Proto-Uralic/P: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! *-pp-
! *-pp-
| *č/ćappa- "to chop", *säppä "gall", *śeppä "skilled"<!--*kuppa "boil", #ta/uppa- "to stomp"; FP *räppä "smoke hole"; FV *čappa "sour", *koppala "grouse hen"; FMo *käppä "paw", *tuppa- "to fill"-->
| *č/ćappa- 'to chop', *säppä 'gall', *śeppä 'skilled'
| *ëppə "father-in-law", *lappə "flat", *woppə- "to learn"<!--FV *koppə "mold"; FS *tüppə- "to be engulfed"-->
<span style="color:gray">*kuppa 'boil', #ta/uppa- 'to stomp'; FP *räppä 'smoke hole'; FV *čappa 'sour', *koppala 'grouse hen'; FMo *käppä 'paw', *tuppa- 'to fill'</span>
| *ćuppɜ "top", *läppɜ "cover"<!--#läppɜd₁ɜ "spleen"; FMs *kBppɜ "swimbladder"; CH *ćippɜ- "to pinch"; MaH *čappɜ "pale"; PH *šAppɜ- "to dry"; FV *luppɜ "lichen"; WU *kuppɜ "cup"-->
| *ëppə 'father-in-law', *lappə 'flat', *woppə- 'to learn'
<span style="color:gray">FV *koppə 'mold'; FS *tüppə- 'to be engulfed'</span>
| *ćuppɜ 'top', *läppɜ 'cover'
<span style="color:gray">#läppɜd₁ɜ 'spleen'; FMs *kBppɜ 'swimbladder'; CH *ćippɜ- 'to pinch'; MaH *čappɜ 'pale'; PH *šAppɜ- 'to dry'; FV *luppɜ 'lichen'; WU *kuppɜ 'cup'</span>
| 3 : 3 = 1
| 3 : 3 = 1
|-
|-
! *-p-
! *-p-
| *čupa "thin", *kopa "skin", *lapa "blade", *śepä "neck"<!--PEU *apa "older sis"; FP *repä ~ H ravas "fox" ← II-->
| *čupa 'thin', *kopa 'skin', *lapa 'blade', *śepä 'neck'
| *jepəkä "owl"
<span style="color:gray">EU *apa 'older sis'; FP *repäs ~ H ravas 'fox' (← II)</span>
| *kepɜ "light"<!--FP *kipɜ "spark"-->
| *jepəkä 'owl'
<span style="color:gray">FS *repə- 'to tear'</span>
| *kepɜ 'light'
<span style="color:gray">FP *kipɜ 'spark'</span>
| 4 : 1 = 4
| 4 : 1 = 4
|-
|-
! *-w-
! *-w-
| *uwa "flow", *üwä "belt", *lüwä- "to shoot", #nïwa- "to dehair" (?), *powa- "to blow", *puwa- "to strangle" (?), *tiwä "deep"<!--SKh *läwä "youngster"?-->
| *uwa 'flow', *üwä 'belt', *lüwä- 'to shoot', #nïwa- 'to dehair' (?), *powa- 'to blow', *puwa- 'to strangle' (?), *tiwä 'deep'
| *kiwə "stone", *lë/owə "bone", *sewə- "to eat", *śawə "clay", *śowə "mouth"<!--FV *lowə "gap"; FMo *tewə "work"; FS *repə- "to tear"-->
<span style="color:gray">SKh *läwä 'youngster' (?)</span>
| *tä(w)wɜ "lung" (?)<!--WU *śAwɜ "smoke"-->
| *kiwə 'stone', *lë/owə 'bone', *sewə- 'to eat', *śawə 'clay', *śowə 'mouth'
<span style="color:gray">FV *lowə 'gap'; FMo *tewə 'work'</span>
| *tä(w)wɜ 'lung' (?)
<span style="color:gray">WU *śAwɜ 'smoke'</span>
| 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1
| 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1
|-
|-
! *-tt-
! *-tt-
| *wo/ëtta- "to take" (?)<!--MoSmy *jotta- "to go"; or Mo ← B-->
| *wo/ëtta- 'to take' (?)
| #kowɜttə "6"
<span style="color:gray">MoSmy *jotta- 'to go'</span>
| #kowɜttə '6'
|-
|-
! *-t-
! *-t-
| *itä- "to appear", *kota "hut" (← IE), *pata "pot", *śa/ëta "100" (← IE), *we/ätä- "to pull"(← IE)<!--FP #rita "trap"; MaP *ja/ëta- "to ask"; FMo *uTar "udder" ← IE-->
| *itä- 'to appear', *kota 'hut' (← IE), *pata 'pot', *śa/ëta '100' (← IE), *we/ätä- 'to pull'(← IE)
| *kätə "hand", *wetə "water"<!--FP *sëtə "axle"; FV #sïto- "to bind"; FS *totə "true"-->
<span style="color:gray">FP #rita 'trap'; FV *pitä- 'hold'; MaP *ja/ëta- 'to ask'; FMo *uTar 'udder' ← IE</span>
| #nato "sib-in-law"<!--FP *latɜ "track" ← B.-->
| *kätə 'hand', *wetə 'water'
<span style="color:gray">FP *sëtə 'axle'; FV #sïto- 'to bind'; FS *totə 'true'</span>
| #nato 'sib-in-law'
<span style="color:gray">FP *latɜ 'track' (← B.)</span>
|-
|-
! *-d₁-
! *-d₁-
| *śad₁a- "to rain"
| *śad₁a- 'to rain'
| *ad₁ə- "to sleep", *ed₁ə "front", *nüd₁ə "handle", *pid₁ə "long", *wid₁ə- "to kill"<!--FP *kud₁ə- "to weave"-->
| *ad₁ə- 'to sleep', *ed₁ə 'front', *nüd₁ə 'handle', *pid₁ə 'long', *wid₁ə- 'to kill'
| *küd₁ɜ "middle", *küd₁ɜ "bro-in-law", #pad₁o "dam, wall", #wid₁ɜm "marrow"
<span style="color:gray">FP *kud₁ə- 'to weave', ← IE?</span>
| *küd₁ɜ 'middle', *küd₁ɜ 'bro-in-law', #pad₁o 'dam, wall', #wid₁ɜm 'marrow'
|-
|-
! *-kk-
! *-kk-
| *d₂okka- "to push" (?), *lakka "roof", *lükkä- "to push", *pakka- "to burst"<!--FP *mükkä "mute", *tukka "bundle"-->
| *d₂okka- 'to push' (?), *lakka 'roof', *lükkä- 'to push', *pakka- 'to burst'
| *ćo/ukkə "top", *ra/ëkkɜ- "to bild" (?)<!--#śukkə "piece"; Ug *jokkə- "to stick in"-->
<span style="color:gray">FP *mükkä 'mute', *tukka 'bundle'</span>
| *ćo/ukkə 'top'
<span style="color:gray">#śukkə 'piece'; Ug *jokkə- 'to stick in'</span>
| *ra/ëkkɜ- 'to bild' (?)
|-
|-
! *-k-
! *-k-
| *eKä "uncle", *čäKä- "to put on", *čoka "shallow", *jekä "age" (← IE), *jëka- "to divide", #lïka- "to wash", *luka "10", *muka "back", *śekä "catfish", *taka "behind"<!--FP *je/äkälä "lichen", *śuka- "to sharpen"; SMo *le/äkä "valley"-->
| *eKä 'uncle', *čäKä- 'to put on', *čoka 'shallow', *jekä 'year' (← IE), *jëka- 'to divide', #lïka- 'to wash', *luka '10', *muka 'back', *śekä 'catfish', *taka 'behind'
| *kokə- "to find", *lukə- "to read", *näkə- "to see", *nükə- "to tear", *tekə- "to do", *wäkə "power"<!--FKh *me/äkə "hill"; FS *rükə- "to coff"-->
<span style="color:gray">FP *je/äkälä 'lichen', *śuka- 'to sharpen' (← IE); SMo *le/äkä 'valley'</span>
| *juka~*jukə~*jokə "river"<!--MaOU *mäkɜ "honey" (?); FP *nikɜ "new"-->
| *čäkə 'fog', *kokə- 'to find', *lukə- 'to read', *mäkə 'hill', *näkə- 'to see', *nükə- 'to tear', *tekə- 'to do', *wäkə 'power'
<span style="color:gray">FS *rükə- 'to coff'</span>
| *juka~*jukə~*jokə 'river'
<span style="color:gray">MaOU *mäkɜ 'honey' (?); FP *nikɜ 'new', *šokə- 'to say'</span>
|-
|-
! *-x-
! *-x-
| -
| -
| #jëxə- "to drink", *mexə- "to sell", *mëxə "earth", *kixə- "to rut", #poxə (-w-?) "wood", *saxə- "to receive", *suxə- "to row", *śixələ "hedgehog", *toxə- "to bring", *wexə- "to take (to)", *wixə- "to take (from)"<!--PEU *toxə "lake"; Ug *jüɣ- "to come"; FP *šokə- "to say"-->
| #jëxə- 'to drink', *mexə- 'to sell', *mëxə 'earth', *kixə- 'to rut', #poxə (-w-?) 'wood', *saxə- 'to receive', *suxə- 'to row', *śixələ 'hedgehog', *toxə- 'to bring', *wexə- 'to take (to)', *wixə- 'to take (from)'
<span style="color:gray">EU *toxə 'lake'; Ug *jüɣ- 'to come'</span>
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 09:29, 23 November 2015

A-stems ə-stems Unclear Ratio
*-pp- *č/ćappa- 'to chop', *säppä 'gall', *śeppä 'skilled'

*kuppa 'boil', #ta/uppa- 'to stomp'; FP *räppä 'smoke hole'; FV *čappa 'sour', *koppala 'grouse hen'; FMo *käppä 'paw', *tuppa- 'to fill'

*ëppə 'father-in-law', *lappə 'flat', *woppə- 'to learn'

FV *koppə 'mold'; FS *tüppə- 'to be engulfed'

*ćuppɜ 'top', *läppɜ 'cover'

#läppɜd₁ɜ 'spleen'; FMs *kBppɜ 'swimbladder'; CH *ćippɜ- 'to pinch'; MaH *čappɜ 'pale'; PH *šAppɜ- 'to dry'; FV *luppɜ 'lichen'; WU *kuppɜ 'cup'

3 : 3 = 1
*-p- *čupa 'thin', *kopa 'skin', *lapa 'blade', *śepä 'neck'

EU *apa 'older sis'; FP *repäs ~ H ravas 'fox' (← II)

*jepəkä 'owl'

FS *repə- 'to tear'

*kepɜ 'light'

FP *kipɜ 'spark'

4 : 1 = 4
*-w- *uwa 'flow', *üwä 'belt', *lüwä- 'to shoot', #nïwa- 'to dehair' (?), *powa- 'to blow', *puwa- 'to strangle' (?), *tiwä 'deep'

SKh *läwä 'youngster' (?)

*kiwə 'stone', *lë/owə 'bone', *sewə- 'to eat', *śawə 'clay', *śowə 'mouth'

FV *lowə 'gap'; FMo *tewə 'work'

*tä(w)wɜ 'lung' (?)

WU *śAwɜ 'smoke'

5+2 : 5 ≈ 1
*-tt- *wo/ëtta- 'to take' (?)

MoSmy *jotta- 'to go'

#kowɜttə '6'
*-t- *itä- 'to appear', *kota 'hut' (← IE), *pata 'pot', *śa/ëta '100' (← IE), *we/ätä- 'to pull'(← IE)

FP #rita 'trap'; FV *pitä- 'hold'; MaP *ja/ëta- 'to ask'; FMo *uTar 'udder' ← IE

*kätə 'hand', *wetə 'water'

FP *sëtə 'axle'; FV #sïto- 'to bind'; FS *totə 'true'

#nato 'sib-in-law'

FP *latɜ 'track' (← B.)

*-d₁- *śad₁a- 'to rain' *ad₁ə- 'to sleep', *ed₁ə 'front', *nüd₁ə 'handle', *pid₁ə 'long', *wid₁ə- 'to kill'

FP *kud₁ə- 'to weave', ← IE?

*küd₁ɜ 'middle', *küd₁ɜ 'bro-in-law', #pad₁o 'dam, wall', #wid₁ɜm 'marrow'
*-kk- *d₂okka- 'to push' (?), *lakka 'roof', *lükkä- 'to push', *pakka- 'to burst'

FP *mükkä 'mute', *tukka 'bundle'

*ćo/ukkə 'top'

#śukkə 'piece'; Ug *jokkə- 'to stick in'

*ra/ëkkɜ- 'to bild' (?)
*-k- *eKä 'uncle', *čäKä- 'to put on', *čoka 'shallow', *jekä 'year' (← IE), *jëka- 'to divide', #lïka- 'to wash', *luka '10', *muka 'back', *śekä 'catfish', *taka 'behind'

FP *je/äkälä 'lichen', *śuka- 'to sharpen' (← IE); SMo *le/äkä 'valley'

*čäkə 'fog', *kokə- 'to find', *lukə- 'to read', *mäkə 'hill', *näkə- 'to see', *nükə- 'to tear', *tekə- 'to do', *wäkə 'power'

FS *rükə- 'to coff'

*juka~*jukə~*jokə 'river'

MaOU *mäkɜ 'honey' (?); FP *nikɜ 'new', *šokə- 'to say'

*-x- - #jëxə- 'to drink', *mexə- 'to sell', *mëxə 'earth', *kixə- 'to rut', #poxə (-w-?) 'wood', *saxə- 'to receive', *suxə- 'to row', *śixələ 'hedgehog', *toxə- 'to bring', *wexə- 'to take (to)', *wixə- 'to take (from)'

EU *toxə 'lake'; Ug *jüɣ- 'to come'

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