Kala/affixes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]]
''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]]


These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.
These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
=== -pa ===
|-
 
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]'''
|-
 
| '''-pa''' || ''n'' || able to ~; can ~; ~ is possible [POT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]''' || '''na inapa'''<br>I am able to eat.
# able to ~  
|-
# can ~
| '''-pe''' || ''n'' || part/piece of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]''' || '''inape'''<br>morsel; crumb
# ~ is possible; potential [POT]
|-
 
| '''-po''' || ''v'' || compelled to ~; forced to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]''' || '''na inapo'''<br>I am compelled to eat.
* '''na inapa'''
|-
: I am able to eat.
| '''-pu''' || ''n'' || attire; clothes; clothing || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|puku]]''' || '''anapu'''<br>hat
 
|-
=== -pe ===
| '''-pua''' || ''v'' || finished; completed [PFV] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|opua]]''' || '''ha inapua'''<br>He has eaten.
 
|-
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]'''
| '''-pya''' || ''v'' || attempt; try [ATT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|upya]]''' || '''kam inapya'''<br>They are trying to eat.
 
|-
# part
| '''-pye''' || ''n'' || too much/many; excessive(ly) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kupye]]''' || '''ke inapye'''<br>There's too much food.
# piece of ~
|-
 
| '''-pyo''' || ''n / v'' || disease; ill; sick || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pyoki]]''' || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
* '''inape'''
|-
: piece of food; morsel; crumb
| '''-mpa''' || ''n'' || many; much; a lot || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|mpa]]''' || '''mitampa ina'''<br>Many dogs are eating.
|-
| '''-mpe''' || ''n / v'' || only; just; merely [LIM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|amye]]''' || '''tlanampe kala'''<br>Only people speak.
|-
| '''-mpo''' || ''n / v'' || bad; unfavorable; poor quality || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mala]]''' || '''inampo'''<br>bad/rotten food
|-
| '''-mpu''' || ''n'' || shaped like ~; ~ form || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|umpu]]''' || '''pyotampu'''<br>cube shaped
|-
| '''-ta''' || ''n'' || male; masculine [MASC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaka]]''' || '''umata'''<br>stallion
|-
| '''-tai''' || ''n'' || named; (so-)called ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ata]]''' || '''kumatai'''<br>''a so-called bear''
|-
| '''-te''' || ''v'' || propose; request [PREC]; suggest || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|teya]]''' || '''inate'''<br>Please eat.
|-
| '''ti-''' || ''num'' || diverse; multi-; multiply || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tiha]]''' || '''tika'o'''<br>septuplet; seven times
|-
| '''-to''' || ''n / v'' || manner; method; way || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]''' || '''yamato'''<br>mountaineering
|-
| '''-kan''' || ''n / v'' || leader; chief; senior || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]''' || '''mitakan'''<br>alpha-dog
|-
| '''-ke''' || ''v'' || doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ketsa]]''' || '''ta unyake'''<br>[it is doubted that] you know
|-
| '''ki-''' || ''num'' || next; order; sequence [ordinal] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsuki]]''' || '''kiha'o'''<br>third; 3rd
|-
| '''-ko (-tlo)''' || ''n / v'' || agentive [AG]; one who ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ko]]''' || '''yalako'''<br>walker
|-
| '''-kua''' || ''n'' || all; entire; every; whole || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kua]]''' || '''mitakua hinatle'''<br>all dogs that are here
|-
| '''-kya''' || ''v'' || co-hortative [HORT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kya]]''' || '''yalakya'''<br>Let's go.
|-
| '''-kyo''' || ''n / v'' || college; school; university || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hakyo]]''' || '''hayakyo'''<br>veterinarian school
|-
| '''-kyo''' || ''v'' || fast; rapidly; quickly || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyolo]]''' || '''nam inakyo'''<br>We eat quickly.
|-
| '''-nke (-k)''' || ''n / v'' || negative [NEG]; no; not || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nke]]''' || '''hinak'''<br>not [be] here
|-
| '''-nko''' || ''v'' || continue; proceed; progressive [PROG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nkoso]]''' || '''ha mokunko'''<br>She is sleeping.
|-
| '''-nku''' || ''pro'' || reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|anku]]''' || '''nanku anyatli'''<br>we will see each other
|-
| '''-m (-lo)''' || ''n'' || general plural || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma]]''' || '''mitam'''<br>dogs
|-
| '''-ma''' || ''n / v'' || time for/to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ama]]''' || '''inama'''<br>(the) time to eat
|-
| '''-me''' || ''v'' || cancel; undo ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kume]]''' || '''iname'''<br>vomit [un-eat]
|-
| '''-mi''' || ''n'' || few; small amount [paucal PAU] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma + ahi]]''' || '''mitami moku'''<br>a few dogs sleep
|-
| '''-mo''' || ''n / v'' || location; place; where || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mo]]''' || '''inamo'''<br>restaurant; diner
|-
| '''-mu''' || ''v'' || begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mula]]''' || '''ha inamu'''<br>he begins to eat
|-
| '''-mua''' || ''n / v'' || lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pamua]]''' || '''inamua'''<br>famine ; hunger
|-
| '''-mya''' || ''v'' || cause; do; make [causative CAUS] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muya]]''' || '''ta'ena nukumya'''<br>You cause me to hate.
|-
| '''-mye''' || ''v'' || redo; resume || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muyaye]]''' || '''ha inamye'''<br>She is eating (it) again.
|-
| '''-myo''' || ''v'' || allow; permit [permissive PERM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|myonta]]''' || '''eta inamyo'''<br>You are allowed to eat.
|-
| '''-n (-no)''' || ''v'' || adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|no]]''' || '''mita oyan'''<br>a blackish dog
|-
| '''-na''' || ''n'' || woman; feminine [FEM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|naka]]''' || '''umana'''<br>mare
|-
| '''-nai''' || ''n / v'' || type of food; food of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ina]]''' || '''mitanai'''<br>dog food
|-
| '''-ne''' || ''v'' || ought to; suggest [SUG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|neya]]''' || '''ta inane'''<br>You should eat.
|-
| '''-ni''' || ''n / v'' || good; pleasant; regular || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|niha]]''' || '''inani'''<br>nice food / fine cuisine
|-
| '''-nua''' || ''n / v'' || frequent; often; regular [FREQ] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nua]]''' || '''kam inanua'''<br>They eat frequently.
|-
| '''-nyo''' || ''n / v'' || device; equipment; tool [INSTR] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]''' || '''inanyo'''<br>eating utensil [fork; spoon]
|-
| '''-sa''' || ''n / v'' || room; chamber; section || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]''' || '''inasa'''<br>dining room
|-
| '''-si''' || ''n / v'' || color of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sahi]]''' || '''senusi'''<br>hair color
|-
| '''-so''' || ''n'' || class; type; kind || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|so]]''' || '''mitaso'''<br>a dog breed
|-
| '''-su''' || ''n / v'' || market; shop; store || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|suku]]''' || '''inasu'''<br>grocery; food market
|-
| '''-sue''' || ''v'' || prepare; get/be ready || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yaso]]''' || '''na inasue'''<br>I am ready to eat.
|-
| '''-ha''' || ''n / v'' || augmentative [AUG]; big; large || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]''' || '''mitaha ina'''<br>The big dog eats.
|-
| '''-he''' || ''n / v'' || need; necessity; require [NEC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|heya]]''' || '''ta inahe'''<br>You need to eat.
|-
| '''-hi''' || ''n / v'' || diminutive [DIM]; few; small || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ahi]]''' || '''mitahi'''<br>puppy (small dog)
|-
| '''-ho''' || ''v'' || assert; claim; state || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|toho]]''' || '''ta pakaho'''<br>(it is asserted that) You are dumb.
|-
| '''-hu''' || ''n / v'' || aggressive; drastic; extreme || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyohu]]''' || '''mita oyahu'''<br>an extremely black dog
|-
| '''-hua''' || ''n / v'' || flower; plant; flora || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|maua]]''' || '''nekohua'''<br>cattail (typha)
|-
| '''-hue''' || ''n'' || locative [LOC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hue]]''' || '''ha tsakahue'''<br>She's at home.
|-
| '''-hya''' || ''n / v'' || animal; fauna || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|haya]]''' || '''tsakahya'''<br>pen; habitat; cage
|-
| '''-hyo''' || ''n'' || juice; extract; liquid from ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hyota]]''' || '''pomahyo'''<br>apple juice
|-
| '''-tsa''' || ''n / v'' || damn [general invective] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]''' || '''mitatsa'''<br>a damned dog
|-
| '''-tse''' || ''v'' || appear; seem || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tse'e]]''' || '''ha inatse'''<br>She seems to be eating.
|-
| '''tsi-''' || ''n'' || angle; bend; corner || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atsi]]''' || '''tsiya'o'''<br>pentagon (five angles)
|-
| '''-tso''' || ''n / v'' || center; middle; mid-; half || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsoya]]''' || '''kunyetso'''<br>half-moon
|-
| '''-tsu''' || ''n'' || flesh; meat; pulp || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kutsu]]''' || '''manotsu'''<br>chicken meat
|-
| '''-tsua''' || ''n / v'' || almost; nearly; more-or-less || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsua]]''' || '''ha hinatsua'''<br>She is almost here.
|-
| '''-tsue''' || ''v'' || late; delayed; slow || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsipue]]''' || '''mita empatsue'''<br>The dog runs slowly.
|-
| '''-tla''' || ''n / v'' || language; dialect; speech || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]''' || '''nihonotla'''<br>Japanese [language]
|-
| '''-tle (-le)''' || ''v'' || relative clause marker [REL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ele]]''' || '''na nahi inatle unya'''<br>I know the girl that/who is eating.
|-
| '''tli-''' || ''n'' || collective plural [COL]; group; pack || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tatli]]''' || '''tlimita malo'''<br>a pack of brown dogs
|-
| '''-tli''' || ''v'' || future tense [FUT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atli]]''' || '''na inatli'''<br>I will eat.
|-
| '''ua-''' || ''n'' || that (by you) [MED] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]''' || '''uamita hayo'''<br>That dog (by you) is his/hers.
|-
| '''-ua''' || ''n / v'' || science of ~; study of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kuaha]]''' || '''hayaua'''<br>veterinarian medicine
|-
| '''-ue''' || ''n / v'' || intenion; desire; will [VOL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|ueha / ueyo]]''' || '''na inaue'''<br>I want/intend to eat.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''v'' || go; move in direction of || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]''' || '''ha nahela'''<br>She is going inside.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''n / v'' || become; change/turn into ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ela]]''' || '''ha inyala'''<br>She is becoming hungry.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''n'' || any; indefinite; some ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ula]]''' || '''mola'''<br>anywhere; somewhere; wherever
|-
| '''-li''' || ''n'' || apiece; each; every || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|oli]]''' || '''mitali kinya'''<br>Each dog is silver.
|-
| '''-ya''' || ''n'' || in-law; relative by marriage || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]''' || '''nakuya'''<br>sister-in-law
|-
| '''ye-''' || ''n'' || that (over there) [DIST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yetla]]''' || '''ta yemita anya ka'''<br>Do you see that dog (over there)?
|-
| '''-ye''' || ''v'' || past tense [PST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|aye]]''' || '''na inaye'''<br>I ate.
|-
| '''-yo''' || ''n'' || possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]''' || '''mita nayo'''<br>my dog
|-
| '''e-''' || ''n'' || object; patient [P] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|eke]]''' || '''eta unya'''<br>You are known.
|-
| '''i-''' || ''n'' || this (by me) [PROX] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|itla]]''' || '''imita nayo'''<br>This dog is mine.
|-
| '''-i''' || ''n / v'' || reflexive [REFL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ki]]''' || '''na'i tlela'''<br>I bathe myself.
|-
| '''o-''' || ''n'' || venerated; honored || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|o]]''' || '''otsaka'''<br>The honorable home.
|-
| '''-u / u-''' || ''n / v'' || (double for redundant syllable) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|u]]''' || '''tsaka taha'u'''<br>The very large house.
|}


= Notes =
= Notes =


# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.

Revision as of 05:19, 23 June 2016

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.

-pa

from pala

  1. able to ~
  2. can ~
  3. ~ is possible; potential [POT]
  • na inapa
I am able to eat.

-pe

from peya

  1. part
  2. piece of ~
  • inape
piece of food; morsel; crumb

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
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