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| == ..... Building up a noun phrase (NP)==
| | {{Deletion|Staigard|Well I have moved all the data somewhere else}} |
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| Now we talk about the '''béu''' noun phrase. This can be described as ;-
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| Quantifier<sub>1</sub> Head<sub>2</sub> (Adjective<sub>3</sub> x n) Genitive<sub>4</sub> Determiner<sub>5</sub> Relative-clause<sub>6</sub>
| | db-g7 |
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| 1) The Quantifier is either a number or a word such as "all", "many", "a few" etc.
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| 2) The head is usually a noun but can also be an adjective. When you come across an adjective as head of a noun phrase, its meaning is "the person/thing that is "adjective" ".
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| 3) An adjective ... not much to say about this one, you can have as many as you like, the same as English.
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| 4) A Genitive is made from a noun (and I guess an adjective as defined in 2) ) with an '''n''' suffix. It says that the head has some quality or relationship to the genitive.
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| A genitive or a genitive phrase can be considered an adjective. Ownership is also shown by the genitive, however note that when the head is a multi-syllable word and the owner is a stand alone pronoun, then ownership is shown by an infix in the actual head (see "Possessive Infixes").
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| 5) Either '''dí''' "this", or '''dè''' "that".
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| 6) This is a clause, beginning with '''tà''' that qualifies the head of the noun phrase.
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| Note ... We can have genitives and we can have "genitive phrases". A genitive phrase has no suffix, but the particle '''nà''' must be placed immediately in front of it.
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| The son of the king => '''sonda blicon'''
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| The son of the old king => '''sonda nà blico gáu'''
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| (can a determiner be the head ??)
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| ==..... Pronouns and what is meant by S, A and O==
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| '''béu''' is what is called an ergative language. About a quarter of the world languages are ergative or partly ergative. So let us explain what ergative means. Well in English we have 2 forms of the first person singular pronoun ... namely "I" and "me". Also we have 2 forms of the third person singular male pronoun ... namely "he" and "him". These two forms help determine who does what to whom. For example "I hit him" and "He hit me" have obviously different meanings (in English there is a fixed word order, which also helps. In '''béu''' the word order is free).
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| '''timpa''' = to hit ... '''timpa''' is a verb that takes two nouns (LINGUISTIC JARGON ... a transitive verb).
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| '''pás ò timpari''' = I hit him
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| '''pà ós timpori''' = He hit me ... OK in this case the protagonist marking in the verb also helps to make things disambiguous. But this will not always help, for example when both protagonists are third person singular.
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| So far so good. And we see that English and '''béu''' behave in the same way so far. But what happens when we take a verb that takes only one noun (LINGUISTIC JARGON ... a transitive verb). For example '''doika''' = "to walk". In English we have "he walked". However in '''béu''' we don't have '''*ós doikori''' but '''ò doikori''' (equivalent to saying "*him walked" in English). So this in a nutshell is what an ergative language is.
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| It is the convention to call the doer in a intransitive clause the S argument. For example '''ò<sub>S</sub> flomporta''' = She has tripped
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| It is the convention to call the doer in a transitive clause the A argument. For example '''ós<sub>A</sub> timpori jene''' = He hit Jane
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| It is the convention to call the "done to" in a transitive clause the O argument. For example '''ò timpori jene<sub>O</sub>''' = He hit Jane
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| The S was historically from the word "Subject" and the O historically from the word "Object", but it is best just to forget about that. In fact when I use the word "subject" I am talking about either the S argument or the A argument.
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| If you like you can say ;-
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| In English "him" is the "done to"(O argument) : "he" is the "doer"(S argument) and the "doer to"(A argument).
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| In '''béu''' '''ò''' is the "done to"(O argument) and the "doer"(S argument) : '''ós''' is the "doer to"(A argument).
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| Below are two tables showing the two forms of the '''béu''' pronouns.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| I
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| |align=center| '''pás'''
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| |align=center| we (includes "you")
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| |align=center| '''yúas'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| we (doesn't include "you")
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| |align=center| '''wías'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| you
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| |align=center| '''gís'''
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| |align=center| you (plural)
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| |align=center| '''jés'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| he, she
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| |align=center| '''ós'''
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| |align=center| they
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| |align=center| '''nús'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| it
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| |align=center| '''ʃís'''
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| |align=center| they
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| |align=center| '''ʃís'''
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| |}
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| [[Image:TW_68.png]]
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| me
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| |align=center| '''pà'''
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| |align=center| us
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| |align=center| '''yùa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| us
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| |align=center| '''wìa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| you
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| |align=center| '''gì'''
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| |align=center| you (plural)
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| |align=center| '''jè'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| him, her
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| |align=center| '''ò'''
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| |align=center| them
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| |align=center| '''nù'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| it
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| |align=center| '''ʃì'''
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| |align=center| them
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| |align=center| '''ʃì'''
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| |}
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| [[Image:TW_67.png]]
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| There could be another member it the above table. When a action is performed by somebody on themselves, a special particle '''tí''' is used.
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| Just as in English, we do not say "*I hit me", but "I hit myself" ... in '''béu''' we do not say '''*pás pà timpari''', but '''pás tí timpari'''.
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| LINGUISTIC JARGON ... "myself" is what is called a "reflexive pronoun". In English there are many reflexive pronouns (i.e. "myself", "yourself", "herself", etc. etc.) : in '''béu''' only one.
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| One other point ... '''béu''' has generally a pretty free word order. But in a sentence such as '''jene tí laudori''' (Jane washed herself) it would be pretty unusual to have the '''tí''' before '''jene'''
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| There is an emphatic pronouns based on the possessed form of '''bùa''' "body". The emphatic forms are given below ;-
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| me myself
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| |align=center| '''bapua'''
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| |align=center| we ourselves
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| |align=center| '''bayua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| we ourselves
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| |align=center| '''bawua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| you yourself
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| |align=center| '''bigua'''
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| |align=center| you yourselves
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| |align=center| '''bejua'''
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| |align=center| him himself, her herself
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| |align=center| '''bonua'''
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| |align=center| them themselves
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| |align=center| '''bunua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| it itself
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| |align=center| '''bisua'''
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| |align=center| them themselves
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| |align=center| '''bisua'''
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| |}
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| The above forms come just after the normal pronouns and the two words stand in apposition. If a '''pilana''' is applied to one, it must be applied to the other as well. For example ;-
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| '''pás bapuas ò timparu''' => I myself will hit her
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| ==..... 64 Adjectives==
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| good
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| |align=center| '''bòi'''
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| |align=center| bad
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| |align=center| '''kéu'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| long
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| |align=center| '''yàu'''
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| |align=center| short
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| |align=center| '''wái'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| high, tall
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| |align=center| '''hái'''
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| |align=center| low, short
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| |align=center| '''ʔàu'''
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| |align=center| happy, glad
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| |align=center| '''ʔoime'''
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| |align=center| sad, unhappy
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| |align=center| '''heuno'''
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| |align=center| white
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| |align=center| '''ái'''
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| |align=center| black
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| |align=center| '''àu'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| young
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| |align=center| '''sài'''
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| |align=center| old (of a living thing)
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| |align=center| '''gáu'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| clever, smart
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| |align=center| '''jini'''
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| |align=center| stupid, thick
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| |align=center| '''tumu'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| near
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| |align=center| '''nìa'''
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| |align=center| far
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| |align=center| '''múa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| new
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| |align=center| '''yaipe'''
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| |align=center| old, former, previous
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| |align=center| '''waufo'''
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| |align=center| big
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| |align=center| '''jutu'''
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| |align=center| small
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| |align=center| '''tiji'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| hot
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| |align=center| '''fema'''
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| |align=center| cold
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| |align=center| '''pona'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| open
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| |align=center| '''nava'''
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| |align=center| close
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| |align=center| '''mapa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| simple, easy
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| |align=center| '''baga'''
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| |align=center| complex, difficult, hard
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| |align=center| '''kaza'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| sharp
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| |align=center| '''naike'''
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| |align=center| blunt
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| |align=center| '''maubo'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| wet
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| |align=center| '''nuco'''
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| |align=center| dry
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| |align=center| '''mide'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| empty
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| |align=center| '''fene'''
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| |align=center| full
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| |align=center| '''pomo'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| fast
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| |align=center| '''saco'''
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| |align=center| slow
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| |align=center| '''gade'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| strong
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| |align=center| '''yubu'''
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| |align=center| weak
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| |align=center| '''wiki'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| heavy
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| |align=center| '''hobua'''
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| |align=center| light
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| |align=center| '''ʔekia'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| beautiful
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| |align=center| '''hauʔe'''
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| |align=center| ugly
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| |align=center| '''ʔaiho'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| contiguous, touching
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| |align=center| '''yotia'''
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| |align=center| apart, separate
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| |align=center| '''wejua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| fat
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| |align=center| '''somua'''
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| |align=center| thin, skinny
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| |align=center| '''genia'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| bright
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| |align=center| '''selia'''
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| |align=center| dull, dim
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| |align=center| '''golua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| thin
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| |align=center| '''pilia'''
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| |align=center| thick
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| |align=center| '''fulua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| east, dawn, sunrise
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| |align=center| '''cúa'''
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| |align=center| west, dusk, sundown
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| |align=center| '''dìa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| tight
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| |align=center| '''taitu'''
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| |align=center| slack, loose
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| |align=center| '''jauji'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| neat
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| |align=center| '''ilia'''
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| |align=center| untidy
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| |align=center| '''ulua'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| soft
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| |align=center| '''fuje'''
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| |align=center| hard
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| |align=center| '''pito'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| wide/broad
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| |align=center| '''juga'''
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| |align=center| narrow
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| |align=center| '''tisa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| rough
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| |align=center| '''gaʔu'''
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| |align=center| smooth
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| |align=center| '''sahi'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| deep
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| |align=center| '''gubu'''
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| |align=center| shallow
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| |align=center| '''siki'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| right
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| |align=center| '''sèu'''
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| |align=center| wrong
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| |align=center| '''gói'''
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| |}
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| In the above list, it can be seen that each pair of adjectives have pretty much the exact opposite meaning. However in '''béu''' there is ALSO a relationship between the sounds that make up these words.
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| In fact every element of a word is a mirror image (about the L-A axis in the chart below) of the corresponding element in the word with the opposite meaning.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| '''ʔ'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''m'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''y'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''j'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''au'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''f'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''o'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''b'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''oi'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''g'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''i'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''d'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ia'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=left| '''high tone'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''l'''
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| |align=center| ===========================
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| |align=center| '''a'''
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| |align=center| ============================
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| |align=left| '''neutral'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''c'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ua'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=left|'''low tone'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''s/ʃ'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''u'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''k'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''eu'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''p'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''e'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''t'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center| '''ai'''
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''w'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''n'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |-
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| |align=center| '''h'''
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |align=center|
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| |}
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| == ..... Adjectives and how they pervade other parts of speech==
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| The main parts of speech in '''béu''' are nouns, adjectives and verbs (there are also particles but they are a mixed bag, it is hard to generalise about them). However we can generalise about nouns, adjectives and verbs. Nouns (N), adjectives (A) and verbs (V) are called "parts of speech". In béu, sometimes, aNn unmodified word can belong to 2 or 3 different parts of speech at once.
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| For convenience I am going to introduce another part of speech : the '''geladi''' (G). You find the '''G'''-form a lot in complement clauses (that will be explained later). In our linguistic tradition we call it the infinitive form of the verb. This is the "base form" of the verb and it resembles a noun in many respects.
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| For example '''solbe''' means "to drink" and is a '''geladi'''. But more often you find this word in other forms. For example if you came across '''solbarin''' which means "I drank, so they say". I am counting the form '''solbarin''' as a verb (V), and the form '''solbe''' as a '''geladi'''(G). That is I am treating them as different parts of speech. This is just for convenience. I do not want to get into an argument about linguistic theories etc. etc. This is just to make things easy to discuss.
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| Let us start of with a single-syllable adjective. Let us see what "forms" a single-syllable adjective can take and what "parts of speech" these forms can belong to. Consider the word '''gèu''' "green" ;-
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| [[Image:TW_81.png]]
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| Along the top of the above chart you can see N, A, V and G. These are different part of speech. The form under these 4 headings, shows the form '''géu''' takes when it is one of these 4 parts of speech. Now '''géu''' is fundamentally an adjective (that is what that pentangle around the "A" means).
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| You can see that we have two nouns in the above chart. One has its original form, I call this one "the substansive noun", i.e. "the green one". The other changes its form by taking the affix '''-ma'''. I call this one "the qualitative noun", i.e. "greenness".
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| Now how can we tell if the unmodified '''géu''' is representing an adjective or a substansive noun. Well we can tell by its position with respect to other elements in the clause.
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| '''gèu''' is an adjective if it comes immediately after the copula<sup>*</sup> '''sàu'''. For example '''báu rì gèu''' => The/a man was green. (if you wanted to put a substantive after '''sàu''', you would stick '''aja''' "one" in front of it).
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| '''gèu''' is also an adjective if it comes immediately after a noun i.e. '''báu gèu dí''' => This green man ((An aside ... ('''báu gèun dí''' = the green one's man here) ))
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| In other positions '''géu''' represents a substansive noun<sup>**</sup>.
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| <sup>*</sup>'''gèu''' is a qualitative noun if it comes immediately after the copula of existence '''gaza'''. For example '''ʔá pona''' => It is cold ... or ... '''ʔá pona paʔe''' => I am cold
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| <sup>**</sup>Well actually in one other position '''géu''' represents a qualitative noun ... after the "copula of existence" (just to make things complicated).
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| We can see that we can derive two verbs from '''géu'''. By affixing '''-du''' we get an intransitive verb meaning "to become green". And by affixing '''-ldu''' we get an transitive verb meaning "to make green". You can see that the '''V'''-forms and the '''G'''-forms are the same.
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| Actually the '''V'''-form is not '''geudu''' or '''geuldu'''. The '''V'''-form is actually a myriad of forms. But they are all built up from the '''geudu''' or ''' geuldu''' foundations. As an example let us build up one of the myriad of forms that the '''V'''-form can take. First we delete the final vowel ... then we add a vowel that represents the subject ... then we add, either '''r''', '''n''' or '''s''' (depending on if we want the indicative mood, the subjunctive nood or the imperative) ... then we add a vowel (or consonant + vowel) as a tense/aspect marker ... then we possibly add an optional evidential marker '''n''', '''s''' or '''a'''. So we could get '''geud<del>u</del>''' + '''i''' + '''r''' + '''i''' +'''a''' => '''geudiria''' = "you became green, I saw it" ... one of the many forms considered as a '''V'''-form.
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| OK. We have seen how a single-syllable adjective works. Now for a 2-syllable adjective. Consider the word '''naike''' "sharp" ;-
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| [[Image:TW_82.png]]
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| We can see that in this case it is possible to have 3 parts of speech from only one form. However in this case the "finite" verb (V) is built up directly from '''naike''' and not from the '''G'''-form. So, for example, we have '''naikiria''' = "you sharpened (it), I saw you do it". Rather than '''*naikediria'''. The '''G'''-form is built up from the base form by adding the affix '''-du'''.
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| Notice that with '''géu''' we had two verbs generated by adding affixes. In this case we only have one verb and it is transitive.
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| [[Image:TW_84.png]]
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| And above we see one more possibility for a word that is fundamentally an adjective. You will see that the G form has a irregular ending. Quite a number of common adjectives act like '''mapa''' (so maybe I should not call them irregular). You will see that there is also a pentangle around the "G". This is because we can not say if this word is basically an infinitive verb or an adjective. There would be two entries in a dictionary.
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| Again only one verb and it is transitive. There are three ways that we can make an intransitive clause.
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| 1) '''pintu tí mapori''' = The door closed itself ... this form strongly implies that there was no human agent. Possibly the wind closed the door (or a supernatural element when it comes to that).
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| 2) '''pintu lái mapori''' = The door was closed ... this is the standard passive form. It strongly implies a human agent but the agent is either unknown or unimportant.
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| 3) '''pintu lí mapa''' = The door became closed ... this uses the adjective form of '''mapa''' and the "copula of becoming" '''láu'''. This form has no implication as to the humanness of the agent.
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| By the way, the '''G'''-form of '''nava''' "open" is '''navai'''
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| Let us go back to '''gèu''' and consider '''gèu''' in an intransitive clause. As above we have 3 ways.
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| 1) '''báu tí geuldori''' = The man made himself green ... this form implies that there was some effort involved.
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| 2) '''báu lái geuldori''' = The man was made green ... this is the standard passive form. It strongly implies a human agent but the agent is either unknown or unimportant.
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| 3) '''báu lí gèu''' = The man became green ... this uses the adjective form of '''gèu''' and the "copula of becoming" '''láu'''. This form has no implication as to the humanness of the agent.
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| And of course '''gèu''' has a fourth way ...
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| 4) '''báu gèudori''' = The man became green
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| Actually 3) and 4) have the same meaning.
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| -------------------------------
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| Any single syllable adjective, must have the suffix '''du''' in all its verbal forms. For example ;-
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| '''audu''' = to become black, '''auldu''' = to blacken, '''maŋkeu''' = faces
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| '''aulduri maŋkiteu''' = they blackened their faces ... interesting construction ... we use the transitive form even tho' they perform the action on themselves.
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| == ..... '''pilana''' or the case system==
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| ..
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| These are what in LINGUISTIC JARGON are called "cases". The classical languages, Greek and Latin had 5 or 6 of these. Modern-day Finnish has about 15 (it depends on how you count them, 1 or 2 are slowly fading away). Present day English still has a relic of a once more extensive case system : most pronouns have two forms. For example ;- the third-person:singular:male pronoun is "he" if it represents "the doer", but "him" if it represents "the done to".
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| The word '''pilana''' is built up from ;-
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| '''pila''' = to place, to position
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| '''pilana''' <= ('''pil<del>a</del>''' + '''ana'''), in LINGUISTIC JARGON it is called a "present participle". It is an adjective which means "putting (something) in position".
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| As '''béu''' adjectives freely convert to nouns<sup>*</sup>, it also means "that which puts (something) in position" or "the positioner".
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| Actually only a few of them live up to this name ... nevertheless the whole set of 14 are called '''pilana''' in the '''béu''' linguistic tradition.
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| ..
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| [[Image:TW_63.png]]
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| [[Image:TW_64.png]]
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| The '''pilana''' are suffixed to nouns and specify the roll these nouns play in the clause<sup>**</sup>.
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| The '''pilana''' are abbreviated to a single consonant in the '''béu''' writing system. That is, in the '''béu''' writing system, the final vowel of all '''pilana''' is invisible<sup>***</sup>.
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| The '''pilana''' are partly an aid to quicker writing. However they also demarcate a set of 14 affixes and make quite a neat system.
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| You could call these 14 plus the unmarked noun a case system of 15 cases. Well you could if you wanted to (up to you).
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| Note that '''-lya''' and '''-lfe''' are represented by a special amalgamated symbols which do not occur elsewhere.
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| Notice that by a addition of '''pilana''', you might expect to get the forms '''alye''' and '''alfi'''. As you can see this is not the case. Perhaps the amalgamated form has the final vowel changed under the pull of the initial vowel, '''a'''.
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| <sup>*</sup> You can tell if '''pilana''' is being an adjective or a noun by the environment that you find it in.
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| <sup>**</sup> Well actually that is not true of '''pilana''' number 12 : "'''-n'''" modifies a noun in a noun phrase.
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| <sup>***</sup>Maybe a corollary of the '''béu''' habit of dropping verbal arguments, when it is at all possible :-)
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| -----
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| Now one quirk of the '''pilana''', something that I think would not happen in a natural language, is that if the noun receiving the '''pilana''' is more than one word long<sup>*</sup>, then the '''pilana''' changes from a suffix to a preposition. The prepositional forms of the '''pilana''' are given on the above chart to the right. These free-standing particles are also written just using the symbols given on the above chart to the left. That is in writing they are shorn of their vowels as their affixed counter-parts are.
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| The letters m, b, k, g and d are free to be used as abbreviations. Perhaps m <= '''mò''', two particles for joining clauses etc. etc.
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| <sup>*</sup>Another case when the '''pilana''' come as prepositions is when the noun ends in a constant. This happens very, very rarely but it is possible. For example '''toilwan''' is an adjective meaning "bookish". And in '''béu''' as adjectives can also act as nouns in certain positions, '''toilwan''' would also be a noun meaning "the bookworm". Another example is '''ʔokos''' which means "vowel".
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| == ..... '''noiga''' or simple arithmetic==
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| [[Image:TW_69.png]]
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| [[Image:TW_70.png]]
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| Above right you can see the numbers 1 -> 11 displayed. Notice that the forms of 1, 3, 6, 7 and 9 have been modified slightly before the "number bar" has been added.
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| In the bottom right you can see 7 interesting symbols. These are used to extend the range of the '''béu''' number system (remember the basic system only covers 1-> 1727). Their meanings are given in the table below.
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| {| border=1
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| |align=center| elephant
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| |align=center| '''huŋgu'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| rhino
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| |align=center| '''nàin'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| water buffalo
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| |align=center| '''wúa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| circle
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| |align=center| '''omba'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| hare
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| |align=center| '''yanfa'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| beetle
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| |align=center| '''mulu'''
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| |-
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| |align=center| bacterium, bug
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| |align=center| '''ʔiwetu'''
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| |}
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| To give you an idea of how they are used, I have given you a very big number below.
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| [[Image:TW_77.png]]
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| Which is => 1,206,8E3,051.58T,630,559,62 ... E represents eleven and T represents ten ... remember the number is in base 12.
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| O.K. this number has a ridiculous dynamic range. But this is for demonstration purposes only: if you can handle this number you can handle any number.
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| This monster would be pronounced '''aja huŋgu uvaila nàin ezaitauba wúa idauja omba idaizaupa yanfa elaibau mulu idaidauka ʔiwetu elaivau dó'''
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| Now the 7 "placeholders" are not really thought of as real numbers, they are markers only. The '''béu''' community has a very strong feeling that there are only 1727 proper numbers. You never see (the '''béu''' equivalent of) "a thousand" or "a million". Rather you would hear "ONE thousand exactly", or "ONE thousand approximately". (Actually I tell a lie, there are a number of sayings, where you can hear "ONE thousand" etc. etc.)
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| When first introduced to this system, many people think that the '''béu''' culture must be untenable, however strangely enough the '''béu''' culture has lasted many thousands of year, despite the obvious confusion that must arise when they attempt to count elephants.
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| One further point ...
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| If you wanted to express a number represented by digits 2->4 from the LHS of the monster, you would say '''auvaidaula nàin''' .... the same way as we have in the Western European tradition.
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| However if you wanted to express a number represented digits 6 ->8 from the RHS of the monster, you would say '''yanfa elaibau''' .... not the way we do it. This is like saying "milli 630" instead of "630 micro".
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| Ah that is another thing ... the units used either come at the end (or they can replace '''omba''' (which means "unit" as well as "circle", by the way)). Our SI system uses magnitude words which are prefixed to the unit of measurement (for example "kilo" in kilometre). '''béu''' also has magnitude words (the seven already given) but they are inserted into the number itself. It is a bit similar to the way we use comma's to separate a long number string into groups of three digits.
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| To make a number negative the "number bar" is placed on the left. See below ;-
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| [[Image:TW_71.png]]
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| Also a number can be made imaginary by adding a further stroke that touches the "number bar". See below ;-
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| [[Image:TW_73.png]]
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| As you can see above, there is no special sign for the "addition operation". The numbers are simply written one beneath the other. Similarly with subtraction but one number would be negative this time.
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| There is a special sign to indicate multiplication ('''+'''), and there is an equals sign ('''-''').
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| Division is the same as multiplication except that one of the numbers is in "fractional form".
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| There is an alternative multiplication/division notation : instead of using the '''+''' sign, the two quantities can instead be written side by side (see the example above).
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| -6 is pronounced '''ù ?? ela''' ... '''ela''' "negative"
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| 4i is pronounced '''aspo ?? uga''' ... '''uga''' "imaginary"
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| -4i is pronounced '''ù aspo ?? uga''' ... '''uga''' "imaginary negative" or '''uga''' "negative imaginary", it doesn't really matter.
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| -1/10 is pronounced '''diapa''' "negative"
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| i/4 is pronounced '''duga''' "imaginary"
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| And so ends chapter 2 ...
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| ==Index==
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| {{Béu Index}}
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