|
|
| (211 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| =='''-co''' or '''có''' : '''pilana najauva''' ... (the fourteenth pilana)==
| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| means "about" as in "they talk about him".
| | db-g7 |
| | |
| ==How concepts relate to nparts of speech==
| |
| | |
| '''beu?''' differs slightly from English, in that the primary form of most words relating to body states are verbs. For example ;-
| |
| | |
| '''joze''' = to be bored, boredom
| |
| | |
| '''?oime''' = to be happy, to be glad
| |
| | |
| '''heuno''' = to be sad, to be unhappy
| |
| | |
| ==..... Word building==
| |
| | |
| Many '''béu''' words can be analysed as being constructed from more basic elements.
| |
| | |
| We have given the structure of the '''béu''' noun phrase already (see ??). If a phrase consisting of the head plus a genitive or the head plus an adjective occur together many times and/or their meaning starts to take on nuances which are more than the sum of the two constituant elements then the two words coalesce . When 2 words coalesce ;-
| |
| | |
| 1) The genitive suffix '''n''' is dropped
| |
| | |
| 2) The first syllable of the first word is dropped.
| |
| | |
| 3) The remainder of the first word is affixed to the second word.
| |
| | |
| Here are some examples ;-
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=right| '''gxx''' =
| |
| |align=left| to raise ..............................
| |
| |align=right| '''gonai''' =
| |
| |align=left| a machine
| |
| |align=right| '''gonai gxx.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a machine of levitation"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''gxxnai''' =
| |
| |align=left| a lift or an elevator
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''glxx''' =
| |
| |align=left| to rise
| |
| |align=right| '''tagu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a tool
| |
| |align=right| '''tagu glxx.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a rising tool"
| |
| |align=center|=>
| |
| |align=right| '''glxxgu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a ladder
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
| |
| |align=left| a word
| |
| |align=right| '''toili''' =
| |
| |align=left| a book
| |
| |align=right| '''toili nandau.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a book of words"
| |
| |align=center|=>
| |
| |align=right| '''nandauli''' =
| |
| |align=left| a dictionary
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''limba''' =
| |
| |align=left| a tongue or language
| |
| |align=right| '''myega''' =
| |
| |align=left| a body of knowledge,
| |
| |align=right| '''myega limba.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "the study of language"
| |
| |align=center|=>
| |
| |align=right| '''limbaga''' =
| |
| |align=left| linguistics
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right|
| |
| |align=left|
| |
| |align=right|
| |
| |align=left| a subject
| |
| |align=right|
| |
| |align=left|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=right|
| |
| |align=left|
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Word or -DAU===
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=right| '''du''' =
| |
| |align=left| to do, an action, a deed ...............
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
| |
| |align=left| a word ....................
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau du.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a word of action"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''dudau''' =
| |
| |align=left| a verb
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''cwipa''' =
| |
| |align=left| an object, a thing(physical)
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
| |
| |align=left| a word
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau cwipa.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a word of an object"
| |
| |align=center|=>
| |
| |align=right| '''cwipadau''' =
| |
| |align=left| a noun
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''sài''' =
| |
| |align=left| a colour
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau''' =
| |
| |align=left| a word
| |
| |align=right| '''nandau sài.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a word of colour"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''saidau''' =
| |
| |align=left| an adjective
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Person or -BU===
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=right| '''ww''' =
| |
| |align=left| a country ............................................
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a person ....................
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu ww.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a person of country"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''wwbu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a compatriot
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''xx''' =
| |
| |align=left| to compete, to struggle
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a person
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu xx.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a person of competition"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''xxbu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a capitalist
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''yy''' =
| |
| |align=left| to share
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a person
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu yy.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a person of sharing"
| |
| |align=center|=>
| |
| |align=right| '''yybu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a socialist
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''zz''' =
| |
| |align=left| the same ??
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a person
| |
| |align=right| '''glabu zz.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a person of the same"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''zzbu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a communist
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Fellow or -PEU===
| |
| | |
| '''ampeu''' = a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=right| '''vv''' =
| |
| |align=left| a womb
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a fellow, a mate ..........
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu vv.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a fellow of womb"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''vvpeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a womb-mate, a twin
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''ww''' =
| |
| |align=left| a class
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a fellow
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu ww.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a person of class"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''wwpeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a classmate
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''xx''' =
| |
| |align=left| year
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a fellow, a mate
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu xx.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a year fellow"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''xxpeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| somebody born in the same year as you
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''yy''' =
| |
| |align=left| a name
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a fellow, a mate
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu yy.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a fellow of name"
| |
| |align=center|=>
| |
| |align=right| '''yypeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a namesake, somebody with the same name as you
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=right| '''zz''' =
| |
| |align=left| aim, objective, a purpose, a cause
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a fellow, a mate
| |
| |align=right| '''ampeu zz.n''' =
| |
| |align=left| "a person of the same objective"
| |
| |align=center|'''=>'''
| |
| |align=right| '''zzpeu''' =
| |
| |align=left| a comrade
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Subject or -GA===
| |
| | |
| === Book or -LI===
| |
| | |
| === Tool or -GU===
| |
| | |
| === Machine or -NAI===
| |
| | |
| === Belief/theory or -GAI===
| |
| | |
| === Wagon or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Building or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Side or -KA===
| |
| | |
| '''daka''' = side
| |
| | |
| '''aibaka''' = a triangle
| |
| | |
| '''ugaka''' = a square
| |
| | |
| '''idaka''' = a pentagon
| |
| | |
| '''elaka''' = a hexagon
| |
| | |
| etc. etc.
| |
| | |
| === Area/Station or -KAU===
| |
| | |
| '''dakau''' = area, face
| |
| | |
| '''ugakau''' = a tetrahedron
| |
| | |
| '''elakau''' = a cube
| |
| | |
| '''ezakau''' = an octahedron
| |
| | |
| '''ajaukau''' = a dodecahedron
| |
| | |
| '''ajauzakau''' = an icosahedron
| |
| | |
| === Volume/Room or -KAI===
| |
| | |
| '''dakai''' = volume, room
| |
| | |
| '''moʃikai''' = water room = bathrooom
| |
| | |
| = bedroom
| |
| | |
| = cookroom
| |
| | |
| = livingroom
| |
| | |
| = store room
| |
| | |
| You can name the regular shapes in 4 dimensions.
| |
| | |
| '''idakai''' = a 5-cell
| |
| | |
| '''ezakai''' = an 8-cell
| |
| | |
| '''ajaugakai''' = a 16-cell
| |
| | |
| '''uvaukai''' = a 24-cell
| |
| | |
| '''apaukai''' = 120-cell
| |
| | |
| '''agaivaukai''' = 600-cell
| |
| | |
| === Professional or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Tradesman or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Shop or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Seller or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Stuff or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Metal or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Water or -ZE===
| |
| | |
| === Air/gas or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Group or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Member or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Disease or ???===
| |
| | |
| '''hikai''' = disease
| |
| | |
| === Fish or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Trees or -???===
| |
| | |
| === Fruit/nuts or -ZO ... 27===
| |
| | |
| ----------------
| |
| | |
| We do not want a "unit", "boat".
| |
| | |
| ⁕⁕'''nandauli''' is a good example of '''béu''' word building. '''toili''' = book, '''nandau''' = word, '''toili nandaun''' = book of words. However if two words such as these
| |
| '''geudidau''' means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.
| |
| | |
| '''geuda''' is a verb mean'''béu'''ing to extend in one direction (usually not up). '''geudo''' is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. '''geudi''' is an adjective meaning extended.
| |
| | |
| '''nandau geudi''' = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.
| |
| | |
| Hence we get '''geudidau'''. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.
| |
| | |
| In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In '''béu''' the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in '''béu'''.
| |
| | |
| | |
| The CV '''-dau''' (from '''nandau''') is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-
| |
| | |
| | |
| Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.
| |
| | |
| It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-
| |
| | |
| '''kaza''' is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".
| |
| | |
| '''kaza cwipadaun''' = a complex of a noun => '''cwipadauza''' = a noun phrase
| |
| | |
| ===Units===
| |
| | |
| We discussed a little about "units" in chapter 2 under the '''noiga''' section.
| |
| | |
| Now we will discuss '''beu?''' units (or '''jada''') more fully.
| |
| | |
| The unit of distance is the '''yi?''' (3.68 km) ... this is actually the radius of the earth divided by 1000<sub>12</sub>.
| |
| | |
| The unit of height is the '''hi?''' (2.13 m) ... this is actually the '''yi?''' divided by 1000<sub>12</sub>.
| |
| | |
| The unit of weight is the '''wi?''' (5.6 kg) ... this is actually (the weight of water in a cube with every side one '''hi?''' long) divided by 1000<sub>12</sub>.
| |
| | |
| The unit of area is the '''ni?''' (7,839 m<sup>2</sup>) ... this is actually (the area of a square with every side one '''hi?''' long) multiplied by by 1000<sub>12</sub>.
| |
| | |
| The unit of temperature is the '''mi?''' (87 degrees Kelvin). This actually makes the temperature of the human body equal to 3 1/2 units.
| |
| | |
| Also 3.0 '''mih''' is -12 degrees celsius and 4.0 '''mi?''' is 75 degrees celsius. As the temperature of the air is nearly always between these 2 limits, when people discuss the weather, they normally drop the "3".
| |
| | |
| GIVE A FEW EXAMPLES ... show how they are written, unit of speed is ? Unit of time is ?
| |
| | |
| The unit of temperature is the '''?i?''' (360 degrees).
| |
| | |
| The unit of speed is the '''si?'''
| |
| | |
| ==Index==
| |
| | |
| {{Béu Index}}
| |
