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| Vrkhazhi (YŠKK YT-VṚḴẔKM ''Yaškik Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language of the Athimošiye language family. The earliest form of this language, Ancient Vrkhazhi was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
| | #REDIRECT [[Vrkhazhian]] |
| = Phonology =
| |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 280px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+Normal Vowel Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !Close
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| | i
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| | ɨ
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| !Close-mid
| |
| | e
| |
| |
| |
| | o
| |
| |-
| |
| !Mid
| |
| |
| |
| | ə
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !Open-mid
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| | ɛ
| |
| |
| |
| | ɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| !Open
| |
| |colspan="3"| a
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Orthography of Vowel Phonemes
| |
| ! IPA
| |
| ! Letter
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | a
| |
| | a
| |
| | br'''a''',f'''a'''ther, c'''o'''t, b'''a'''d
| |
| |-
| |
| | ɛ
| |
| | e
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| | b'''e'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| | e
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| | ē
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| | b'''a'''y, f'''a'''ce
| |
| |-
| |
| | ɔ
| |
| | o
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| | '''o'''r, f'''o'''r, c'''o'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| | o
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| | ō
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| | r'''oa'''d
| |
| |-
| |
| | ə
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| | u
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| | '''u'''nder
| |
| |-
| |
| | u
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| | ū
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| | z'''oo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ɨ
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| | i
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| | ros'''e'''s
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| |-
| |
| | i
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| | ī
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| | b'''ee'''
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| |-
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ae̯
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| | aẏ
| |
| | like '''eye'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | oe̯
| |
| | oẏ
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| | like b'''oy'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | ao̯
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| | aẇ
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| | like c'''ow'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+'''Followed by an R...'''
| |
| ! IPA
| |
| ! letters
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |-
| |
| | iər
| |
| | ir
| |
| | '''ear''', f'''ear'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | eər
| |
| | er
| |
| | '''air''', f'''air'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ɔər
| |
| | or
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| | f'''or''', p'''our'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | aər
| |
| | ar
| |
| | f'''ar''', c'''ar'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+Consonant Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=2|
| |
| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !(Alveolo)-
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| Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Uvular
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| !Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Nasal
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hn''' [ʰn]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| | '''m''' [m]
| |
| | '''n''' [n]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṉ''' [ɴ]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=3|Stop
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| | '''hp''' [ʰp]
| |
| | '''ht''' [ʰt]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hk''' [ʰk]
| |
| | '''hq''' [ʰq]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| | '''p''' [p] '''b''' [b]
| |
| | '''t''' [t] '''d''' [d]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''k''' [k] '''g''' [g]
| |
| | '''q''' [q]
| |
| | '''ʾ''' [ʔ]
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| | '''ṗ''' [pʶ~pˤ] '''ḅ''' [bʶ~bˤ]
| |
| | '''ṭ''' [tʶ~tˤ] '''ḍ''' [dʶ~ˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|Affricate
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| |
| |
| | '''ḏ''' [ʦ]
| |
| | '''č''' [ʧ~ʨ] '''j''' [ʤ~ʥ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Fricative
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| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| | '''f''' [ɸ] '''v''' [β]
| |
| | '''s''' [s] '''z''' [z]
| |
| | '''š''' [ʃ~ɕ] '''ẕ''' [ʒ~ʑ]
| |
| | '''ḵ''' [x] '''ğ''' [ɣ]
| |
| | '''ḫ''' [χ~ħ]
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| | '''h''' [h]
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| | '''ḟ''' [ɸʶ~ɸˤ] '''ṿ''' [βʶ~βˤ]
| |
| | '''ṣ''' [sʶ~sˤ] '''ẓ''' [zʶ~zˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2|Approximant
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hr''' [ʰɹ~ʰɾ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' [ɹ~ɾ]
| |
| | '''y''' [j]
| |
| | '''w''' [w]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|Trill
| |
| |
| |
| | '''rr''' [r]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ṟ''' [ʀ]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=3|Lateral Approximant
| |
| !<small>Light</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hl''' [ʰl]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Plain</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''l''' [l]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>Dark</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ḷ''' [lʶ~lˤ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|Lateral Fricative
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ḻ''' [ɬ~ɬʲ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+Orthography of Consonant Phonemes
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Letter
| |
| ! Phoneme
| |
| ! Example (in English)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ʾ
| |
| | ʔ
| |
| | uh'''-'''oh
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ḵ ḵ
| |
| | x
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| | Scottish lo'''ch'''
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| |-
| |
| | V v
| |
| | β
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| | '''v'''et
| |
| |-
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| | H h
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| | h
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| | '''h'''all
| |
| |-
| |
| | D d
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| | d
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| | '''d'''og
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ḏ ḏ
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| | ʦ
| |
| | be'''ds''' or be'''ts'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | B b
| |
| | b
| |
| | '''b'''all
| |
| |-
| |
| | S s
| |
| | s
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| | '''s'''un
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ẕ ẕ
| |
| | ʒ
| |
| | plea'''s'''ure
| |
| |-
| |
| | Y y
| |
| | j
| |
| | '''y'''es
| |
| |-
| |
| | K k
| |
| | k
| |
| | '''k'''ick
| |
| |-
| |
| | G g
| |
| | g
| |
| | '''g'''ame
| |
| |-
| |
| | L l
| |
| | l
| |
| | '''l'''ose
| |
| |-
| |
| | M m
| |
| | m
| |
| | '''m'''all
| |
| |-
| |
| | N n
| |
| | n
| |
| | '''n'''o
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ğ ğ
| |
| | ɣ
| |
| | like /x/ but voiced
| |
| |-
| |
| | P p
| |
| | p
| |
| | '''b'''all
| |
| |-
| |
| | J j
| |
| | ʤ
| |
| | '''j'''udge
| |
| |-
| |
| | R r
| |
| | ɹ~ɾ
| |
| | '''r'''un
| |
| |-
| |
| | Rr rr
| |
| | r
| |
| | trilled /ɹ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | F f
| |
| | ɸ
| |
| | '''f'''un
| |
| |-
| |
| | Š š
| |
| | ʃ
| |
| | '''sh'''un
| |
| |-
| |
| | W w
| |
| | w
| |
| | '''w'''ater
| |
| |-
| |
| | T t
| |
| | t
| |
| | '''t'''all
| |
| |-
| |
| | Č č
| |
| | ʧ
| |
| | '''ch'''eese
| |
| |-
| |
| | Z z
| |
| | z
| |
| | '''z'''oo
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ḻ ḻ
| |
| | ɬ
| |
| | no English equivalent
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ḫ ḫ
| |
| | χ
| |
| | no English equivalent
| |
| |-
| |
| | Q q
| |
| | q
| |
| | no English equivalent
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ṟ ṟ
| |
| | ʀ
| |
| | French t'''r'''ois
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ṛ ṛ
| |
| | r̩~ɹ̩
| |
| | ladd'''er'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
