Verbs in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian verbs are called madsiṟud (singular madsiṟu). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root (which is collectively called masčišu and translated as "pattern"), though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active, passive, causative, and reflexive). There are five tenses (past, past progressive, present, present progressive, and future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. There is only one aspect: the perfect, called saẕkeru, which is indicated by reduplicating the entire verb. Additionally, there are also five moods (indicative, jussive, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive) and these are also indicated by prefix, placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb d-s-ṟ (to do, to perform, to execute, to act). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called d-s-ṟ because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb patterns

The table below shows the conjugation of the root d-s-ṟ (to do, to act):

Verb Conjugations

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	ʾedsaṟṟu		to do	ʾedseṟṟi		to be done
Past Simple	nudsaṟ	nudsaṟam	did	nidseṟ	nidseṟam	was done
Past Prog.	yočdan	yodsaṟam	was doing	yedseṟ	yedseṟam	was being done
Present Simple	dusaṟ	dusṟam	do	daseṟ	dasṟam	is done
Present Prog.	hudsaṟ	hudsuṟam	is doing	hidseṟ	hidseṟam	is being done
Future	ʾadsaṟ	ʾadsaṟam	will do	ʾidseṟ	ʾidseṟam	will be done

Verb Conjugations

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation
Infinitive	lodsaṟṟu		to do oneself
Past Simple	nuldosaṟ	nuldosṟam	did oneself
Past Progressive	yoldosaṟ	yoldosṟam	was doing oneself
Present Simple	lodsaṟ	lodsaṟam	do oneself
Present Progressive	huldosaṟ	huldosṟam	is doing oneself
Future	ʾaldosaṟ	ʾaldosṟam	will do oneself

The genitive pronouns are also used to indicate the subject of a verb in a reflexive construction.

Verb moods

Vrkhazhian has five moods other than the indicative mood: jussive, conditional, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive. The table below shows the present tense of the verb s-b-b (to kill)

Verb Mood

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Jussive	wisbab	wisbabam	have to kill	wisbeb	wisbebam	have to be killed
Conditional	mosbab	mosbabam	would kill	mesbeb	mesbebam	would be killed
Subjunctive	bisbab	bisbabam	may kill	bisbeb	bisbebam	may be killed
Commissive	ḵastubab	ḵastubbam	promise to kill	ḵestabeb	ḵestabbam	promise to be killed
Propositive	mimsubab	mimsubbam	should kill	mimsabeb	mimsabbam	should be killed

• The jussive mood is mainly used for expressing obligation or duty, but when there are no subject pronouns or nouns in, it functions as the imperative, expressing direct commands to the adressee(s).
• The conditional mood expresses a hypothetical situation, that is dependent on another set of circumstances.
• The subjunctive mood expresses hypothetical actions or situations, usually in that-clauses.
• The commissive mood expresses a commitment to do something, like a promise or threat.
• The propositive mood express suggestions or propositions.

Weak Verbs

Verbs are considered weak if they contain a hollow consonant (called ʾahaẏwud).