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IPA: Difference between revisions

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(+pulmonics)
(near-complete..)
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| Trill || [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || || || [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
| Trill || [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || || || [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
|-
| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental tap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar tap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar tap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex tap|ɽ]]
| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
|-
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar sibilant|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar sibilant|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
|-
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]
Line 21: Line 21:
| Lateral approximant || || || [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]]
| Lateral approximant || || || [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]]
|}
|}
----


{{msg:stub}}
'''Non-pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives
|-
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
|-
| [[Dental click|ǀ]] Dental || [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]] Dental/alveolar || [[Bilabial ejective|pʼ]] Bilabial
|-
| [[Alveolar click|ǃ]] (Post)alveolar || [[Palatal implosive|ʄ]] Palatal || [[Alveolar ejective|tʼ]] Dental/alveolar
|-
| ǂ Palatoalveolar <!-- palatoalveolar=alveolo-palatal? --> || [[Velar implosive|ɠ]] Velar || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar click|ǁ]] Lateral alveolar || [[Uvular implosive|ʛ]] Uvular || [[Alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] Alveolar fricative
|}
 
'''Vowels'''
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u
|-
| || || ɪ · ʏ || || ʊ
|-
| Close-mid || e · ø || || ɘ · ɵ || || ɤ · o
|-
| || || || ə
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ · œ || || ɜ · ɞ || || ʌ · ɔ
|-
| || æ || || ɐ
|-
| Open || a · ɶ || || || || ɑ · ɒ
|}
 
'''Other Symbols'''
{|
| [[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative
|-
| [[Labial-velar approximant|w]] Voiced labial-velar approximant
|-
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant
|-
| [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] Voiceless epiglottal fricative
|-
| [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] Voiced epiglottal fricative
|-
| [[Epiglottal stop|ʔ]] Epiglottal plosive
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar flap|ɺ]] Lateral alveolar flap
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
|-
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
 
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}
 
'''Suprasegmentals'''
{|
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
|-
| ˌ || Secondary stress
|-
| ː || Long || eː
|-
| ˑ || Half-long || eˑ
|-
| ˘ || Extra short || ĕ
|-
| . || Syllable break || ɹi.ækt
|-
| || Minor (foot) group
|-
| || Major (intonation) group
|-
| ‿ || Linking (absence of a break)
|}
 
'''Tones & Word Accents'''
{|
! Level !! Contour
| e̋ or ˥
|-
| é    ˦
|-
| ē    ˧
|-
| è    ˨
|-
| ȅ    ˩
|}
 
'''Diacritics'''
{|
|  ̥ || Voiceless [[Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]] [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] ||  ̤ || Breathy voiced [[Breathy voiced bilabial stop|b̤]] [[Breathy voiced open front vowel|a̤]] ||  ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced [[Creaky voiced bilabial stop|b̰]] [[Creaky voiced open front vowel|a̰]] ||  ̺ || Apical [[Voiceless apical alveolar stop|t̺]] [[Voiced apical alveolar stop|d̺]]
|-
| ʰ || Aspirated [[Voiceless aspirated alveolar stop|tʰ]] [[Voiced aspirated alveolar stop|dʰ]] ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal [[Voiceless laminal alveolar stop|t̻]] [[Voiced laminal alveolar stop|d̻]]
|-
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized [[Voiceless labialized alveolar stop|tʷ]] [[Voiced labialized alveolar stop|dʷ]] || ~ || Nasalized [[Nasalized close-mid front vowel|ẽ]]
|_
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized [[Voiceless palatalized alveolar stop|tʲ]] [[Voiced palatalized alveolar stop|dʲ]]
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized [[Voiceless velarized alveolar stop|tˠ]] [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop||dˠ]] || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized [[Voiceless pharyngealized alveolar stop|tˤ]] [[Voiced pharyngealized alveolar stop|dˤ]] ||  ̚ || No audible release [[Unreleased voiced alveolar stop|d̚]]
|-
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
|-
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ ([[Voiced alveolar fricative|ɹ̝]] = Voiced alveolar fricative)
|}

Revision as of 01:46, 18 October 2004

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Pulmonic Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r̪ r r̠ ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ̪ ɾ ɾ̠ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Approximant β̞ ʋ ɹ̪ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞
Lateral approximant l̪ l l̠ ɭ ʎ ʟ

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o
ə
Open-mid ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ

Other Symbols

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant
ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative
ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative
ʔ Epiglottal plosive
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x.
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ Primary stress ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
˘ Extra short ĕ
. Syllable break ɹi.ækt
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level Contour e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪
̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
˒ More rounded ɔ̜ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ~ Nasalized ẽ _ ˓ Less rounded ɔ̹ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop dˠ]] ˡ Lateral release dˡ
˗ Retracted i̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
¨ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ˔ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)
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