Béu : Chapter 3: Difference between revisions

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== ..... When a noun qualifies another one==
{{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}}


A) When the relationship between the nouns is one of ownership (usually a thing owned by a person), the thing comes first and it is followed by the person, with the person taking the '''pilana''' of location.


B) When the relationship between the nouns is "part to the whole", with the noun denoting the whole taking the '''pilana''' of location.
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C) When the relationship between the nouns is a kinship relationship the attribute noun takes the '''pilana''' of location.
 
D) When the relationship between the nouns is of an attribute ( see page 265 ) the attribute noun takes the '''pilana''' of location.
 
F) When the relationship between the nouns is association, the attribute noun takes the '''pilana''' of location.
 
------------
 
E) "above the house" = '''atas nambo''' ... for the same reason, people get their knickers in a twist about this one. However these "locative words" are a bit different as they are hardly ever used alone (maybe in the past they were, that is if '''béu''' had a past). If they are uttered without in isolation these days the invariably have '''ka''' suffixed.
 
M) "cup of water" = cup '''moze''' ... people get their knickers in a twist about this one. "cup" must be the head, but surely water is more important. That is, semantically "water" is the "head" but syntactically "cup" is the head.
Well in the '''béu''' linguistic tradition we get around this by ???
 
Z) There is one more case to talk about. If something is made out something, then we use the preposition '''mò''' meaning "out of". For example ....
 
a cup of gold ???
 
Think about other situations in which we can use this partative case (look at Finnish).
 
== ..... How to bring a word into focus ==
 
Actually there is a way to focused elements in a statement which mirrors the way to focus elements in a question. We use '''cà''' for this.
 
Statement 1) '''báus glaye timpi alhai''' = the man gave flowers to the woman
 
Focused statement  2) '''báus glaye cà timpi alhai''' = It is the woman to whom the man gave the flowers.
 
Any argument or in fact the verb itself can be focused in this way.
 
== ..... How to ask a polar question ==
 
..
 
A polar question is a question that can be answered with "yes" or "no".
 
To turn a normal statement into a polar question (i.e. a question that requires a YES/NO answer), we stick the particle '''ʔái''' on the end of the sentence.
 
'''ʔái''' is neutral as to the response you are expecting.
 
To answer a positive question, YES or NO ( '''ʔaiwa àu aiya''' ) is sufficient.
 
To answer a negative question positively, YES ( '''ʔaiwa''' ) is enough.
 
To answer a negative question negatively, you must give an entire clause.
 
For example ;-
 
Question 1) '''glà (rà) haube ʔái''' = Is the woman beautiful ?  .......... If she is beautiful, answer '''ʔaiwa''', if she isn't answer '''aiya'''.
 
Question 2) '''glà ká haube ʔái''' = Isn't the woman beautiful ? ........ If she isn't beautiful, answer '''ʔaiwa''', if she is answer '''ò rà hauʔe'''. (notice that the copula must be used in this case)
 
The above method questions the entire clause. However if you want to question one element in a clause, then you front that element and have '''ʔái''' immediately after.
 
Statement 1) '''báus glaye kyori alhai ''' = the man gave flowers to the woman
 
Straight question 2) '''báus glaye kyori alha ʔái''' = did the man gave flowers to the woman ?
 
Focused question 3) '''glaye ʔái báus kyori alha''' = Is it the woman that the man gave flowers to ?
 
Focused question 4) '''báus ʔái glaye kyori alha''' = Is it the man that gave flowers to the woman ?
 
Focused question 5) '''alha ʔái báus glaye kyori''' = Is it flowers that the man gave to the woman ?
 
Focused question 6) '''kyori ʔái báus glaye alha''' = the man GAVE flowers to the woman ? (a possible situation ... the speaker has previously thought the woman had stolen the flowers)
 
..
 
== ..... How to ask a content question ==
 
..
 
English is quite typical of languages in general and has 7 content question words ... "which", "what", "who", "where", "when", "how" and "why".
 
A corresponding set of '''béu''' question words are given below.
 
..
 
{| border=1
  |align=center| what/who
  |align=center| '''é'''
  |-
  |align=center| where
  |align=center| '''én'''
  |-
  |align=center| when
  |align=center| '''eku'''
  |-
  |align=center| how
  |align=center|  '''ewe'''
  |-
  |align=center| what type of
  |align=center|  '''emo'''
  |-
  |align=center| why
  |align=center| '''ega'''
  |-
  |align=center| how much
  |align=center| '''eli'''
  |-
  |align=center| how many
  |align=center| '''eno'''
  |}
 
..
 
'''é''' is the word most commonly used and it is usually plain from context whether a human or non-human argument is being considered. However there are two more words that are occasionally used. These are '''ebu''' "who" and '''eʃi'''  "what".
 
In English as in about 1/3 of the languages of the world it is necessary to front the content question word.
 
In '''béu''' these words are usually also fronted. They must come before the verb anyway. If they come after the verb, they mean "somebody/something", "somewhere" etc. etc.
 
The '''pilana''' are added to the content question words as they would be to a normal noun phrase.
 
Here are some examples of content questions ...
 
Statement 1) '''báus glaye kyori alhai''' = the man gave flowers to the woman
 
Question 2) '''és glaye kyori alhai''' = who gave flowers to the woman
 
Question 3) '''báus eye kyori alhai''' = to whom did the man gave flowers
 
Question 4) '''báus glaye é kyori''' = what did the man give to the woman
 
The above question words (apart from '''é''' itself) can be considered just examples of the common process of prefixing '''e''' to a noun, to give the meaning "which x" or "some x".
 
'''kyù''' = occasion, time
 
'''myò''' = kind, type
 
'''gà''' = because
 
'''lí''' = amount
 
'''nò''' = number
 
5) '''báus é glaye kyori alhai''' = to which woman did the man give the flowers
 
6) '''báus kyori é glaye alhai''' = the man gave flowers to some woman
 
7) '''báus kyori glaye alhai''' = the man gave flowers to a woman
 
Of course an interesting question is "in what way does 6) differ from 7).
 
..
 
== ..... The 5 "specifiers" ==
 
You can say that '''béu''' is basically a SVO language (although actually any of the 6 orders possible are acceptable).
 
You can say that in the typical sentence, S is definite and O is indefinite or generic.
 
When O is definite, usually we switch to the SOV word order.
 
But what do we do when S is indefinite ?
 
Well in these cases we put a specifier in front of S. There are 5 specifiers ...
 
Specifying a thing from all things of that type
 
The 5 specify'''ana'''
 
{| border=1
  |align=center| any
  |align=center| '''ʔín'''
  |-
  |align=center| some
  |align=center| '''án'''
  |-
  |align=center| some
  |align=center| '''àn'''
  |-
  |align=center| all
  |align=center| '''hùn'''
  |-
  |align=center| every single
  |align=center| '''hunin'''
  |}
 
These words appear immediately before nouns. No nouns in plural form are allowed to appear after these "specifiers".
 
These 5 words have a special "shorthand" form. They are never written out in full. The shorthand form is given below.
 
[[Image:TW_140.png]]
 
'''ʔín toili''' = any book
 
'''án toili''' = some book
 
'''àn toili''' = some books
 
'''hùn toili''' = all books
 
'''hunin toili''' = each book, every book ... in the following discussion I consider "each" and "every" to mean exactly the same.
 
 
In English, in most instances, "all" and "each" mean the same thing. Both these word indicate "totality" but the second one also indicates "individuality". Because the second one indicates "individuality" the first one came to be associated with "togetherness".
 
But as I said. in English in most situations, "each"<sup>*</sup> and "all" are in free variation. "each" is the word that is used by default.
 
In '''béu''', '''hùn''' is the word used by default. Only when "separateness/individuality" must be emphasised, would you use "hunin". Maybe when you would say "each and every" in English.
 
These 5 words are unusual in that they have "sandhi". Although always written the same, the final "n" is pronounced "ŋ" when the specified noun has an initial "k" or "g". It is pronounced "m" when the specified noun has an initial "p", "b" or "w". However even though "sandhi" occurs, the specifier remains a separate word from the noun that it specifies.
 
<sup>*</sup>"each" being followed by a singular noun and "all" being followed by a plural noun.
 
As well as the 5 specifiers above, we have '''ali''' meaning "a few" or "a little", '''alu''' meaning "many" or "a lot of", '''léu''' meaning "too much" and '''làn''' meaning "enough".
 
HOW DO THESE QUALIFY OTHER PARTS OF SPEACH ??
 
Also '''aufaba''' meaning "two or three" and '''aibaga''' meaning "three or four". Actually any consecutive two numbers ( under 1727) be connected in this way. They must be of the same grade i.e.  '''ezaukau''' "eighty or ninety".
 
== ..... Some specifier - generic noun amalgamations ==
 
As would be expect, there has been some fusion between the specifiers and the generic nouns. The total paradigm is shown below ...
 
{| border=1
  |align=center| '''judai''' 
  |align=center| nothing
  |align=center| '''ʔindai''' 
  |align=center| anything
  |align=center| '''andai''' 
  |align=center| something
  |align=center| '''andaia'''
  |align=center| somethings
  |align=center| '''hundai'''
  |align=center| everything
  |align=center| '''hunindai'''
  |align=center| every single thing
  |-
  |align=center| '''jubu''' 
  |align=center| nobody
  |align=center| '''ʔimbu''' 
  |align=center| anybody/anyone
  |align=center| '''ambu''' 
  |align=center| somebody/someone
  |align=center| '''ambua'''
  |align=center| some people
  |align=center| '''humbu'''
  |align=center| everybody
  |align=center| '''hunimbu'''
  |align=center| every single person
|-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center|
  |align=center| '''ʔinde''' 
  |align=center| any day
  |align=center| '''ande''' 
  |align=center| some day
  |align=center| '''andeu'''
  |align=center| some days
  |align=center| '''hunde'''
  |align=center| ever
  |align=center| '''huninde'''
  |align=center| every single day
  |}
 
Other amalgamations that occur are ...
 
{| border=1
  |align=center| '''juku''' 
  |align=center| never
  |align=center| '''juha''' 
  |align=center| nowhere
  |align=center| '''jumyan''' 
  |align=center| no type of
  |align=center| '''juwe'''
  |align=center| in no way
  |}
 
Note that it is considered bad style to have a '''junandau''' as the O argument. Instead the verb should be negated, and the "any"-word should be used.
 
== ..... The relativizers ==
 
The relativizer in '''béu''' is '''ʔà'''. This takes all the '''pilana''' the same as a normal noun.
 
----------
 
the basket '''ʔapi''' the cat shat was cleaned by John.
 
the wall '''ʔala''' you are sitting was built by my grandfather.
 
the woman '''ʔaye''' I told the secret, took it to her grave.
 
the town '''ʔafi''' she has come is the biggest south of the mountain.
 
the lilly pad '''ʔalya''' the frog jumped was the biggest in the pond.
 
the boat '''ʔalfe''' you have just jumped is unsound
 
'''báu ʔás timpori glá rà ʔaiho''' = The man that hit the woman is ugly.
 
'''nambo ʔàn''' she lives is the biggest in town.
'''báu ʔàn''' dog I shot, reported me to the police = the man whose dog I shot, reported me to the police<sup>*</sup>
 
'''báu ʔaho ò''' is going to market is her husband.
 
the knife '''ʔage''' he severed the branch is a 100 years old
 
The old woman '''ʔaji''' I deliver the newspaper, has died.
 
The boy '''ʔaco''' they are all talking, has gone to New Zealand.
 
-----------
 
When the relative clause is giving extra information, the relativizer in is '''ʔài''' and a slight pause comes before it.
 
There is another relativized in '''béu''' that refers back to a whole proposition. In English "which" is sometimes given this function. For example ...
 
1) ... John had completely forgotten his wedding anniversary which really annoyed his wife.
 
'''béu''' uses '''nài''' in a similar way to how which is used in the above example. Also the same shorthand form is used for '''nài''' and '''nái'''. However no misunderstanding is possible since '''nài''' always has a pause before it (how do I do a comma ?) and '''nái''' always is immediately after a noun.
== ..... More about the '''pilana''' ==
 
==='''-pi''' or '''pì'''===
 
'''meu (rà)''' "basket"'''pi'''
 
While the original meaning was about space, this '''pilana''' is very often found referring to time.
 
I read the book hour'''pi''' => I read the book in an hour
 
I gets dark '''pi''' ten minutes => It get dark in ten minutes
 
She qualified as a doctor '''pi''' five years
 
One can get from Glasgow to London day'''pi'''
 
I'm coming to Sweden '''pi''' next month
 
-------------------
 
'''meu (rà)''' top'''la''' basket'''n''' = The cat is on top of the house
 
'''meu (rà)''' interior basket'''n''' = the cat is in the basket
 
----------------------------
 
==='''-la''' or '''lá'''===
 
mat (rà) floor'''la''' => the mat is on the floor ... notice "the mat"
 
'''twor''' mat floor'''la''' => there is a mat on the floor ... notice "a mat". Also the verb '''two''' is usually sentence initial, at least when introducing something new.
 
'''meu''' (rà) top'''la  nambon''' => The cat is on top of the house
 
Notice that "top'''la nambon'''" is allowed, I should mention this somewhere.
 
 
'''twor ble pàn''' = I have (some) money
 
'''ble twor pàn''' = I have the money
 
'''tworka ble pàn'''  =  I don't have any money .... Note that it is also possible to say '''twor yà ble pàn''', but the first method is definitely preferred.
 
'''ble tworka pàn'''  =  I don't have the money
 
---------------
 
bird '''(rà)''' top '''nambon''' = The bird is above the house
 
Notice that in the above example "top" is considered a specifier ... "top '''nambo'''" forms a tight compound.
 
The eight specifiers of location are above, below, right, left, this side (with respect to the speaker, of course), the far side
 
 
'''yè''' and '''fí''' are not used for locations. Instead the transitive verbs "arrive" and "leave" are used in a SVC.
 
Also the words "come" and "go" covered by "arrive" and "leave".
 
When not talking about location, '''yè''' and '''fí''' are used.
 
For example ...
 
She gave food to the beggar = ...... beggar'''ye'''
 
The beggar got food from the woman = ...... waman'''fi'''
 
Verbs such as hear and tell use these '''pilana''' also.
 
Also such sentences as ...
 
I was made to sing by the guard = I receive sing guard'''fi'''
 
He made the prisoner sing = He give sing prisoner'''ye'''
 
Also such sentences as ...
 
He went from being very rich, to very poor, within six months
 
use '''yè''' and '''fí'''
 
==='''-ye''' or '''yè'''===
 
'''kyiwa toili oye''' = give the book to her
 
This is the '''pilana''' used for marking the receiver of a gift, or the receiver of some knowledge.
 
However the basic usage of the word is directional.
 
'''*namboye''' = "to the house"
 
distance'''ye nambon''' = "as far as the house"
 
"limit"'''ye nambon''' = "up to the house" ... this usage is not for approaching humans however ... for that you must use "face".i.e. "face"'''ye báun''' = right up to the man
 
 
-----------------------
 
'''yèu''' = to arrive  ... '''yài''' a SVC meaning "to start" ... '''fái''' a SVC meaning "to stop" ???
 
-----------------
 
==='''-fi''' or '''fí'''===
 
'''nambofi''' = "from the house"
 
'''fí "direction" nà nambo''' = "away from the house" i.e.you don't know if this is his origin but he is coming from the direction that the house is in.
 
'''fí "limit/border" nà nambo''' = all the way from the house
 
'''fí "top" nà nambo''' = from the top of the house ... and so on for "bottom", "front", etc. etc.
 
he changed frog.'''fi'''  '''ye''' prince handsome = he changed from a frog to a handsome prince
 
-----------------------
'''fía''' = to leave, to depart ... '''fái''' a SVC meaning "to finish"  .... then '''bai''' cound mean continue and '''-ana''' would be the present tense ???
 
-----------------
 
==='''-lya''' or '''alya'''===
 
Sometimes called the "Allative case". Can be said to translate to English as "onto".
 
The '''x''' means that the previous vowel is repeated.
 
'''xxx yyy zzz''' = put the cushions on the sofa
 
-----------------------
 
==='''-lfe''' or '''alfe'''===
 
The ablative
 
==='''-s''' or '''sá'''===
 
that Stefen turned up drunk at the interview sank his chance of getting that job
 
'''sá tá ........ '''
 
==='''-ge''' or '''gé'''===
 
The instrumental is used for nouns that represent the instrument ("with"), the means ("by") or the agent ("by").
 
John writes with a pen
 
banu = to learn
 
banuge = by learning
 
 
 
book was written '''page''' = The book was written by me
 
'''andage''' = manually
 
I work as a translator ??? ... I work '''sàu''' translator ??
 
'''gé ta ... '''
 
==='''-ho''' or '''hò''' ===
 
The commitive
 
"in the company of", often used with the personal pronouns ;-
 
{| border=1
  |align=center| with me
  |align=center| '''paho'''
  |align=center| with us
  |align=center| '''yuaho'''
  |-
  |align=center|
  |align=center|
  |align=center| with us
  |align=center| '''wiaho'''
  |-
  |align=center| with you
  |align=center| '''giho'''
  |align=center| with you (plural)
  |align=center| '''jeho'''
  |-
  |align=center| with him, with her
  |align=center| '''oho'''
  |align=center| with them
  |align=center| '''uho'''
  |-
  |align=center| with it
  |align=center| '''ʃiho'''
  |align=center| with them
  |align=center| '''ʃiho'''
    |}
 
-----------------------
'''tùa''' = to use, to wear ... '''tàu''' a SVC meaning ??
 
==='''-ji''' or '''jí'''===
 
The benefactive. Sometimes used with '''gomia'''
 
banu = to learn, banuji = in order to learn
 
==='''-wo''' or '''wó'''===
 
Not used for the locative sense of about, it has the sense "with respect to" more. Used for example when have the word '''halfa''' = to laugh.
 
1) '''pà halfari''' = I laught
 
2)  '''pà halfari jonowo''' = I laught at John
 
Is 2) a transitive verb ? Semantically transitive maybe ... but (in English and in '''béu'''), John is introduced by a preposition ... so I guess 2) is not transitive ???
 
2)  '''pà halfari jonoye''' = I taunted John
 
Used for marking the "theme" as in such sentences as the one below.
 
'''gala caturi jonowo''' => The women were talking about John
 
'''jonowo''' ... = as for John ....
 
==='''-n''' or '''nà'''===
 
The locative or the possessive. Basically if the noun is human, it is the possessive : if the noun is non-human, it is locative.
 
'''nambo jonon (rà) hauʔe''' = John's house is beautiful
 
'''jono (rà) nambon''' = John is at home
 
Some example;-
 
'''fanfa''' = horse
 
'''sonda''' = son
 
'''blico''' = king
 
'''fanfa sondan''' = the horse of the son
 
'''sonda blicon''' = the son of the king
 
However the suffixed form can only be used if the genitive is a single word. Otherwise the particle '''na''' must be placed in front of the words that qualify. For example ;-
 
We can't say '''*fanfa sondan blicon''' however. The '''-n''' on '''sonda''' is splitting the NP '''sonda blico'''.
 
So we must say '''fanfa nà sonda blicon'''
 
Some more examples ...
 
'''fanfa nà sonda jini blicon''' = "the horse of the king's clever son'''
 
'''fanfa nà sonda nà blico somua''' = "the horse of the fat king's son"
 
== ..... Index==
 
{{Béu Index}}

Latest revision as of 00:28, 4 December 2015

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