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| == ..... Pronouns ==
| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
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| Below the form of the '''béu''' pronouns is the given for when the pronoun is the A argument.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| I
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| |align=center| '''pás'''
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| |align=center| we (includes "you")
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| |align=center| '''yúas'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| we (doesn't include "you")
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| |align=center| '''wías'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| you
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| |align=center| '''gís'''
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| |align=center| you (plural)
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| |align=center| '''jés'''
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| |align=center| he, she
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| |align=center| '''ós'''
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| |align=center| they
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| |align=center| '''nús'''
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| |align=center| it
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| |align=center| '''ʃís'''
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| |align=center| they
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| |align=center| '''ʃís'''
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| |}
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| Because the person and number of the A or S argument is expressed in the actual verb. The above are usually dropped (however the third person pronoun is occasionally retained to give the distinction between human and non-human subject) so when the pronouns above are come across, it might be better to translate them as "I myself", "you yourself" etc. etc.
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| Below the form of the '''béu''' pronouns is the given for when the pronoun is the S or O argument. When they are used as an S arguments (i.e. with an intransitive verb), it might be better to translate these pronouns as "I myself", "you yourself" etc. etc.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| me
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| |align=center| '''pà'''
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| |align=center| us
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| |align=center| '''yùa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| us
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| |align=center| '''wìa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| you
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| |align=center| '''gì'''
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| |align=center| you (plural)
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| |align=center| '''jè'''
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| |align=center| him, her
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| |align=center| '''ò'''
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| |align=center| them
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| |align=center| '''nù'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| it
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| |align=center| '''ʃì'''
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| |align=center| them
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| |align=center| '''ʃì'''
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| |}
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| ..
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| The above table is for S and O arguments, it fact we have another pronoun but this one only occurs as an O argument. When a action is performed by somebody on themselves we use '''tí''' to represent the O argument.
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| Just as in English, we do not say "*I hit me", but "I hit myself" ... in '''béu''' we do not say '''*pás pà timpari''', but '''pás tí timpari'''.
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| It is a rule that '''tí''' must follow the A argument (if it is overtly expressed ... i.e. by a free-standing pronoun and not just in the verb)
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| LINGUISTIC JARGON ... "myself" is what is called a "reflexive pronoun". In English there are many reflexive pronouns (i.e. "myself", "yourself", "herself", etc. etc.) : in '''béu''' only one.
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| ..
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| The possessive form of these pronouns are ...
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| my
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| |align=center| '''pàn'''
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| |align=center| our
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| |align=center| '''yùan'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| our
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| |align=center| '''wìan'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| your
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| |align=center| '''gìn'''
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| |align=center| your (plural)
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| |align=center| '''jèn'''
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| |align=center| his, her
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| |align=center| '''òn'''
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| |align=center| their
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| |align=center| '''nùn'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| its
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| |align=center| '''ʃìn'''
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| |align=center| their
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| |align=center| '''ʃìn'''
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| |}
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| ..
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| And we also have '''tín''' which is used if the possessor is the same as the subject of the clause.
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| Actually the '''n''' suffix is the locative. In the grammar, location and possession are marked identically.
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| This is similar to Scotch Gaelic. Consider Scotch Gaelic ... "Taigh agam" = "My house" (lit. "A house at me") <sup>*</sup>
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| Basically if '''n''' is appended to a noun that refers to a person, then the '''n''' indicates possession.
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| And if '''n''' is appended to a noun that refers to a place, then the '''n''' indicates location.
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| Sometimes the same affix can be used twice on the same word. For example '''cavia''' is a male first name.
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| Now in the '''béu''' lands it is quite common for small eateries and drinking establishments to be named after their owner, so '''cavian''' is, in the first instance an adjective meaning "belonging to '''cavia''' ". But in the second instance it can be a noun meaning "the place of '''cavia''' ". Then to indicate "at the place of '''cavia''' " you would have the word '''cavianon'''.<sup>**</sup>
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| <sup>*</sup>And in a similar way to Gaelic, '''béu''' has no possessive verb (i.e. it has no verb "to have")
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| Compare Gaelic ... "Tha taigh agam" — "I have a house" (lit. "A house is at me")
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| and '''béu''' ... '''twor nambo pàn''' — "I have a house" (lit. "Exists a house at me" or "There exists a house at me")
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| <sup>**</sup> Note the linking vowel '''o''' between the two '''n''''s. '''béu''' uses '''o''' as a linking vowel for nouns and '''e''' as a linking vowel for verbs.
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| ..
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| == ..... Building up a noun phrase ==
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| ..
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| Now we talk about the '''béu''' noun phrase ('''fandauza'''). This can be described as ;-
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| Emphasiser<sub>1</sub> Specifier<sub>2</sub> Head<sub>3</sub> Adjective<sub>4</sub> Determiner<sub>5</sub> Relative-clause<sub>6</sub>
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| 1) The emphatic particle '''á'''.
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| 2) A specifier ('''koiʒi''') is either a number or a word such as ...
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| "no" ('''kyà'''), "any" ('''í'''), "some"(singular) ('''é'''), "every" ('''yú'''), "some"(plural) ('''è'''), "plurality" ('''nò'''), "all" ('''ù'''), "one" ('''aja'''), "two" ('''auva''') => 1727 ('''ataitauta'''), many" ('''uwe'''), "a few" ('''iyo''')
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| 3) The "head" or "core" of the noun phrase ... i.e. what it is actually about.
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| 4) An adjective ('''saidau''') ... not much to say about this one, you can string together as many as you like ... the same as in English. Also genitives are put in this slot. A genitive is a word derived from a noun by the suffixing of '''n''' (or '''on''') which indicates possession. Genitives always come after the regular adjective.
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| 5) Either '''dí''' "this", or '''dè''' "that" or '''nái''' "which".
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| 6) This is a clause that qualifies the noun. It starts with the relativizing particle '''à'''.
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| ..
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| <sup>*</sup>Actually it can also be a location that specifies where the NP is at.
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| The head is usually a noun but can also be an adjective. When you come across an adjective as head of a noun phrase, its meaning is "the person/thing that is "adjective" ".
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| == ..... The determiners ==
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| In the above, '''dí''' and '''dè''' are called determiners. When they stand alone (as independent NP's) they have the form '''adi''' and '''ade'''.
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| Also '''nái''' becomes '''anai''' when it stand alone. That is '''anai''' = "what". In fact '''anai''' is unique. When uttered alone it can either be neutral tone (as all other multi-syllable words are) or high tone. When it is high tone, the high tone dot is only written against the initial '''a''' (even though both syllables of the word are high). Of course the high tone variant emphasises "contrary to expectations".
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| '''á''' is an emphasis particle<sup>*</sup>. It is placed before the word that you want to emphasise. There is a school of thought that thinks the initial '''a''' of '''adi''', '''ade''' and '''anai''' was derived from '''á'''. Another school of thought thinks the initial '''a''' is a worn down '''aja''' (one). Maybe both schools of thought are right.
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| The forms of '''adi''', '''ade''' and '''anai''' when plurality must be expressed, are '''nò dí''', '''nò dè''' and '''nò nái'''
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| ..
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| The forms of '''adi''' and '''ade''' when emphasis must be expressed, are '''á dí''' and '''á dè'''. Emphasis is always used when contrasting two things. as in "this is wet, but that is dry" etc etc.
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| ..
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| When plurality AND emphasis must be expressed, we have '''á nò dí''', '''á nò dè''' and '''á nò nái'''
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| NP internal proximal demonstrative
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| |align=center| NP internal distal demonstrative
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| |align=center| NP internal question word
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| |align=center| '''dí'''
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| |align=center| '''dè'''
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| |align=center| '''nái'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| Stand alone proximal demonstrative
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| |align=center| Stand alone distal demonstrative
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| |align=center| Stand alone question word
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| |align=center| '''adi'''
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| |align=center| '''ade'''
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| |align=center| '''anai'''
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| |align=center| Stand alone plural proximal demonstrative
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| |align=center| Stand plural distal demonstrative
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| |align=center| Stand alone plural question word
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| |align=center| '''nò dí'''
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| |align=center| '''nò dè'''
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| |align=center| '''nò nái'''
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| |align=center| Stand alone proximal demonstrative with emphasis
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| |align=center| Stand alone distal demonstrative with emphasis
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| |align=center| Stand alone question word with emphasis
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| |align=center| '''á dí'''
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| |align=center| '''á dè'''
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| |align=center| '''ánai'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| Stand alone plural proximal demonstrative with emphasis
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| |align=center| Stand plural distal demonstrative with emphasis
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| |align=center| Stand alone plural question word with emphasis
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| |align=center| '''á nò dí'''
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| |align=center| '''á nò dè'''
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| |align=center| '''á nò nái'''
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| |}
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| Related to the above are the two nouns '''dían''' (here) and '''dèn''' (there). Although nouns, they never occur with the locative case or the ergative case.
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| <sup>*</sup>Also put before a persons name if you are trying to attract their attention. Could be thought of as a sort of vocative case I suppose.
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| == ..... The Specifiers==
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| Called '''koiʒia''' in '''béu'''
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| '''koiʒi''' actually means "preface" as in "the preface to the book"
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| All words that can occur to the right of the head in a NP are called '''nandaua koiʒi''' or just '''koiʒia'''
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| These words include the numbers from 1 to 1727, the words "few" and "many", and the words below.
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''í'''
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| |align=center| any
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''é'''
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| |align=center| some (singular)
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''è'''
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| |align=center| some (plural)
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| |align=center| '''ù'''
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| |align=center| all
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| |align=center| '''yú'''
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| |align=center| every/each
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| |align=center| '''uwe'''
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| |align=center| many
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| |align=center| '''iyo'''
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| |align=center| few
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| |align=center| '''jù'''
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| |align=center| no
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| |}
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| ==..... 72 Adjectives==
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| === ..... 4 of which serve as intransitive verbs===
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''bòi <sup>*</sup>
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| |align=center| good
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| |align=center| '''boizora'''
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| |align=center| she is healthy
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| |align=center| '''bòis'''
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| |align=center| to be healthy/health
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| |align=center| '''kéu'''
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| |align=center| bad
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| |align=center| '''keuzora'''
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| |align=center| he is ill
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| |align=center| '''kéus'''
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| |align=center| to be sick/illness
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| |align=center| '''fái'''
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| |align=center| rich <sup>**</sup>
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| |align=center| '''faizora'''
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| |align=center| she is interested
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| |align=center| '''fáis'''
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| |align=center| to be attentive/attention
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| |align=center| '''pàu'''
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| |align=center| bland
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| |align=center| '''pauzora'''
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| |align=center| he is bored
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| |align=center| '''pàus'''
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| |align=center| to be bored/boredom
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| |}
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| <sup>*</sup> Note that the adverb version of this word is slightly irregular. Instead of '''boiwe''' it is '''bowe'''. People often shout this when impressed with some athletic feat or sentiment voiced ... '''bowe bowe''' => well done => bravo bravo
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| Also instead of '''keuwe''' we have '''kewe'''. People often shout '''kewe kewe kewe''' if they are unimpressed with some athletic feat or disagree with a sentiment expressed. Equivalent to "Booo boo".
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| <sup>**</sup>In a non-monetary sense. If applied to food it means many flavours and/or textures. If applied to music it means there is polyphony. If applied to physical design it means baroque.
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| ..
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| === ... 14 of which don't serve as any type of verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''igwa'''
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| |align=center| equal, the same
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| |align=center| '''uʒya'''
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| |align=center| different, not the same
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| |align=center| '''sài'''
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| |align=center| young
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| |align=center| '''gáu'''
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| |align=center| old (of a living thing)
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| |align=center| '''jini'''
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| |align=center| clever, smart
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| |align=center| '''tumu'''
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| |align=center| stupid, thick
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| |align=center| '''nìa'''
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| |align=center| near
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| |align=center |'''múa'''
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| |align=center| far
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| |align=center| '''wenfo'''
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| |align=center| new
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| |align=center| '''yompe'''
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| |align=center| old, former, previous
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| |align=center| '''cùa'''
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| |align=center| east, dawn, sunrise
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| |align=center| '''día'''
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| |align=center| west, dusk, sundown
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| |align=center| '''lugu'''
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| |align=center| right, positive
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| |align=center| '''liʒi'''
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| |align=center| left, negative
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| |}
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| ..
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| (Of course you can always use a periphrastic expression if you wanted.)
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| === ... 54 of which serve as transitive verbs===
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| ..
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''boʒi'''
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| |align=center| better
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| |align=center| '''kegu'''
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| |align=center| worse
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| |align=center| '''bozori'''
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| |align=center| he improved something
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| |align=center| '''kegori'''
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| |align=center| he made something worse
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| |align=center| '''boʒis'''
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| |align=center| to improve
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| |align=center| '''kegus'''
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| |align=center| to made something worse
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| |align=center| '''faizai'''
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| |align=center| richer
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| |align=center| '''paugau'''
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| |align=center| blander
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| |align=center| '''faizori'''
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| |align=center| she developed something
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| |align=center| '''paugau'''
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| |align=center| she run something down
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| |align=center| '''faizais'''
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| |align=center| to enrich/develope
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| |align=center| '''paugaus'''
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| |align=center| to run down
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| |align=center| '''ái'''
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| |align=center| white
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| |align=center| '''àu'''
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| |align=center| black
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| |align=center| '''aizori'''
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| |align=center| he whitened something
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| |align=center| '''auzori'''
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| |align=center| he turned something black
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| |align=center| '''áis'''
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| |align=center| to whiten
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| |align=center| '''àus'''
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| |align=center| to blacken
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| |align=center| '''hái'''
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| |align=center| high
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| |align=center| '''ʔàu'''
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| |align=center| low
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| |align=center| '''haizori'''
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| |align=center| she raised something
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| |align=center| '''ʔauzori'''
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| |align=center| she lowered something
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| |align=center| '''háis'''
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| |align=center| to raise
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| |align=center| '''ʔàus'''
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| |align=center| to lower
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| |align=center| '''guboi'''
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| |align=center| deep
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| |align=center| '''sikeu'''
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| |align=center| shallow
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| |align=center| '''gubori'''
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| |align=center| she deepened something
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| |align=center| '''sikori'''
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| |align=center| she made something shallow
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| |align=center| '''gubois'''
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| |align=center| to deepen
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| |align=center| '''sikeus'''
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| |align=center| to make shallow
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| |align=center| '''seltia'''
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| |align=center| bright
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| |align=center| '''goljua'''
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| |align=center| dim
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| |align=center| '''seltori'''
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| |align=center| he brightened something
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| |align=center| '''goljua'''
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| |align=center| he dimmed something
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| |align=center| '''seltias'''
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| |align=center| to brighten
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| |align=center| '''goljuas'''
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| |align=center| to dim
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| |align=center| '''taiti'''
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| |align=center| tight
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| |align=center| '''jauju'''
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| |align=center| loose
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| |align=center| '''taitori'''
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| |align=center| she tightened something
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| |align=center| '''jaujori'''
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| |align=center| she loosened something
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| |align=center| '''taitis'''
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| |align=center| to tighten
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| |align=center| '''jaujus'''
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| |align=center| to loosen
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| |align=center| '''jutu'''
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| |align=center| big
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| |align=center| '''tiji'''
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| |align=center| small
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| |align=center| '''jutori'''
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| |align=center| he expanded something
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| |align=center| '''tijori'''
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| |align=center| he shrank something
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| |align=center| '''jutus'''
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| |align=center| to enlarge
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| |align=center| '''tijis'''
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| |align=center| to shrink
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| |align=center| '''felgi'''
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| |align=center| hot
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| |align=center| '''polzu'''
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| |align=center| cold
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| |align=center| '''felgori'''
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| |align=center| she heated something up
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| |align=center| '''polzori'''
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| |align=center| she cooled something down
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| |align=center| '''felgis'''
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| |align=center| to heat
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| |align=center| '''polzus'''
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| |align=center| to cool down
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| |align=center| '''maze'''
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| |align=center| open
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| |align=center| '''nago'''
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| |align=center| closed
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| |align=center| '''mazori'''
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| |align=center| he opened something
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| |align=center| '''nagori'''
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| |align=center| he closed something
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| |align=center| '''mazes'''
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| |align=center| to open
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| |align=center| '''nagos'''
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| |align=center| to shut
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| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''baga'''
| |
| |align=center| simple
| |
| |align=center| '''kaza'''
| |
| |align=center| complex
| |
| |align=center| '''bagori'''
| |
| |align=center| she simplified something
| |
| |align=center| '''kazori'''
| |
| |align=center| she complicated something
| |
| |align=center| '''bagas'''
| |
| |align=center| simplify
| |
| |align=center| '''kazas'''
| |
| |align=center| to complicate
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''naike'''
| |
| |align=center| sharp
| |
| |align=center| '''maubo'''
| |
| |align=center| blunt
| |
| |align=center| '''naikori'''
| |
| |align=center| he sharpened something
| |
| |align=center| '''maubori'''
| |
| |align=center| he blunts something
| |
| |align=center| '''naikes'''
| |
| |align=center| to sharpen
| |
| |align=center| '''maubos'''
| |
| |align=center| to blunt
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''nucoi'''
| |
| |align=center| wet
| |
| |align=center| '''mideu'''
| |
| |align=center| dry
| |
| |align=center| '''nucori'''
| |
| |align=center| she made something wet
| |
| |align=center| '''midori'''
| |
| |align=center| she dried something
| |
| |align=center| '''nucois'''
| |
| |align=center| to make wet
| |
| |align=center| '''mideus'''
| |
| |align=center| to dry
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fazeu'''
| |
| |align=center| empty
| |
| |align=center| '''pagoi'''
| |
| |align=center| full
| |
| |align=center| '''fazori'''
| |
| |align=center| he emptied something
| |
| |align=center| '''pagori'''
| |
| |align=center| he filled something
| |
| |align=center| '''fazeus'''
| |
| |align=center| to empty
| |
| |align=center| '''pagois'''
| |
| |align=center| to fill
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''saco'''
| |
| |align=center| fast
| |
| |align=center| '''gade'''
| |
| |align=center| slow
| |
| |align=center| '''sacori'''
| |
| |align=center| she speeded something up
| |
| |align=center| '''gadori'''
| |
| |align=center| she slowed something down
| |
| |align=center| '''sacos'''
| |
| |align=center| to accelerate
| |
| |align=center| '''gades'''
| |
| |align=center| to decelerate
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''wobua'''
| |
| |align=center| heavy
| |
| |align=center| '''yekia'''
| |
| |align=center| light
| |
| |align=center| '''wobori'''
| |
| |align=center| he loaded something up
| |
| |align=center| '''yekori'''
| |
| |align=center| he unloaded something
| |
| |align=center| '''wobuas'''
| |
| |align=center| to load up
| |
| |align=center| '''yekias'''
| |
| |align=center| to unload
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''haube'''
| |
| |align=center| beautiful
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaiko'''
| |
| |align=center| ugly
| |
| |align=center| '''haubori'''
| |
| |align=center| she beautified something
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaikori'''
| |
| |align=center| she made something ugly
| |
| |align=center| '''haubes'''
| |
| |align=center| beautify
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔaikos'''
| |
| |align=center| to make ugly
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''pujia'''
| |
| |align=center| thin
| |
| |align=center| '''fitua'''
| |
| |align=center| thick
| |
| |align=center| '''pujori'''
| |
| |align=center| he made something thin
| |
| |align=center| '''fitori'''
| |
| |align=center| he made something thick
| |
| |align=center| '''pujias'''
| |
| |align=center| to make thin
| |
| |align=center| '''fituas'''
| |
| |align=center| to thicken
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''yubau'''
| |
| |align=center| strong
| |
| |align=center| '''wikai'''
| |
| |align=center| weak
| |
| |align=center| '''yubori'''
| |
| |align=center| she strengthened something
| |
| |align=center| '''wikori'''
| |
| |align=center| she weakened something
| |
| |align=center| '''yubaus'''
| |
| |align=center| to strengthen
| |
| |align=center| '''wikais'''
| |
| |align=center| to weaken
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ailia'''
| |
| |align=center| neat
| |
| |align=center| '''aulua'''
| |
| |align=center| untidy
| |
| |align=center| '''ailori'''
| |
| |align=center| he tidied up something
| |
| |align=center| '''aulori'''
| |
| |align=center| he messed something up
| |
| |align=center| '''ailias'''
| |
| |align=center| to tidy up
| |
| |align=center| '''auluas'''
| |
| |align=center| to mess up
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''fuje'''
| |
| |align=center| soft
| |
| |align=center| '''pito'''
| |
| |align=center| hard
| |
| |align=center| '''fujori'''
| |
| |align=center| she softened something
| |
| |align=center| '''pitori'''
| |
| |align=center| she hardened something
| |
| |align=center| '''fujes'''
| |
| |align=center| to soften
| |
| |align=center| '''pitos'''
| |
| |align=center| to harden
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''joga'''
| |
| |align=center| wide
| |
| |align=center| '''teza'''
| |
| |align=center| narrow
| |
| |align=center| '''jogori'''
| |
| |align=center| he widened something
| |
| |align=center| '''tezori'''
| |
| |align=center| he narrowed something
| |
| |align=center| '''jogas'''
| |
| |align=center| to broaden
| |
| |align=center| '''tezas'''
| |
| |align=center| to narrow
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''gelbu'''
| |
| |align=center| rough
| |
| |align=center| '''solki'''
| |
| |align=center| smooth
| |
| |align=center| '''gelbori'''
| |
| |align=center| she made something rough
| |
| |align=center| '''solkori'''
| |
| |align=center| she smoothed something
| |
| |align=center| '''gelbus'''
| |
| |align=center| to roughen
| |
| |align=center| '''solkis'''
| |
| |align=center| to smooth
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔoica'''
| |
| |align=center| clear
| |
| |align=center| '''heuda'''
| |
| |align=center| hazy
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔoicori'''
| |
| |align=center| she explained something
| |
| |align=center| '''heudori'''
| |
| |align=center| she confused somebody (intentionally)
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔoicas'''
| |
| |align=center| to explain
| |
| |align=center| '''heudas'''
| |
| |align=center| to muddy the waters
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''selce'''
| |
| |align=center| sparce
| |
| |align=center| '''goldo'''
| |
| |align=center| dense
| |
| |align=center| '''selcori'''
| |
| |align=center| he pruned something
| |
| |align=center| '''goldori'''
| |
| |align=center| he intensified something
| |
| |align=center| '''selces'''
| |
| |align=center| to prune
| |
| |align=center| '''goldos'''
| |
| |align=center| to intensify
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''cadai'''
| |
| |align=center| fragrant
| |
| |align=center| '''dacau'''
| |
| |align=center| stinking
| |
| |align=center| '''cadori'''
| |
| |align=center| she made fragrant
| |
| |align=center| '''dacori'''
| |
| |align=center| she made stinky
| |
| |align=center| '''cadais'''
| |
| |align=center| to make fragrant
| |
| |align=center| '''dacaus'''
| |
| |align=center| to to make stinky
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''detia'''
| |
| |align=center| elegant
| |
| |align=center| '''cojua'''
| |
| |align=center| crude
| |
| |align=center| '''detori'''
| |
| |align=center| he decorated something
| |
| |align=center| '''cojori'''
| |
| |align=center| he decorated something BADLY
| |
| |align=center| '''detias'''
| |
| |align=center| to decorate
| |
| |align=center| '''cojuas'''
| |
| |align=center| to decorate in a gauche style
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| The top 4 adjectives in the table above are actually irregular comparatives.
| |
| | |
| The standard method for forming the comparative and superlative is ... '''ái''' = white : '''aige''' = whiter : '''aimo''' = whitest
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| However not quite all antonyms fall into the above pattern. For example ...
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''loŋga'''
| |
| |align=center| long
| |
| |align=center| '''tìa'''
| |
| |align=center| short
| |
| |align=center| '''loŋgori'''
| |
| |align=center| he lengthened something
| |
| |align=center| '''tiazori'''
| |
| |align=center| he shortened something
| |
| |align=center| '''loŋgas'''
| |
| |align=center| to lengthen
| |
| |align=center| ''' tìas'''
| |
| |align=center| to shorten
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| === ..... Antonym phonetic correspondence===
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| In the above lists, it can be seen that each pair of adjectives have pretty much the exact opposite meaning from each other. However in '''béu''' there is ALSO a relationship between the sounds that make up these words.
| |
| | |
| In fact every element of a word is a mirror image (about the L-A axis in the chart below) of the corresponding element in the word with the opposite meaning.
| |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| '''ʔ'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''m'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''y'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''j'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''ai'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''f'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''e'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''b'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''eu'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''g'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''u'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''d'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''ua'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=left| '''high tone'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''u'''
| |
| |align=center| ===========================
| |
| |align=center| '''a'''
| |
| |align=center| ============================
| |
| |align=left| '''neutral'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''c'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''ia'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=left|'''low tone'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''s/ʃ'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''i'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''k'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''oi'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''p'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''o'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''t'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center| '''au'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''w'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''n'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| '''h'''
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |align=center|
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| -----
| |
| | |
| Note ... The original idea of having a regular correspondence between the two poles of a antonym pair came from an earlier idea for the script. In this early script, the first 8 consonants had the same shape as the last 8 consonants but turned 180˚. And in actual fact the two poles of a antonym pair mapped into each other under a 180˚ turn.
| |
| | |
| -----
| |
| | |
| An adjectives is called '''moizana''' in '''béu'''
| |
| | |
| '''moizu''' = attribute, characteristic, feature
| |
| | |
| And following the way '''béu''' works, if there is an action that can be associated with noun (in any way at all), that noun can be co-opted to work as an verb.
| |
| | |
| Hence '''moizori''' = he/she described, he/she characterized, he/she specified ... '''moizus''' = the noun corresponding to the verb on the left
| |
| | |
| '''moizo''' = a specification, a characteristic asked for ... '''moizoi''' = specifications ... '''moizana''' = things that describe, things that specify
| |
| | |
| '''nandau moizana''' = an adjective, but of course, especially in books about grammar, this is truncated to simply '''moizana'''
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... The pilana==
| |
| | |
| These are what in LINGUISTIC JARGON are called "cases". The classical languages, Greek and Latin had 5 or 6 of these. Modern-day Finnish has about 15 (it depends on how you count them, 1 or 2 are slowly fading away). Present day English still has a relic of a once more extensive case system : most pronouns have two forms. For example ;- the third-person:singular:male pronoun is "he" if it represents "the doer", but "him" if it represents "the done to".
| |
| | |
| The 12 '''béu''' case markers are called '''pilana'''
| |
| | |
| The word '''pilana''' is built up from ;-
| |
| | |
| '''pila''' = to place, to position
| |
| | |
| '''pilana''' <= ('''pil<del>a</del>''' + '''ana'''), in LINGUISTIC JARGON it is called a "present participle". It is an adjective which means "putting (something) in position".
| |
| | |
| As '''béu''' adjectives freely convert to nouns<sup>*</sup>, it also means "that which puts (something) in position" or "the positioner".
| |
| | |
| Actually only a few of them live up to this name ... nevertheless the whole set of 12 are called '''pilana''' in the '''béu''' linguistic tradition.
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_190.png]]
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| The '''pilana''' are suffixed to nouns and specify the roll these nouns play within a clause.
| |
| | |
| As well as the 10 illustrated above, we have '''s''' for the ergative case and '''n''' for the locative case. Also we have the unmarked case which represents the S or O argument.
| |
| | |
| '''sá''' and '''nà''' are the free-standing variants of '''-s''' and '''-n'''.
| |
| | |
| The '''pilana''' specify the roll that a noun has within a clause. However both the ergative case and the locative case (and a few other cases) can specify what rolls a noun has within a NP.
| |
| | |
| For example '''nambo pàn''' = "a/the house at me" or "my house"
| |
| | |
| '''timpa báus glà''' = the man's hitting of the woman ... this is an example of an infinitive NP.
| |
| | |
| letter '''blicovi''' = the letter from the king
| |
| | |
| pen '''gila''' = a pen on your person
| |
| | |
| As shown above the '''pilana''' are represented by their own symbols. Or at least the ten that do not consist of single letters.
| |
| | |
| For the suffix form of the first 2 and last 2 symbols given above, the end of the word proper "touches" the symbol. For the other 6 symbols, the word proper "impinges" upon the symbol. See below ...
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_192.png]]
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| == ..... Rules governing the pilana==
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Now one quirk of '''béu''' (something that I haven't heard of happening in any natural language), is that the '''pilana''' is sometimes realised as an affix to the head of the NP, but sometimes as a preposition in front of the entire NP. This behaviour can be accounted for with thing with two rules.
| |
| | |
| 1) The '''pilana''' attaches to the head and only to the head of the NP.
| |
| | |
| 2) The NP is not allowed to be broken up by a '''pilana'''. The whole thing must be contiguous. So if a NP has elements after the head the case must be realised as a preposition and be placed in front of the entire noun phrase.
| |
| | |
| 3) No two '''pilana''' can be stuck together (WOULD THIS EVER HAPPEN ??)
| |
| | |
| So if we have a NP with elements to the right of the head, then the '''pilana''' must become a preposition. The prepositional forms of the '''pilana''' are given on the above chart to the right. These free-standing particles are also written just using the symbols given on the above chart to the left. That is in writing they are shorn of their vowels as their affixed counter-parts are.
| |
| | |
| ------
| |
| | |
| Here are some examples of the above rules ...
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| '''fanfa''' = horse
| |
| | |
| '''sonda''' = son
| |
| | |
| '''blico''' = king
| |
| | |
| '''fanfa sondan''' = the horse of the son
| |
| | |
| '''sonda blico''' = the son of the king
| |
| | |
| However the suffixed form can only be used if the genitive is a single word. Otherwise the particle '''na''' must be placed in front of the words that qualify. For example ;-
| |
| | |
| We can't say '''*fanfa sondan blicon''' however. The '''-n''' on '''sonda''' is splitting the NP '''sonda blico'''.
| |
| | |
| So we must say '''fanfa nà sonda blicon'''
| |
| | |
| Some more examples ...
| |
| | |
| '''fanfa nà sonda jini blicon''' = "the horse of the king's clever son'''
| |
| | |
| '''fanfa nà sonda nà blico somua''' = "the horse of the fat king's son"
| |
| | |
| ------
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| Here are some more examples of the above rules ...
| |
| | |
| '''pintu nambo''' = the door of the house
| |
| | |
| '''pintu nà nambo tuju''' = the door of the big house
| |
| | |
| When one of the specifiers is involved we have two permissible arrangements.
| |
| | |
| 1) '''pintu á nambon'''= the door of some house
| |
| | |
| 2) '''pintu nà á nambo''' = the door of some house
| |
| | |
| 1) is the more usual way to express "the door of some house", but 2) is also allowed as it doesn't break any of the rules.
| |
| | |
| This also goes for numbers as well as specifiers.
| |
| | |
| '''papa auva sondan''' = the father of two sons
| |
| | |
| '''papa nà auva sonda''' = the father of two sons
| |
| | |
| ..
| |
| | |
| <sup>*</sup>Another case when the '''pilana''' must be expressed as a prepositions is when the noun ends in a constant. This happens very, very rarely but it is possible. For example '''toilwan''' is an adjective meaning "bookish". And in '''béu''' as adjectives can also act as nouns in certain positions, '''toilwan''' would also be a noun meaning "the bookworm". Another example is '''ʔokos''' which means "vowel".
| |
| | |
| == ..... The Relativizer ==
| |
| | |
| The relativizer in '''béu''' is '''ʔà'''. This takes all the '''pilana''' the same as a normal noun.
| |
| | |
| ----------
| |
| | |
| the basket '''ʔapi''' the cat shat was cleaned by John.
| |
| | |
| the wall '''ʔala''' you are sitting was built by my grandfather.
| |
| | |
| the woman '''ʔaye''' I told the secret, took it to her grave.
| |
| | |
| the town '''ʔafi''' she has come is the biggest south of the mountain.
| |
| | |
| the lilly pad '''ʔalya''' the frog jumped was the biggest in the pond.
| |
| | |
| the boat '''ʔalfe''' you have just jumped is unsound
| |
| | |
| '''báu ʔás timpori glá rà ʔaiho''' = The man that hit the woman is ugly.
| |
| | |
| '''nambo ʔàn''' she lives is the biggest in town.
| |
| '''báu ʔàn''' dog I shot, reported me to the police = the man whose dog I shot, reported me to the police<sup>*</sup>
| |
| | |
| '''báu ʔaho ò''' is going to market is her husband.
| |
| | |
| the knife '''ʔage''' he severed the branch is a 100 years old
| |
| | |
| The old woman '''ʔaji''' I deliver the newspaper, has died.
| |
| | |
| The boy '''ʔaco''' they are all talking, has gone to New Zealand.
| |
| | |
| -----------
| |
| | |
| When the relative clause is giving extra information, the relativizer in is '''ʔài''' and a slight pause comes before it.
| |
| | |
| == ... Index==
| |
| | |
| {{Béu Index}}
| |
