Paba save for the ethnic minorities that came with them on their ships.
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| '''Black''' A group for foreigners outside the caste system. Not a synonym for Green becasuse anyone marrying a Black becomes Green, not Black. Thus Blacks can only have Green children.
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