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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
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| == pronunciation ==
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| * Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.
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| === vowels ===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !
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| !'''Front'''
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| !'''Central'''
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| !'''Back'''
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| |-align=center
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| !'''Close'''
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| |{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)''' || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
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| |-align=center
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| !'''Mid'''
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| |{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
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| |-align=center
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| !'''Open'''
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| | || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' ||
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| |}
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| ==== diphthongs ====
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| * Both of the falling [[wp:Diphthong|diphthongs]] as well as '''uai''' and '''yao''' only occur word finally.
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| ===== falling =====
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| *{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai'''
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| *{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao'''
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| ===== rising =====
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| *{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua'''
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| *{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai'''
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| *{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya'''
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| *{{IPA|[ja~jaɪ:]}} - '''yai'''
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| *{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao'''
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| *{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye'''
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| *{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo'''
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| === consonants ===
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| {| class="IPA wikitable"
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| ! rowspan="2"|
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| ! rowspan="2"|Labial
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| ! colspan="2"|Dental
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| ! rowspan="2"|Palatal
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| ! colspan="2"|Velar
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| ! rowspan="2"|Glottal
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| |-align=center
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| !<small>central</small>
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| !<small>lateral</small>
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| !<small>plain</small>
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| !<small>labial</small>
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| |-align=center
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| ! Nasal
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| | {{IPA|m}} '''(m)'''
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| | {{IPA|n}} '''(n)'''
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| | {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)'''
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| |-align=center
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| !Plosive
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| | {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)'''
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| | {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)'''
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| | {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)'''
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| | {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')'''
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| |-align=center
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| !Fricative
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| | {{IPA|s}} '''(s)'''
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)'''
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| | {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)'''
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| |-align=center
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| !Affricate
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| | {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)'''
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| | {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)'''
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| | {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! Approximant
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| | {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)'''
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| | {{IPA|j}} '''(y)'''
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| | {{IPA|w}} '''(u)'''
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| |}
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| ==== allophony ====
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| * /h/ > /ɦ/ when preceded or followed by a front vowel.
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| * The [[wp:Glottal_stop|glottal stop]] is not phonemic but is included in the chart above. It is pronounced between two vowels and/or diphthongs that are not connected.
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| * <'''s'''> & <'''ts'''> are /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ respectively, unless immediately preceded or followed by one another, then <'''s'''> is always /s/ and <'''ts'''> is always /tʃ/.
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| * However, one could pronounce them either way (e.g. always /s/ & /ts/) and still be understood.
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| *Example:
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| :'''sitsa''' - /'si:.tʃa/ - warmth, heat / warm, hot / to heat up
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| :'''tsasu''' - /'tʃa:.su/ - cursive writing; having successive letters joined together
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| ==== phonotactics ====
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| * Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be [[wp:Labialization|labialized]] or [[wp:Palatalization|palatalized]].
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| ** There are a few exceptions to this, such as '''tata''' for the informal/familiar form of father, etc.
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| * Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a headword.
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| ==== syllable structure ====
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| * ''See also'': [[Kala/syllables|Syllables]]
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| *(N)(C)V/D(F)
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| **N - nasal; prenasal; /n/ or /m/
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| **C - consonant
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| **V - vowel
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| **D - diphthong
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| **F - final; coda
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| *The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/; these only occur as a final codas to negate, pluralize or adverbialize verbs and nouns, respectively.
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| ==== stress ====
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| * In Kala stress falls on the [[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|penultimate]] syllable with the exceptions of negatives and words that end with a syllable onset palatal approximant, in which case stress is [[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|ultimate]].
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| ==== prenasalized consonants ====
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| * In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[wp:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases of [[wp:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/.
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| * '''mp''' /ᵐp~ᵐb/
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| :Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈᵐpa.ka/ - ''n'' - boundary / border / line
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| * '''nt''' /ⁿt~ⁿd/
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| :Example: '''ntama''' /ˈⁿta.ma/ - ''n'' - calf (a young cow or bull)
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| * '''nk''' /ᵑk~ᵑ/
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| :Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈᵑka.pa/ - ''n'' - alcohol / grog
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| == sentence structure ==
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| *
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| === word order ===
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| *
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| === verbs ===
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| *
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| === nouns ===
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| *
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| == compound sentences (subordinate clauses)==
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| *
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| == adjectives ==
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| *
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| == adverbs ==
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| *
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| == prepositions & conjunctions ==
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| === prepositions ===
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| *
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| === conjunctions ===
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| *
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| == relative clauses ==
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| *
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| == interjections ==
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| *
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| === cursing ===
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| *
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| == numbers ==
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| === cardinal numbers ===
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| *'''e'o''' - zero; null
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| *'''na'o''' - one
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| *'''ta'o''' - two
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| *'''ha'o''' - three
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| *'''ma'o''' - four
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| *'''ya'o''' - five
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| *'''tsa'o''' - six
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| *'''ka'o''' - seven
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| *'''pa'o''' - eight
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| *'''sa'o''' - nine
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| *'''ue'o''' - ten
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| -
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| *'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred; 10<sup>2</sup>
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| *'''nya'o''' - five hundred
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| *'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand; 10<sup>3</sup>
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| *'''mue'o''' - ten thousand; 10<sup>4</sup>
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| *'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand; 10<sup>5</sup>
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| *'''nte'o''' - (one) million; 10<sup>6</sup>
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| *'''hue'o''' - (one) billion; 10<sup>9</sup>
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| === higher numbers ===
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| * '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11
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| * '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20
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| * '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107
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| * '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
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| * '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
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| == expressions of time ==
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| * Tense markers are often replaced by time expressions. Here are a few of the more common ones:
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| * '''iyoma''' - today
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| * '''iyohua''' - tonight
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| * '''yomaye''' - yesterday
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| * '''yomatli''' - tomorrow
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| * '''yomua''' - morning
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| * '''puama''' - evening
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| * '''yomuatli''' - tomorrow morning
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| * '''yohuaye''' - last night
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| * '''sayo''' - month
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| * '''anyo''' - year
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| * '''anyotlipua''' - end of next year
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| * '''anyoye ue'o''' - ten years ago
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| * '''sayotli ta'o''' - in two months
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| == ordering of phrases ==
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| *
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| == causative constructions ==
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| *
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| == compounding ==
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| *
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| == creating nouns from verbs ==
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| *
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| == Index ==
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| {{Kala index}}
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| [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]]
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