Proto-Uralic/D: Difference between revisions

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Cases of PU *ð.
===Std PU *d₁===


;‌*ə-stem nominals (8½)
;‌*ə-stem nominals (8+2)


&zwnj;*ëðə "year", *eðə "front", *käwðə "rope", *kuðɜ "morning", *nüðə "shaft", *o(w)ðəm(ə) "tent", *piðə "long", *śüð⁽ʲ⁾ə "coal", *täwðə "full"<br/>
&zwnj;*ëd₁ə 'year', *ed₁ə 'front', *käwd₁ə 'rope', *kud₁ɜ 'morning', *nüd₁ə 'shaft', *o(w)d₁əm(ə) 'tent', *pid₁ə 'long', ? *śüdₓə 'coal', *täwd₁ə 'full'<br/>
EU *saðə "band" (or *saða- "to bind"?)
EU *sad₁ə 'band' (or *sad₁a- 'to bind'?)<br/>
(*śod₁ə 'duck'? cf. below)


;&zwnj;*A-stem verbs (3+2)
;&zwnj;*A-stem verbs (3+2)


&zwnj;*lewðä- "to find", *śaða- "(to) rut", *śaða- "to rain";<br/>
? *lewd₁ä- 'to find', *śad₁a- '(to) rut', *śad₁a- 'to rain';<br/>
FP *kuða- "to weave", WU *ńiðä- "to tie"
FP *kud₁a- 'to weave', WU *ńid₁ä- 'to tie'


;&zwnj;*A-stem nominals ← suffixed? (2)
;&zwnj;*A-stem nominals ← suffixed? (2)


* *peðpä "shoulder" (< *peðe-päŋe "X-head"??)
* *ped₁pä 'shoulder' (← *ped₁ə-päŋə 'X-head'??)
* *śoðka "duck" (= *śoðə, WU *śoðə-ka?)
* *śod₁ka 'duck' (or *śod₁ə, WU *śod₁ə-ka?)
* *kod₁wa 'time; to stay a night' (*kod₁-wa ← *kod₁V-?)


;Other cases (4)
;Other cases (4)


&zwnj;*aðə- "to sleep", #läpðä "spleen", *paðaw "dam, weir", *śɜðäm(ə) "heart", *wɜðɜm(ə) "marrow"
&zwnj;*ad₁ə- 'to sleep', #läpd₁ä 'spleen', *pad₁aw 'dam, weir', *śɜd₁äm(ə) 'heart', *wɜd₁ɜm(ə) 'marrow'


;Questionable
;Questionable


* #wäðä "large animal" (probably *wedä "cow" vs. *wälä "draft animal")
* #wäd₁ä 'large animal' (probably *wedä 'cow' vs. *wälä 'draft animal')
* S *kiðë ~ Mo *keďəj "spring" (may be *ðʲ)
* S *kiðë ~ Mo *keďəj 'spring' (may be *d₂)
* ES *mōjðē ~ Sk #maćće "woods" (better *ðʲ anyway?)
* ES *mōjðē ~ Sk #maćće 'woods' (better *d₂ anyway)
* "F *nejtej ~ P *nɨl "girl" (or in parallel from PU *nejə)
* F *nejtej ~ P *nɨl 'girl' (or in parallel from PU *näjə)
* F *nowta- "to fetch" ~ OU #ńoogəl- "to follow" (or in parallel from PU *ńoxə-)
* F *nowta- 'to fetch' ~ OU #ńoogəl- 'to follow' (or in parallel from PU *ńoxə-)
* F *vooci ~ P *wa ~ H ''valy'' ~ Kh *aaL "year"
* Fi. ''pudas'' ~ OU #pasəl ~ Ne. *pārād 'river branch'
* Fi. ''pudas'' ~ OU #pasəl ~ Ne. *pārād "river branch"
* Mo *sud ~ P *sool 'bark'
* Mo *sud ~ P *sool "bark"


;Proto-Samic cases without an etymology
;Proto-Samic cases without an etymology
* A-verbs: ? *kopðō- 'to float', *nāðō- 'to be quiet, stubborn'
* A-nominals: keaðkē 'rock', ? *lūvðō 'leather cover for a cradle', *noaðē 'burden', *peaðŋēs 'foothold in ski', *soaðēs 'stick'
* ə-verbs: *pēðkë- 'to break (itr.)', *sāðë- 'to pant'
<!--
===PU *-d₂-===
*pud₂a- 'to hit, break'-->
===Std PU *-t-===
For comparision.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! A-stem nominals (5+2) !! A-stem verbs (4)
|-
| *kota 'hut', *nojta 'shaman', *pata 'pot', #rïta 'trap', *śë/ata '100' (← II)<!--FMa *wat/d₂a 'fish trap' ← Gmc; *tätɜ 'older F relat'-->
| *itä- 'to appear', *pitä- 'to hold', #sïto- 'to bind' *wetä- 'to pull' (← *wexə-tä-?)<!--MaP *mëta- 'to bury', *FMo *mata- 'to crawl' ← *mëxə-ta?-->
|-
! ə-stem nominals (6+1) !! ə-stem verbs (0+1)
|-
| *jEtə 'evening', *kätə 'hand', *kütə 'middle', *metə 'honey' (← IE), *sëtə 'axle', *wetə 'water'<!--MMP #sütü 'rust'-->
| MaP *jatə- 'to ask'
|-
! unclear nominals (2)
|-
| #nataw 'younger in-law', PKh *rAtɜ 'fog'
|}

Latest revision as of 14:36, 10 July 2016

Std PU *d₁

‌*ə-stem nominals (8+2)

‌*ëd₁ə 'year', *ed₁ə 'front', *käwd₁ə 'rope', *kud₁ɜ 'morning', *nüd₁ə 'shaft', *o(w)d₁əm(ə) 'tent', *pid₁ə 'long', ? *śüdₓə 'coal', *täwd₁ə 'full'
EU *sad₁ə 'band' (or *sad₁a- 'to bind'?)
(*śod₁ə 'duck'? cf. below)

‌*A-stem verbs (3+2)

? *lewd₁ä- 'to find', *śad₁a- '(to) rut', *śad₁a- 'to rain';
FP *kud₁a- 'to weave', WU *ńid₁ä- 'to tie'

‌*A-stem nominals ← suffixed? (2)
  • *ped₁pä 'shoulder' (← *ped₁ə-päŋə 'X-head'??)
  • *śod₁ka 'duck' (or *śod₁ə, WU *śod₁ə-ka?)
  • *kod₁wa 'time; to stay a night' (*kod₁-wa ← *kod₁V-?)
Other cases (4)

‌*ad₁ə- 'to sleep', #läpd₁ä 'spleen', *pad₁aw 'dam, weir', *śɜd₁äm(ə) 'heart', *wɜd₁ɜm(ə) 'marrow'

Questionable
  • #wäd₁ä 'large animal' (probably *wedä 'cow' vs. *wälä 'draft animal')
  • S *kiðë ~ Mo *keďəj 'spring' (may be *d₂)
  • ES *mōjðē ~ Sk #maćće 'woods' (better *d₂ anyway)
  • F *nejtej ~ P *nɨl 'girl' (or in parallel from PU *näjə)
  • F *nowta- 'to fetch' ~ OU #ńoogəl- 'to follow' (or in parallel from PU *ńoxə-)
  • Fi. pudas ~ OU #pasəl ~ Ne. *pārād 'river branch'
  • Mo *sud ~ P *sool 'bark'
Proto-Samic cases without an etymology
  • A-verbs: ? *kopðō- 'to float', *nāðō- 'to be quiet, stubborn'
  • A-nominals: keaðkē 'rock', ? *lūvðō 'leather cover for a cradle', *noaðē 'burden', *peaðŋēs 'foothold in ski', *soaðēs 'stick'
  • ə-verbs: *pēðkë- 'to break (itr.)', *sāðë- 'to pant'


Std PU *-t-

For comparision.

A-stem nominals (5+2) A-stem verbs (4)
*kota 'hut', *nojta 'shaman', *pata 'pot', #rïta 'trap', *śë/ata '100' (← II) *itä- 'to appear', *pitä- 'to hold', #sïto- 'to bind' *wetä- 'to pull' (← *wexə-tä-?)
ə-stem nominals (6+1) ə-stem verbs (0+1)
*jEtə 'evening', *kätə 'hand', *kütə 'middle', *metə 'honey' (← IE), *sëtə 'axle', *wetə 'water' MaP *jatə- 'to ask'
unclear nominals (2)
#nataw 'younger in-law', PKh *rAtɜ 'fog'
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