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| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
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| == .. Concepts are word class==
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| ..
| | db-g7 |
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| Some concepts that are coded as adjectives in English, are coded as verbs in '''beu'''. Usually they are body internal processes or states. So joining "to sleep", "to love", "to hate" (which are stative verbs in English) we have concepts like "to be angry", "to be jealous", "to be healthy". Note ... most of these are mental states ... but not all.
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| Now in '''beu''' adjectives become verbs simply by adding the verb train to them. For example ...
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| '''joga''' = wide
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| '''joguran komwe''' = it seems they have widened the road
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| '''jogago''' = to widen
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| Notice that these derived verbs are all transitive. To have the intransitive sense, you must use the verb '''tezau''' "become" along with the adjective.
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| ..
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| ==..... 72 Adjectives==
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| === ..... 4 of which serve as intransitive verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''bòi <sup>*</sup>
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| |align=center| good
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| |align=center| '''boizora'''
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| |align=center| she is healthy
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| |align=center| '''bòis'''<sup>**</sup>
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| |align=center| to be healthy/health
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| |align=center| '''kéu'''
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| |align=center| bad
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| |align=center| '''keuzora'''
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| |align=center| he is ill
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| |align=center| '''kéus'''
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| |align=center| to be sick/illness
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| |align=center| '''fái'''
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| |align=center| rich <sup>**</sup>
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| |align=center| '''faizora'''
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| |align=center| she is interested
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| |align=center| '''fáis'''
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| |align=center| to be attentive/attention
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| |align=center| '''pàu'''
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| |align=center| bland
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| |align=center| '''pauzora'''
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| |align=center| he is bored
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| |align=center| '''pàus'''
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| |align=center| to be bored/boredom
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| |}
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| <sup>*</sup> Note that the adverb version of this word is slightly irregular. Instead of '''boiwe''' it is '''bowe'''. People often shout this when impressed with some athletic feat or sentiment voiced ... '''bowe bowe''' => well done => bravo bravo
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| <sup>**</sup>'''boizis''' is commonly said upon parting for what is expected to be some time. It means "may you be well".
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| Also instead of '''keuwe''' we have '''kewe'''. People often shout '''kewe kewe kewe''' if they are unimpressed with some athletic feat or disagree with a sentiment expressed. Equivalent to "Booo boo".
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| <sup>**</sup>In a non-monetary sense. If applied to food it means many flavours and/or textures. If applied to music it means there is polyphony. If applied to physical design it means baroque.
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| ..
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| === ... 12 of which don't serve as any type of verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''igwa'''
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| |align=center| equal, the same
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| |align=center| '''uʒya'''
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| |align=center| different, not the same
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| |align=center| '''sài'''
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| |align=center| young
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| |align=center| '''gáu'''
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| |align=center| old (of a living thing)
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| |align=center| '''jini'''
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| |align=center| clever, smart
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''tumu'''
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| |align=center| stupid, thick
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''wenfo'''
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| |align=center| new
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| |align=center| '''yompe'''
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| |align=center| old, former, previous
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''cùa'''
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| |align=center| east, dawn, sunrise
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''día'''
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| |align=center| west, dusk, sundown
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''bene'''
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| |align=center| right, positive
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''komo'''
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| |align=center| left, negative
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| |}
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| ..
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| (Of course you can always use a periphrastic expression if you wanted.)
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| === ... 54 of which serve as transitive verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''boʒi'''
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| |align=center| better
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| |align=center| '''kegu'''
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| |align=center| worse
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| |align=center| '''faizai'''
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| |align=center| richer
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| |align=center| '''paugau'''
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| |align=center| blander
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| |align=center| '''maze'''
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| |align=center| open
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| |align=center| '''nago'''
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| |align=center| closed
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| |align=center| '''saco'''
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| |align=center| fast
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| |align=center| '''gade'''
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| |align=center| slow
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| |align=center| '''fazeu'''
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| |align=center| empty
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| |align=center| '''pagoi'''
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| |align=center| full
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| |align=center| '''hauʔe'''
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| |align=center| beautiful
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| |align=center| '''ʔaiho'''
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| |align=center| ugly
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| |align=center| '''ailia'''
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| |align=center| neat
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| |align=center| '''aulua'''
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| |align=center| untidy
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| |align=center| '''joga'''
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| |align=center| wide
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| |align=center| '''teza'''
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| |align=center| narrow
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| |align=center| '''ái'''
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| |align=center| white
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| |align=center| '''àu'''
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| |align=center| black
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| |align=center| '''hái'''
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| |align=center| high
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| |align=center| '''ʔàu'''
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| |align=center| low
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| |align=center| '''guboi'''
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| |align=center| deep
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| |align=center| '''sikeu'''
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| |align=center| shallow
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| |align=center| '''seltia'''
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| |align=center| bright
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| |align=center| '''goljua'''
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| |align=center| dim
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| |align=center| '''taiti'''
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| |align=center| tight
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| |align=center| '''jauju'''
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| |align=center| loose
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| |align=center| '''jutu'''
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| |align=center| big
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| |align=center| '''tiji'''
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| |align=center| small
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| |align=center| '''felgi'''
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| |align=center| hot
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| |align=center| '''polzu'''
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| |align=center| cold
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| |align=center| '''baga'''
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| |align=center| simple
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| |align=center| '''kaza'''
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| |align=center| complex
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| |align=center| '''naike'''
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| |align=center| sharp
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| |align=center| '''maubo'''
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| |align=center| blunt
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| |align=center| '''nucoi'''
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| |align=center| wet
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| |align=center| '''mideu'''
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| |align=center| dry
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| |align=center| '''wobua'''
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| |align=center| heavy
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| |align=center| '''yekia'''
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| |align=center| light
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| |align=center| '''pujia'''
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| |align=center| thin
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| |align=center| '''fitua'''
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| |align=center| thick
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| |align=center| '''yubau'''
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| |align=center| strong
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| |align=center| '''wikai'''
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| |align=center| weak
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| |align=center| '''fuje'''
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| |align=center| soft
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| |align=center| '''pito'''
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| |align=center| hard
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| |align=center| '''gelbu'''
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| |align=center| rough
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| |align=center| '''solki'''
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| |align=center| smooth
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| |align=center| '''ʔoica'''
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| |align=center| clear
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| |align=center| '''heuda'''
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| |align=center| hazy
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| |align=center| '''selce'''
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| |align=center| sparce
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| |align=center| '''goldo'''
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| |align=center| dense
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| |align=center| '''cadai'''
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| |align=center| fragrant
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| |align=center| '''dacau'''
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| |align=center| stinking
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| |align=center| '''detia'''
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| |align=center| elegant
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| |align=center| '''cojua'''
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| |align=center| crude
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| |}
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''bozor'''
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| |align=center| he improves
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| |align=center| '''kegor'''
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| |align=center| he worsens
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| |align=center| '''boʒido'''
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| |align=center| to improve
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| |align=center| '''kegudo'''
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| |align=center| to made worse
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| |align=center| '''faizor'''
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| |align=center| she develops
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| |align=center| '''paugau'''
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| |align=center| she runs down
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| |align=center| '''faizaido'''
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| |align=center| to enrich/develope
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| |align=center| '''paugaudo'''
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| |align=center| to run down
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| |align=center| '''mazor'''
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| |align=center| he opens
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| |align=center| '''nagor'''
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| |align=center| he closes
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| |align=center| '''mazedo'''
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| |align=center| to open
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| |align=center| '''nagodo'''
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| |align=center| to shut
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| |align=center| '''sacori'''
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| |align=center| she speeds up
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| |align=center| '''gadori'''
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| |align=center| she slows down
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| |align=center| '''sacodo'''
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| |align=center| to accelerate
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| |align=center| '''gadedo'''
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| |align=center| to decelerate
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| |align=center| '''fazor'''
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| |align=center| he empties
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| |align=center| '''pagor'''
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| |align=center| he fills
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| |align=center| '''fazedo'''
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| |align=center| to empty
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| |align=center| '''pagodo'''
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| |align=center| to fill
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| |align=center| '''hauʔor'''
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| |align=center| she beautifies
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| |align=center| '''ʔaihor'''
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| |align=center| she makes ugly
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| |align=center| '''hauʔedo'''
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| |align=center| beautify
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| |align=center| '''ʔaihodo'''
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| |align=center| to make ugly
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| |align=center| '''ailor'''
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| |align=center| he tidies up
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| |align=center| '''aulor'''
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| |align=center| he messes up
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| |align=center| '''ailido'''
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| |align=center| to tidy up
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| |align=center| '''auludo'''
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| |align=center| to mess up
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| |align=center| '''jogor'''
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| |align=center| he widens
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| |align=center| '''tezor'''
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| |align=center| he narrows
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| |align=center| '''jogado'''
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| |align=center| to broaden
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| |align=center| '''tezado'''
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| |align=center| to narrow
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| |}
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''aidor'''
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| |align=center| he whitens
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| |align=center| '''audor'''
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| |align=center| he blackens
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| |align=center| '''aido'''
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| |align=center| to whiten
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| |align=center| '''audo'''
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| |align=center| to blacken
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| |align=center| '''haidor'''
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| |align=center| she raises/rises
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| |align=center| '''ʔaudor'''
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| |align=center| she lowers
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| |align=center| '''haido'''
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| |align=center| to raise
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| |align=center| '''ʔaudo'''
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| |align=center| to lower
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| |align=center| '''gubodor'''
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| |align=center| she deepens
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| |align=center| '''sikedor'''
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| |align=center| she makes shallow
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| |align=center| '''gubodo'''
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| |align=center| to deepen
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| |align=center| '''sikedo'''
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| |align=center| to make shallow
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| |align=center| '''seltidor'''
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| |align=center| he brightens
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| |align=center| '''goljudor'''
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| |align=center| he dims
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| |align=center| '''seltido'''
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| |align=center| to brighten
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| |align=center| '''goljudo'''
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| |align=center| to dim
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| |align=center| '''taitidor'''
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| |align=center| she tightens
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| |align=center| '''jaujudor'''
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| |align=center| she loosens
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| |align=center| '''taitido'''
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| |align=center| to tighten
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| |align=center| '''jaujudo'''
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| |align=center| to loosen
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| |align=center| '''jutudor'''
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| |align=center| he expands
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| |align=center| '''tijidor'''
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| |align=center| he shrinks
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| |align=center| '''jutudo'''
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| |align=center| to enlarge
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| |align=center| '''tijido'''
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| |align=center| to shrink
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| |align=center| '''felgidor'''
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| |align=center| she heats up
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| |align=center| '''polzudor'''
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| |align=center| she cools down
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| |align=center| '''felgido'''
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| |align=center| to heat up
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| |align=center| '''polzudo'''
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| |align=center| to cool down
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| |align=center| '''bagador'''
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| |align=center| she simplifies
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| |align=center| '''kazador'''
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| |align=center| she complicates
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| |align=center| '''bagado'''
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| |align=center| simplify
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| |align=center| '''kazado'''
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| |align=center| to complicate
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| |align=center| '''naikedor'''
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| |align=center| he sharpens
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| |align=center| '''maubodor'''
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| |align=center| he makes blunt
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| |align=center| '''naikedo'''
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| |align=center| to sharpen
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| |align=center| '''maubodo'''
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| |align=center| to blunt
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| |align=center| '''nucodor'''
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| |align=center| she makes wet
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| |align=center| '''midedor'''
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| |align=center| she dries
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| |align=center| '''nucodo'''
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| |align=center| to make wet
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| |align=center| '''midedo'''
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| |align=center| to dry
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| |align=center| '''wobudor'''
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| |align=center| he loads up
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| |align=center| '''yekidor'''
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| |align=center| he unloads
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| |align=center| '''wobudo'''
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| |align=center| to load up
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| |align=center| '''yekido'''
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| |align=center| to unload
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| |align=center| '''pujidor'''
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| |align=center| he makes thin
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| |align=center| '''fitudor'''
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| |align=center| he thickens
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| |align=center| '''pujido'''
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| |align=center| to make thin
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| |align=center| '''fitudo'''
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| |align=center| to thicken
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| |align=center| '''yubador'''
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| |align=center| she strengthens
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| |align=center| '''wikador'''
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| |align=center| she weakens
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| |align=center| '''yubado'''
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| |align=center| to strengthen
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| |align=center| '''wikado'''
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| |align=center| to weaken
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''fujedor'''
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| |align=center| softens
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| |align=center| '''pitodor'''
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| |align=center| she hardens
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| |align=center| '''fujedo'''
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| |align=center| to soften
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| |align=center| '''pitodo'''
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| |align=center| to harden
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''gelbudor'''
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| |align=center| she roughens
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| |align=center| '''solkidor'''
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| |align=center| she smoothes
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| |align=center| '''gelbudo'''
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| |align=center| to roughen
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| |align=center| '''solkido'''
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| |align=center| to smooth
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''ʔoicador'''
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| |align=center| she explains
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| |align=center| '''heudador'''
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| |align=center| she confuses
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| |align=center| '''ʔoicado'''
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| |align=center| to explain
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| |align=center| '''heudado'''
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| |align=center| to muddy the waters
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''selcedor'''
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| |align=center| he prunes
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| |align=center| '''goldodor'''
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| |align=center| he intensifies
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| |align=center| '''selcedo'''
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| |align=center| to prune
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| |align=center| '''goldodo'''
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| |align=center| to intensify
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''cadador'''
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| |align=center| she make fragrant
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| |align=center| '''dacador'''
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| |align=center| she makes stinky
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| |align=center| '''cadado'''
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| |align=center| to make fragrant
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| |align=center| '''dacado'''
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| |align=center| to make stinky
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''detidor'''
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| |align=center| he decorates/embellishes
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| |align=center| '''cojudor'''
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| |align=center| he spoils
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| |align=center| '''detido'''
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| |align=center| to decorate
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| |align=center| '''cojudo'''
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| |align=center| to decorate in a gauche style
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| |}
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| ..
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| The top 4 adjectives in the table above are actually irregular comparatives.
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| The standard method for forming the comparative and superlative is ... '''ái''' = white : '''aige''' = whiter : '''aimo''' = whitest
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| ..
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| However not quite all antonyms fall into the above pattern. For example ...
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| '''loŋga''' = tall, '''tìa''' = short
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| '''wazbia''' = far, '''mùa''' = near ... '''wazbo''' = distance, '''wazbai''' = about 3,680 mtr (the unit of distance)
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|
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| ..
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| == ..... Quantity==
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| === ... many, a lot===
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| ..
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| '''haì''' = many
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| '''haì bawa''' = many men
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| This word is only used with countable nouns. With un-countable nouns we use '''hè'''.
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| '''hè''' comes after the noun that it qualifies.
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| '''moze hè''' = a lot of water
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| '''hè''' also can qualify verbs and adjectives. As with normal adverbs, if it doesn't immediately follow the verb it must take the form '''hewe'''.
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| '''glá doikori hè''' = the woman has walked a lot
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| '''glá (rò) hauʔe hè''' = the woman is very beautiful
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| '''hewe glá doikori''' = the woman has walked a lot
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| ..
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| === ... few, a little, a bit a little bit===
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| ..
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| '''uhai''' = few
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| '''uhe''' = a little
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| However a word meaning the same as '''uhe''' is '''iyo''' (also '''iyowe''', when used as an adverb separated from the verb). '''iyo''' occurs twice as much as '''uhe'''.
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| '''hemai''' = amount, quantity .... there is no word *'''haimai'''
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| ..
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| === ... to a greater degree===
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| ..
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| Appended to an adjective, '''ge''' indicates to a greater degree.
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| Appended to an adjective, '''mo''' indicates to the greatest degree.
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| When we have this sort of construction, we are usually comparing to people or things. The background person or thing has the '''pilana''' '''wo'''. For example ....
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| '''jene r jutuge jonowo''' = Jane is bigger than John
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| '''jene r jutumo''' = Jane is biggest
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| Note ... In English the words "more" (also "most", "less" and "least") can occur with multi-syllable adjectives. Also "more" can qualify nouns and verbs as well. The '''béu''' equivalent of "more" when qualifying nouns (non-countable) and verbs is '''hege'''. '''haige''' is used for countable nouns.
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| [ '''haige''' would translate Thai " ììk ", as in " ììk nɯɯŋ bìa " ]
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| ..
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| === ... to a less degree===
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| ..
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| Also we have '''zo''' which indicates a lesser degree.
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| Plus we have '''zmo''' which indicated the least degree.
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| However the above two suffixes don't appear that often. The most common adjectives have polar forms. And it is usual to switch to the form which will allow you to express yourself using the '''ge''' or the '''mo''' suffix. But here is an example from an adjective that doesn't have a polar form.
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| '''dè r mutuzo''' = that one is not so important
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| '''dí r mutuzmo''' = this one is the least important
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| ..
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| === ... to the same degree===
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| ..
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| As well as '''ge''', '''mo''', '''zo''' and '''zmo''' there is one more suffix that is appended to adjectives. It is '''la''' (note this is a '''pilana''' when appended to nouns)
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| '''jene r jutula jonowo''' = Jane is as big as John
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| '''jene r ʔes jutumi jonowo''' = Jane is as big as John
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| '''jene r uʔes jutumi jonowo''' = Jane is not the same size as John
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| ..
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| === ... Antonym phonetic correspondence===
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| ..
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| In the above lists, it can be seen that each pair of adjectives have pretty much the exact opposite meaning from each other. However in '''béu''' there is ALSO a relationship between the sounds that make up these words.
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| In fact every element of a word is a mirror image (about the L-A axis in the chart below) of the corresponding element in the word with the opposite meaning.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''ʔ'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''m'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''y'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''j'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ai'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''f'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''e'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''b'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''eu'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''g'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''u'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''d'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ua'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=left| '''high tone'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''l'''
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| |align=center| ===========================
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| |align=center| '''a'''
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| |align=center| ============================
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| |align=left| '''neutral'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''c'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ia'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=left|'''low tone'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''s/ʃ'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''i'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''k'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''oi'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''p'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''o'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''t'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''au'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''w'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''n'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''h'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |}
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| -----
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| Note ... The original idea of having a regular correspondence between the two poles of a antonym pair came from an earlier idea for the script. In this early script, the first 8 consonants had the same shape as the last 8 consonants but turned 180˚. And in actual fact the two poles of a antonym pair mapped into each other under a 180˚ turn.
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| -----
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| An adjectives is called '''moizana''' in '''béu''' .... NO NO NO
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| '''moizu''' = attribute, characteristic, feature
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| And following the way '''béu''' works, if there is an action that can be associated with noun (in any way at all), that noun can be co-opted to work as an verb.
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| Hence '''moizori''' = he/she described, he/she characterized, he/she specified ... '''moizus''' = the noun corresponding to the verb on the left
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| '''moizo''' = a specification, a characteristic asked for ... '''moizoi''' = specifications ... '''moizana''' = things that describe, things that specify
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| '''nandau moizana''' = an adjective, but of course, especially in books about grammar, this is truncated to simply '''moizana'''
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| ..
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| == ..... Adverbs==
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| There are 4 types of word that function as adverbs in '''béu'''.
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| 1) There are adjectives which are changed into adverbs by suffixing -'''we'''. For example ...
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| '''saco''' = quick
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| '''sacowe''' = quickly
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| THIS type of adverbs can have any position within a sentence. However if they immediately follow the verb which they are qualifying, the suffix is deleted. For example ...
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| '''doikor saco nambon''' = '''doikor nambon sacowe''' = '''sacowe doikor nambon''' = she is walking quickly home
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| 2) There are nouns which are changed into adverbs by suffixing -'''we'''. For example ...
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| '''deuta''' = soldier
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| '''deutəwe''' = "in the manner of a soldier"
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| Note that the final vowel in '''deuta''' changes here. This is because as well as being a suffix, '''wé''' is a noun in its own right meaning "way" or "method" (see the section on word building)
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| Just as '''saco''' is an adjective which is considered an adverb when immediately following a verb, so '''deutəwe''' is an adverb that is considered an adjective when immediately following a noun.
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| Also a noun is formed by suffixing -'''mi''' to the end.
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| '''deutəwemi''' = soldierliness
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| 3) One of the functions of a nouns with '''pilana''' 1 => 8 + 15 is as an adverb. This type of adverb must follow the verb immediately. In a similar manner to type 2), if this form comes after a noun it is considered an adjective. For example ...
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| '''moŋgos flor halma pazbamau''' (the gibbon eats an apple on the table) '''pazbamau''' is an adjective describing where the apple is.
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| '''moŋgos flor pazbamau halma''' (the gibbon is eating an apple on the table) '''pazbamau''' is an adverb describing where the "eating" is taking place.
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| Note ... In English, the sentence "the monkey eats the apple on the table" is ambiguous.
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| Go thru the other '''pilana''' ???
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| 4) This type of adverbs are nouns that are stand for time periods. For example tomorrow, yesterday, the past et. etc. Basically when they are not copula subjects, copula complements or in the ergative case, they are adverbs.
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| 5) Words such as "often" ??? ( = many times ???) ... a particle ???
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| ..
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| == ..... Index==
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| {{Béu Index}}
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