|
|
| (19 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Word generation===
| | db-g7 |
| | |
| In the word generating program ;-
| |
| | |
| 17 % chance that a word will start with a vowel
| |
| | |
| 83 % chance that it will start with a consonant.
| |
| | |
| 10 % chance that the second consonant will be lʔ ... lh
| |
|
| |
| 50 % chance that the second consonant will be ʔ ... l
| |
| | |
| 31 % chance that the second consonant will be nʔ ... nh
| |
| | |
| 9 % chance that the second consonant will be sʔ ... sh
| |
| | |
| === Some Rubbish ===
| |
| | |
| === geu ===
| |
| | |
| '''gèu''' is an adjective if it comes immediately after the copula<sup>*</sup> '''sàu'''. For example '''báu rì gèu''' => The/a man was green. (if you wanted to put a substantive after '''sàu''', you would stick '''aja''' "one" in front of it).
| |
| | |
| '''gèu''' is also an adjective if it comes immediately after a noun i.e. '''báu gèu dí''' => This green man
| |
| | |
| In other positions '''gèu''' represents a substansive noun<sup>**</sup>.
| |
| | |
| <sup>*</sup>'''gèu''' is a qualitative noun if it comes immediately after the copula of existence '''gaza'''. For example '''ʔá pona''' => It is cold ... or ... '''ʔá pona paʔe''' => I am cold
| |
| | |
| <sup>**</sup>Well actually in one other position '''géu''' represents a qualitative noun ... after the "copula of existence" (just to make things complicated)
| |
| Now how can we tell if the unmodified '''gèu''' is representing an adjective or a substansive noun. Well we can tell by its position with respect to other elements in the clause.
| |
| | |
| ------
| |
| | |
| [[Image:TW_96.png]]
| |
| | |
| And above we see one more possibility. In the above two examples you can get to the "G" form from the "A" form by a regular process. With '''mapa'''/'''mapau''' this is not possible. So it appears that this word has two base forms ("A" and "G") and this word would have two entries in a dictionary.
| |
| | |
| ==To give and to receive ... kyé and bwò==
| |
| | |
| '''kyé''' means to give and '''bwò''' means to receive or get.
| |
| | |
| -----
| |
| Normal usage
| |
| -----
| |
| | |
| 1) '''jonos<sub>A</sub> kyori jeneye toili<sub>O</sub>''' = John gave a book to Jane "or" John gave Jane a book
| |
| | |
| Linguistic jargon ... In the Western linguistic tradition, Jane is called "the indirect object"(IO). Quite an unfortunate term I think as it is human 99% of the time, hence hardly what you would normally call an object.
| |
| | |
| 2) '''jene<sub>A</sub> bwori toili<sub>O</sub>''' ('''jonovi''') = Jane got a book (from John)
| |
| | |
| O.K. the above is the usage normal usage of '''kyé''' and '''bwò'''. They sort of describe the same action but from two different perspectives.
| |
| | |
| -----
| |
| Causative construction
| |
| -----
| |
| | |
| You can replace the '''cwidau''' with a '''gomua''' in 1) and you get a causative construction.
| |
| | |
| '''kyari jonoye dono''' = I made john walk
| |
| | |
| or you can alternatively use the form '''kyari jono dono''' (in which case '''jono dono''' is considered a '''gomuaza''')
| |
| | |
| '''kyari jono<sup>*</sup> timpa jene''' = I made John hit Jane ... (in which case '''jono dono jene''' is considered a '''gomuaza''')
| |
| | |
| '''jonos kyori pà solbe moze''' = John made me drink the water
| |
| | |
| <sup>*</sup>'''béu''' tries and drops all arguments that can be known without being specified. Now in the above example '''timpa''' is a transitive verb and usually has an A argument and an O argument. In the above example, if '''jene''' was dropped from the '''semo''' (but of course understood from context), then we could have a form '''kyari jonoye timpa'''
| |
| | |
| -----
| |
| Passive construction
| |
| -----
| |
| | |
| 3) '''jonos<sub>A</sub> timpori jene<sub>O</sub>''' = John hit Jane
| |
| | |
| 4) '''jene<sub>S</sub> bwori timpa''' ('''jonovi''') = Jane was hit ... '''jene<sub>S</sub> bwori jono timpa'''
| |
| | |
| 4) is the passive equivalent of 3) ... used when the A argument is unknown or unimportant.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| You can replace the '''cwidau''' with a '''gomua''' in 2) and you get a passive construction.
| |
| | |
| '''jene bwori dono''' = Jane was made to walk ?????
| |
| | |
| bwò a verb that is intransitive=>a passive causative ??
| |
| | |
| '''bwari dono''' = I was made to walk .... this is called a "causative construction" in linguistic jargon.
| |
| | |
| ('''pás''') bwari solbe moze''' ('''jonovi''') = I was made to drink the water (by John)
| |
| | |
| '''moze bwori solbe''' ('''jenevi''') = The water was drunk (by Jane)
| |
| | |
| Called the passive construction in linguistic jargon ... It is used when the A argument is unknown or unimportant.
| |
| | |
| -----------
| |
| | |
| '''flompe''' is an intransitive verb
| |
| | |
| '''kyé jene flompe''' = to make Jane trip
| |
| | |
| '''kyé jono kyé jene flompe''' = to make John to make Jane trip = to make John trip Jane
| |
| | |
| ==== BIA ......... a copula to much====
| |
| | |
| Ah well ... three copula's are just too many
| |
| | |
| '''bià''' means "to be at"
| |
| | |
| For example '''polo bori london''' = Paul was in London
| |
| | |
| '''polo borta london''' = Paul has been to London
| |
| | |
| '''auto bora lence''' = The car is in the street.
| |
| | |
| '''pele boru nambo''' = Paula will be at home
| |
| | |
| '''bià''' is the rarest of the copulas and has no irregular forms.
| |
| | |
| It is often supplanted by '''sàu''' ... but if this happens a locative particle must be suffixed to the noun (the noun after the copula). For example ;-
| |
| | |
| '''polo rì london.pi''' = Paul was in London
| |
| | |
| '''auto (rà) lence.la''' = The car was in the street (literally "on the street")
| |
| | |
| '''pele mò rù namboʔe''' = Paula will not be at home
| |
| | |
| '''béu''' shows the imperfective aspect by prefixing the verb with the particle '''bai''' (see the section on Serial Verb Construction, to find out the origin of this particle)
| |
| | |
| ==== ... '''-kun''' or '''kun''' or '''kunta'''====
| |
| | |
| Affixed to '''gamba''' only.
| |
| | |
| I passed my exams by cheating
| |
| | |
| ==Positive and negative==
| |
| | |
| Above we have used '''-ya''' to generate a negative meaning. This form is used in two other situations to give a negative meaning. In '''aiya''' meaning "no" and in '''kya''' meaning "don't". However there is also 2 situations where '''-ya''' or '''-ia''' have a positive meaning ... in '''fanfia''' (as oppopsed to '''fanfua''') and in the verbal aspect '''-y'''
| |
| | |
| in '''kunjua''' (as opposed to '''kunja''' and in '''umutu''' as opposed to '''mutu'''. This is just the way things are.
| |
| | |
| Said by the philosopher Kantu Banpoʃi, necessary to balance out the ying and yang elements for every minute of the day. However there is another school of thought that says that that is a load of balls and that Kantu Banpoʃi had his head up his own arse.
| |
| | |
| ==== ... '''-dis''' or '''dis''' or '''dista'''====
| |
| | |
| Affixed to '''gamba''' only.
| |
| | |
| I passed my exams without cheating
| |
| Two consonants can appear together at the beginning and middle of a word. The various combinations that are allowed at these two positions are stated later (see '''juzmi'''). Only two consonants are allowed word finally. These are '''n''' and '''s'''.
| |
| | |
| The vowels '''ia''' and '''ua''' can only occur in the final syllable of a word. If a suffix is added, making either '''ia''' or '''ua''' occur in a non-word-final syllable, then they must change to '''ya''' and '''wa''' respectively. However these changes can occur only in certain circumstances, depending on the consonant to the left of the '''y''' or '''w''' (refer to the table in the '''juzmia @aba''' section to see what combinations are acceptable). If the change to '''ya''' or '''wa''' is not allowed, then they both change to a simple '''a'''.
| |
| | |
| ----------
| |
| | |
| If the "modification" is something solid (something you can touch) then the form '''gwomo''' would be used. It is actually hard to draw the line between when '''gwoma''' should be used, and when '''gwomo''' should be used. But the linguistic usage falls just to the '''gwoma''' side of the line. Hence we talk about the '''béu''' verb having 9 '''gwoma''' instead of 9 '''gwomo'''.
| |
| | |
| ----------
| |
| | |
| Word structure "nandau"
| |
| | |
| All '''nandau''' are what are called "content words"⁕ (LINGUISTIC JARGON). They are words like "house', or "run" or "beautiful" that have a definite meaning embedded in themselves.
| |
| | |
| -----------
| |
| | |
| Each '''pyabu''' is defined by 3 '''juzmia'''.
| |
| | |
| '''juzmi''' can be translated as "gesture", "a definite movement given a meaning by socially agreed convention", it also is used for the three parts that define a '''pyabu'''.
| |
| | |
| The three parts are '''juzmi @aba''' (the first gesture), '''juzmi @iga''' (the second gesture) and '''juzmi @oda''' (the third gesture).
| |
| | |
| The rule for determining what is a '''nandau''' and what is not (and by definition "what is not" => '''yadau'''), is that there must be one, and ONLY one '''jwavo''' in the three gestures.
| |
| | |
| '''jwavo''' = "molecule made from more than one element" or "consonant cluster" or "diphthong"
| |
| | |
| ⁕A small number of '''yadau''' are also "content words". Invariable they are very common words. For example '''dunu''' "brown" or '''hiaᴴ''' "red".
| |
| | |
| -----------
| |
| | |
| ⁕⁕⁕It is thought that when multiplication tables were invented, a name for each "entry" was sought. The adoption of '''pyabu''' came about thru analogy to a fishing net (multiplication tables are called "multiplication nets" by the way). The word later spread to 1D systems (i.e. items on a list) and to 3D systems (well the '''nandauli''' is one example)
| |
| | |
| ⁕⁕⁕⁕By the way '''kyamo''' = "molecule made from only one element" or "geminate" or "long vowel" (where long vowels contrast with short vowels to produce minimal pairs)
| |
| | |
| .... the first element "juzmia @aba"
| |
| | |
| There are 37 '''juzmia @aba'''. Some of them are "kolta" (consonants in this case) and some of them are '''jwavo'''(meaning consonant clusters in this case). All the '''juzmia @aba''' are "complex sounds"(consonant or consonant clusters).
| |
| | |
| -------------
| |
| | |
| .... the second element "juzmia @iga"
| |
| | |
| There are 9 '''juzmia @iga'''. Some of them are '''kolta''' (vowels in this case) and some of them are '''jwavo''' (diphthongs in this case). All '''juzmia @iga''' are "simple sounds"(vowels or diphthongs).
| |
| | |
| The '''juzmia @iga''' order is '''e, eu, u, au, a, ai, i, oi, o'''
| |
| | |
| .... the third element "juzmia @oda"
| |
| | |
| There are 58 '''juzmia @oda'''. Some of them are "single sounds" (consonants) and some of them are '''jwavo''' (consonant clusters in this case). All the '''juzmia @oda''' are "complex sounds"(consonant or consonant clusters).
| |
| | |
| ----------------
| |
| | |
| Most '''yadau''' are what are called "particles" in linguistics. These are the short words such as "the", "to", "because" that impart meaning to the '''nandaua''' around them, or specify the relation between two '''nandaua''', or add a certain nuance/meaning to the whole utterance.
| |
| | |
| Examples of '''yadau''' are '''foi''' that is cliticized to the end of the first word of a sentence (thereby turning the sentence into a question). And '''mo''' which goes directly in front of a verb and negates the whole utterance. All the pronouns are also '''yadaua'''. All affixes⁕ also.
| |
| | |
| All words that are not a '''nandau''' are either ''' yadau''' or '''yauyadau'''. '''yadau''' are mono-syllabic and possess either a high tone or a low tone. '''yauyadau''' are poly-syllabic and have neutral tone.
| |
| | |
| ⁕In '''béu''' an affix is called a "part yadau" (as opposed to all the non-affixes which are called "whole yadau")
| |
| | |
| ---------------
| |
| | |
| The '''juzmia @oda''' order is '''l@, lm ... ln, lh, @, m ... n, h, n@, ny ... mw, nh, s@, zm ... zn, sh'''
| |
| | |
| ----------------
| |
| | |
| If you look in the '''nandauli'''⁕⁕ (dictionary) you will get a form such as '''hend-'''. This is what is also called a '''pyabu'''.
| |
| | |
| Actually the original meaning of '''pyabu'''⁕⁕⁕ was "knot". It's meaning then spread to "entry" (in a ledger for example) or "item" (in a list for example). Then it spread to such forms as '''hend-'''. If you add a tail to a '''pyabu''' you get a '''nandau'''. For example '''henda''' = "to wear" is a '''nandau''', or '''hendo''' = "an item of clothing'" is also a '''nandau'''
| |
| | |
| -------------------
| |
| | |
| ==A list of the 12 colours==
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| border=1
| |
| |align=center| black
| |
| |align=center| '''àu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| white
| |
| |align=center| '''ái'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| red
| |
| |align=center| '''hìa'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| green
| |
| |align=center| '''gèu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| yellow
| |
| |align=center| '''kiʔo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| light blue
| |
| |align=center| '''nela'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| dark blue
| |
| |align=center| '''nelau'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| orange
| |
| |align=center| '''suna'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| brown
| |
| |align=center| '''dunu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| pink
| |
| |align=center| '''celai'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| purple
| |
| |align=center| '''helau'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |align=center| grey
| |
| |align=center| '''lozo'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==..... Three infixes for Verb => Verb==
| |
| | |
| '''béu''' has a three process for generating new verbs from existing verbs.
| |
| These three processes can be done to any verb.
| |
| | |
| .... -el-
| |
| | |
| If you split a verb and insert '''el''' between the final vowel (of the '''gamba''') and the rest of the word, you give the added meaning of "to begin", "inception" or "to start off". For example ;-
| |
| | |
| '''sàu''' = to be
| |
| | |
| '''selau''' = to become
| |
| | |
| '''bìa''' = to be at
| |
| | |
| '''belia''' = to arrive at
| |
| | |
| '''doika''' = to walk
| |
| | |
| '''doikela''' = to start to walk
| |
| | |
| '''logo doikorwi''' = Roger used to walk ...
| |
| | |
| '''logo doikelorwi''' = Roger used to start walking ...
| |
| | |
| '''gazelari''' = I was born
| |
| | |
| '''à rì kiʔo''' = it was yellow ... remember that '''rì''' is an irregular form. The regular form would be '''*sori'''.
| |
| | |
| '''à lori kiʔo''' = it became yellow ... '''selau''' is irregular. If it were regular we would have the form '''*à selori ki@o'''
| |
| | |
| So there are thee irregular verbs in '''béu''' (well if you count '''selau''' as a different word from '''sau''') ... '''sàu''', '''bìa''' and '''selau'''.
| |
| | |
| .... -ow-
| |
| | |
| If you split a verb and insert '''ow''' between the final vowel of and the rest of the word, you get the meaning that you are making somebody else do the verb. For example ;-
| |
| | |
| '''ò timpiri''' = you hit him
| |
| | |
| '''(pás) gís ò timpowari''' = I made you hit him ???
| |
| | |
| A '''gamba''' form exists for this construction also. For example;-
| |
| | |
| '''doikowo''' = to make (somebody) walk
| |
| | |
| '''gasowa''' has the special meaning "to give birth" and doesn't mean "to create".
| |
| | |
| .... -ay-
| |
| | |
| If you split a verb and insert '''ay''' between the final vowel of and the rest of the word, you get the meaning that the verb is being attempted. For example ;-
| |
| | |
| '''selbaru à''' = I will drink it
| |
| | |
| '''selbayaru à''' = I will try and drink it
| |
| | |
| -----
| |
| By the way, in '''béu''' to get a progressive meaning we use a Serial Verb Construction (SVC) ... '''báu bài kludora''' = The man is writing ... '''báu''' = man, '''bìa''' = to stay
| |
| | |
| By the way, in '''béu''' to get a passive meaning we use a Serial Verb Construction (SVC) ... '''toili gài kludorta''' = The book has been written ... '''toili''' = book, '''gùa''' = to undergo .... ('''toili gài kludorta''' is this right ?)
| |
| | |
| Actually we can make a really biy SVC and have '''toili bài gài kludora''' = The book is being written.
| |
| | |
| ==Index==
| |
| | |
| {{Béu Index}}
| |
