Proto-Uralic/derived: Difference between revisions

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Potential pre-Uralic or inter-Uralic derivation relationships.
Potential pre-Uralic or inter-Uralic derivation relationships.
Sub-reconstructions around here are somewhat out of date compared to the data subpages themselves.


{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! Samic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordvinic !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Cold
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jéŋɤ || jäj || *ij || *jɤɤ || jeeg || *jääŋk || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ'''
| *jäŋi
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jéŋsó- || jäkše- || *jükše- || - || - || - || *jöɣli- || -
| *jäŋ-(k)šti-
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. ''jɤd-'' || - || *jäänt- || *jentəl- ||
| *jäŋ-ta (later formation in F.)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Hot
|-
| "to burn (itr.)"
| *pala- || *pólé- || palo- || - || - || - || *puul- || *puul- || *pålä-
|-
| "to burn (tr.)"
| *poltta- || *poalté- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | The "fish"/"net" cluster
! colspan="10" | The "fish"/"net" cluster
Line 11: Line 35:
| "fish"
| "fish"
| *kala || *kólé || kal || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| *kala || *kólé || kal || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| *kala
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| *kalim || - || || - || K. kulɤm || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| *kalim || - || || - || K. kulɤm || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| *kal-
|-
|-
| "to fish with a net"
| "to fish with a net"
| *kulta || *kolté || - || ''*kelðə-'' || U. ''kalt'' ~ K. ''kɤlt'' || - || *kult- || *kåål- || Se. qolde-
| *kulta || *kolté || - || - || - || - || *kult- || *kåål- || Se. qolde-
| Ma. & P. point to *ä
| *kulki-ta (See also [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*kälä-ta]])
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || K. tɯl || - || *tåləɣ || *toɣəl || -
| - || - || - || - || K. tɯl || - || *tåləɣ || *toɣəl || -
| Metathesis?!
| #tolka. Metathesis?!
|-
|-
| "fish trap"
| "fish trap"
| *kola || - || - || - || K. koĺas || - || - || - || -
| *kola || - || - || - || K. koĺas || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Long vs. short vowels
! colspan="10" | Umlaut pairs
|-
|-
| "to swallo"
| "foot"
| *neele- || *ńélɤ- || '''ńiĺe-''' || *nela- || *ńɯl(ɯ)- <!-- -M in Komi-->|| '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || '''*nɤl-'''
| *jalka || *jólké || || *jal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
| West *ńexli, East *ńäl
|-
|-
| "tongue"
| "trace"
| - || *ńálmé || - || *ńəlmə || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńiiləm || *ńääləm || Ne. '''næmu ← *nåjmå'''
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - || *jääɣəl || *je
| *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma
| Smy. "foot"
|-
| rowheight="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|-
| "to die"
| *koole- || - || ''kulo-'' || *kole- || *kul- || hal- || '''*kaal-''' || *kal- || *kåə-
|-
| "death"
| *kalma || *kólmé || kalma || - || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
|-
|-
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "tear"
| *vooli || - || - || - || rowspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;valign:middle"| K. '''ɯɯ''' ? || - || *ula || *wol || -
| *küünel || *kɤńɤl || - || - || U. -kɯĺi || köńń || - || - || ''kəńələ''
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "to blink"
| *ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
| F. '''kyyny''' || - || końe- || *kʊme- || *kuń || huń || - || *koń- || *kəń-
|-
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|-
| "to hit"
| *löö- || - || - || ''*lüe-'' || K. lɯj- || löv- || *li- || - || *jöw-
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Peelings
! colspan="10" | Peelings
Line 66: Line 75:
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || *köör || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || *kʏr || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti
| OU *kEr
| OU *kEr
|-
|-
Line 93: Line 102:
|-
|-
| "girl"
| "girl"
| *nej-ti || *néj-tɤ || ni || - || *nɯl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || *nê
| *nejtVj || *néjtɤ || ni || - || *nɯl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || *nê
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Numerals
! colspan="10" | Numerals
Line 102: Line 111:
|-
|-
| "9"
| "9"
| *ükteksä || *ɤkcé || vejksa ||  *əənðekšə || - || - || - || - || -
| *ükteksä || *ɤkcé || vejksa ||  *ɪnðekšə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "5"
| "5"
| *viiti || *vítɤ || veťä || style="color:red"| *wəəc || *vit || öt || *ät || *weet || *wüt
| *viiti || *vítɤ || veťä || style="color:red"| *wɪc || *vit || öt || *ät || *weet || *wüt
| West *wixti, East *wet
| FS *wiiti, East *witti
|-
|-
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|-
|-
| "2"
| "2"
| F. kaksi || *kókté || kavta || *kok || ''*kɯk'' || keet || *kit || *kiit, käät || *kêtä
| *kakti || *kókté || kavta || *kok || ''*kɯk'' || keet || *kit || *kiit, käät || *kêtä
| West *ka<small><sub>2</sub></small>ktV, East *kêta, P. unclear
| West *ka<small><sub>2</sub></small>ktV, East *kêta, P. unclear
|-
|-
| "8"
| "8"
| *kakteksa || '''*kákcé''' || kavkso || Hi. '''känðäkš''' ~ Me. kanðaš || - || - || - || - || -
| *kakteksa || '''*kákcé''' || kavkso || Hi. '''känðäkš'''<br/> ~ Me. kanðaš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "6"
| "6"
| *kuuti || *kútɤ || koto || *kut || ''*kwať'' || hat || *kuut || *kaat || -
| *kuuti || *kútɤ || koto || *kut || ''*kwať'' || hat || *kuut || *kaat || -
| West *kuxti, East *ka<small><sub>2</sub></small>t, P. unclear
| FS *kuuti, V. *kutti, East *ka<small><sub>2</sub></small>t, P. unclear
|-
|-
| "20"
| - || - || (<font color="red">''komś''</font>) || - || *kɯź || huus || *kuus || *koos || -
<!-- |-
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|-
|-
Line 129: Line 141:
| "1000"
| "1000"
| - || - || - || - || *śurs || - || style="color:red"| *šaatər-  || *ťarəs ||
| - || - || - || - || *śurs || - || style="color:red"| *šaatər-  || *ťarəs ||
| ← II *źasra. Nevermind. -->
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Open
! colspan="10" | Open
Line 140: Line 154:
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Existential
! colspan="10" | Existential
|-
| "to be"
| *ole- || || || || || || || || *åə-
| *wo-li-
|-
| "to take"
| *(v)otta- || || || || || || || ||
| *wo-kta-
|-
| "own"
| *oma || *oamé || umo-k || - || U. umoɯ || oo || - || - || -
| *wo-ma
|-
| "to giv"
| ''*anta-'' || ''*vómté-'' || ''ando-'' || style="color:red"| ''*omta-'' || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
| *ëm-ta, but cf. prev.
|-
|-
| "beginning"
| "beginning"
| *alka- || *vólké- || || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| ''*alka-'' || ''*vólké-'' || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
|-
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Missing *n etc. (regular in Mari?)
! colspan="10" | More
|-
|-
| "tail"
| "to cook"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *paač || *bɤɤž || - || *panš ||style="color:red"| *poč || *pənčå
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || föö- || *pääj- || - || *pi-
| *po(n)ča
| *pexi
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to cook"
| - || *póncé || panžo- || style="color:red"| *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| - || *pɤsé- || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *piit- || *pääɬ- || -
| *pa(n)ča
| *pEša
|-
|-
| "nail"
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| *künti || *kɤncɤ || kenže || style="color:red"| *kööč || U. gižɯ ~ K. gɯž || - || *künš || *könč || style="color:red"| ''*kəčå''
| *kü(n)čV
|-
|-
| "flea"
| "finger"
| style="color:red"| *sonsa-ri || - || style="color:red"| šičav || style="color:red"| šuršo || - || - || style="color:#800000"| *šo(n)š || *čuunč || -
| *sormi || *sórmɤ || *sur || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *sormi
|-
|-
| "sleigh"
| "fist"
| - || - || - || künžö || - || - || - || - || *kənčå
| - || *čórmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. sormuŋk
|-
|-
| "to paint"
| "span"
| - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *koočV || - || *kanš || *kanč || -
| - || - || - || *šorž || - || aras || *taarəs || style="color:red"| *soort || -
| *sorśi, Kh. metathesis?
|-
|-
| "duck"
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| - || SS sjotsjo || style="color:green"| '''šenže''' || - || *čɤž || - || *šɯɯš || *čaač || -
| Er. w/ š- may not belong?
|-
|-
| "to search"
| "pole"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| *kəəčala- || style="color:red"| *koočk- || - || *känš- || *kenč- || -
| *vooli || - || - || - || rowspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;valign:middle"| K. '''ɯɯ''' ? || - || *ula || *wol || -
| *alə?
|-
|-
| "grouse"
| "pole"
| *mecco || - || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| *ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
| if not F. ← *meccä "woods" ← B.
| *ulka
|-
|-
| "pine"
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| *petä-jä || *peacé || piče || style="color:green"| *pöönčə || *poož-ɯm || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | More stuff
|-
|-
| "tear"
| "to pluck"
| *küünel || *kɤńɤl || - || - || U. -kɯĺi || köńń || - || - || ''kəńələ''
| *kitke/o- <!-- Es. kitku- --> || *kɤcké- || kočko- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *ki/ôčka-
|-
|-
| "to blink"
| "to pull"
| F. '''kyyny''' || - || końe- || *kɤɤme- || U. kɯń ~ K. kuń || huń || - || *koń- || *kəń-
| *kisko- || *kɤškó- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~<br/>Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. ''keśɯ-'' ~ K. ''koś-'' || ''kiisaal-'' || - || - || -
| *kiśka-
|-
|-
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
| height="1" colspan="10"| <hr/>
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || *paaj- || - || *pi-
| *pexi; cf. *pêsi !
|-
|-
| ""
| ""

Latest revision as of 13:06, 14 August 2016

Potential pre-Uralic or inter-Uralic derivation relationships.

Sub-reconstructions around here are somewhat out of date compared to the data subpages themselves.

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Cold
"ice" *jää *jéŋɤ jäj *ij *jɤɤ jeeg *jääŋk *jööŋk *jaŋ *jäŋi
"to become cold" *jäähty- *jéŋsó- jäkše- *jükše- - - - *jöɣli- - *jäŋ-(k)šti-
"to freeze" (*jääty-) - - - K. jɤd- - *jäänt- *jentəl- *jäŋ-ta (later formation in F.)
Hot
"to burn (itr.)" *pala- *pólé- palo- - - - *puul- *puul- *pålä-
"to burn (tr.)" *poltta- *poalté- - - - - - - -
The "fish"/"net" cluster
"fish" *kala *kólé kal *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä *kala
"net" *kalim - - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp - *kal-
"to fish with a net" *kulta *kolté - - - - *kult- *kåål- Se. qolde- *kulki-ta (See also *kälä-ta)
"net" - - - - K. tɯl - *tåləɣ *toɣəl - #tolka. Metathesis?!
"fish trap" *kola - - - K. koĺas - - - -
Umlaut pairs
"foot" *jalka *jólké *jal - ɟalog - - -
"trace" *jälki - - - - jel - *jääɣəl *je Smy. "foot"
"tear" *küünel *kɤńɤl - - U. -kɯĺi köńń - - kəńələ
"to blink" F. kyyny - końe- *kʊme- *kuń huń - *koń- *kəń-
Peelings
"crust" *koori - kaŕ - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- -
"skin" *keri *kɤrɤ keŕ *kʏr *koor keerëg *kiir *käär *kêti OU *kEr
"skin" *keti *kɤtɤ keď - - - - - Se. ker
"skin" *kiĺ *kääĺən *-äðʲ-
Kinship concatenation?
"father-in-law" F. appi vóppɤ *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi *vóném - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"aunt" *vóńé- ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań(-iikʷa) *anəkə *ɤńä
Ladies
"woman" *naj-nen - - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"girl" *nejtVj *néjtɤ ni - *nɯl - *nii *niiŋ *nê
Numerals
"1" *ükti *ɤktɤ E. vejke *iktə U. odig ~ K. ɤťik *ük *ej - Basically *üki. Mk. fkä
"9" *ükteksä *ɤkcé vejksa *ɪnðekšə - - - - -
"5" *viiti *vítɤ veťä *wɪc *vit öt *ät *weet *wüt FS *wiiti, East *witti
"2" *kakti *kókté kavta *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä West *ka2ktV, East *kêta, P. unclear
"8" *kakteksa *kákcé kavkso Hi. känðäkš
~ Me. kanðaš		 - - - - -
"6" *kuuti *kútɤ koto *kut *kwať hat *kuut *kaat - FS *kuuti, V. *kutti, East *ka2t, P. unclear
"20" - - (komś) - *kɯź huus *kuus *koos -
Open
"to open" *ava- - - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee
"opening" *aw-kko *vóŋɤs *oŋkśt äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ K. also vom
Existential
"to be" *ole- *åə- *wo-li-
"to take" *(v)otta- *wo-kta-
"own" *oma *oamé umo-k - U. umoɯ oo - - - *wo-ma
"to giv" *anta- *vómté- ando- *omta- *uud- ad- - - - *ëm-ta, but cf. prev.
"beginning" *alka- *vólké- - - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə-
More
"to cook" - - pije- - K. pu- föö- *pääj- - *pi- *pexi
"to cook" - *pɤsé- - - *pɤɤž- - *piit- *pääɬ- - *pEša
"finger" *sormi *sórmɤ *sur - - - - - - *sormi
"fist" - *čórmɤ - - - - - - Ne. sormuŋk
"span" - - - *šorž - aras *taarəs *soort - *sorśi, Kh. metathesis?
"pole" *vooli - - - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol - *alə?
"pole" *ulku *holkɤ olga - *aawla *oɣəl *uj *ulka
"to pluck" *kitke/o- *kɤcké- kočko- - - - - - - *ki/ôčka-
"to pull" *kisko- *kɤškó- Er. śkiŕa- ~
Mk. kəśkəŕa-		 - U. keśɯ- ~ K. koś- kiisaal- - - - *kiśka-
""
""
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