User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions

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m (Replaced content with "<h1>Word order</h1> <h1>Nouns</h1> <h2>Determiners</h2> <h2>Pronouns</h2> <h1>Verbs</h1> <h1>Adjectives</h1> <h1>Adverbs</h1> <h1>Prepositions</h1> <h1>Conjunction...")
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<h1>Word order</h1>


= box =
<h1>Nouns</h1>


{| align="center" class="gridtable"
<h2>Determiners</h2>
|+ '''muj'''<br>man; husband
! || English || Singular || Plural
|-
! NOM
| man
| '''muj'''
| '''mujim'''
|-
! ACC
| (the) man [OBJ]
| '''muji'''
| '''mujim'''
|-
! GEN
| of the man; the man's
| '''mujin'''
| '''mujimin'''
|-
! DAT/LOC
| to the man; on the man
| '''mujda'''
| '''mujimda'''
|-
! ABL/COMP
| from the man; than the man
| '''mujac'''
| '''mujimac'''
|-
! COM
| with/accompaning the man
| '''mujle'''
| '''mujimle'''
|-
! INS
| by; using; through the man
| '''mujun'''
| '''mujimun'''
|}


<h2>Pronouns</h2>


{| align="center" class="gridtable"
<h1>Verbs</h1>
|+ '''Amal cases'''
|-
! Name !! Marker !! Meaning
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
| ''-''
| subject of verb [NOM]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
| '''-i'''
| object of verb [ACC]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
| '''-in'''
| shows possession [GEN]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] / [[Wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]]
| '''-da'''
| movement to, towards, unto / at, on, in [DAT/LOC]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative]] / [[Wikipedia:Comparative case|Comparative]]
| '''-ac'''
| movement away from [ABL]; than [COMP]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Comitative case|Comitative]]
| '''-le'''
| with; in the company of [COM]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| '''-un'''
| by; using; via; with; through [INS]
|}


= verb =
<h1>Adjectives</h1>


{| align="center" class="gridtable"
<h1>Adverbs</h1>
|+ ''to drink''<br>'''[[Amal/lexicon#i|icek]]'''
! || ''present''<br>-Ø|| ''past''<br>-(a)r-|| ''future''<br>-(a)s-
|-
! ''1sg''
| '''ican'''
| '''icran'''
| '''icasan'''
|-
! ''2sg''
| '''icat'''
| '''icrat'''
| '''icasat'''
|-
! ''3sg''
| '''ica'''
| '''icra'''
| '''icasa'''
|-
! ''1pl''
| '''icuk'''
| '''icruk'''
| '''icasuk'''
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''icut'''
| '''icrut'''
| '''icasut'''
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''icum'''
| '''icrum'''
| '''icasum'''
|}


== ha-mak ==
<h1>Prepositions</h1>


{| align="center" class="gridtable"
<h1>Conjunctions</h1>
|+ ''to be here''<br>'''hamak'''
! || ''present''<br>-Ø|| ''past''<br>-(a)r-|| ''future''<br>-(a)s-
|-
! ''1sg''
| '''han'''
| '''haran'''
| '''hasan'''
|-
! ''2sg''
| '''teha'''
| '''harat'''
| '''hasat'''
|-
! ''3sg''
| '''ilha'''
| '''ilhara'''
| '''ilhasa'''
|-
! ''1pl''
| '''hanuk'''
| '''haruk'''
| '''hasuk'''
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''tumha'''
| '''harut'''
| '''hasut'''
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''umha'''
| '''harum'''
| '''hasum'''
|}


= pronoun declension =
<h1>Questions</h1>


{| align="center" class="gridtable"
<h1>Clauses</h1>
|+ Pronoun Declension
! || NOM || ACC || GEN || DAT/LOC || ABL/COMP || COM || INS
|-
! ''1sg''
| '''na / -an'''
| '''ni'''
| '''nai'''
| '''naye'''
| '''nac'''
| '''nale'''
| '''nun'''
|-
! ''2sg''
| '''te / -at'''
| '''ti'''
| '''tai'''
| '''taye'''
| '''tac'''
| '''tele'''
| '''tun'''
|-
! ''3sg''
| '''il(a/u) / -a'''
| '''ili'''
| '''(i)lai'''
| '''ilye'''
| '''ilac'''
| '''ile'''
| '''ilun'''
|-
! ''1pl''
| '''nuk / -uk'''
| '''inuk'''
| '''nika'''
| '''danuk'''
| '''nukac'''
| '''nukle'''
| '''nukun'''
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''tum / -ut'''
| '''itum'''
| '''tima'''
| '''tumda'''
| '''tumac'''
| '''tumle'''
| '''tumun'''
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''hum / -um'''
| '''ihum/ihma'''
| '''hima'''
| '''humda'''
| '''humac'''
| '''humle'''
| '''humun'''
|}


= sounds =
<h1>Numbers</h1>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Amal consonants
!
! colspan=2 Width=13% | Labial
! colspan=2 Width=13% | Alveolar
! colspan=2 Width=13% | Post-<br>alveolar
! colspan=2 Width=13% | Palatal
! colspan=2 Width=13% | Velar
! colspan=2 Width=13% | Glottal
|-
! Nasal
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|m
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|n
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|-
! Stop
|style="border-right: 0;"|p||style="border-left: 0;"|b
|style="border-right: 0;"|t||style="border-left: 0;"|d
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|k||style="border-left: 0;"|ɡ
| colspan=2 |
|-
! Affricate
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|t͡s ('''c''')||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|t͡ʃ ('''c''')||style="border-left: 0;"|
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|-
! Fricative
|style="border-right: 0;"|f||style="border-left: 0;"|v
|style="border-right: 0;"|s||style="border-left: 0;"|z
|style="border-right: 0;"|ʃ ('''c''')||style="border-left: 0;"|ʒ ('''j''')
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|h||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! Approximant
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|l
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|j ('''y''')
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|w ('''u''')
| colspan=2 |
|-
! Trill
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|r
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|}
 
 
 
= Word Order =
 
Word order in '''Amal''' is generally ''subject-object-verb''.
 
* ''I want a book.'' - '''ketab-un'''  '''has-an''' - book-{{sc|OBL}} want-1{{sc|sg}}
 
 
* Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case go after the nouns which they modify, post-positions go after the nouns or clauses that they modify, and modals go after the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all agglutinative suffixes. However, adverbs go before their verbs.
 
= Nouns =
 
== morphology ==
 
=== case ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px; height:200px;"
|-
! case
! infix
! example
! English
|-
| Nominative
| ''-''
| '''bet'''
| house
|-
| Oblique
| ''-un''
| '''betun'''
| to the house; in the house
|-
| Genitive
| ''-in''
| '''betin'''
| the house's; of the house
|-
| Vocative
| ''-ya''
| '''betoya'''
| Oh house!
|-
| Instrumental
| ''-ec''
| '''betec'''
| using the house; with the house; via the house
|}
 
= Pronouns =
 
Pronouns in '''Amal''' are marked for number, person, and case. There are three persons. The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say '''''comprendo''''' - I understand instead of '''''Yo comprendo''''' - I understand.
 
 
{| align="center" class="gridtable"
|+ Pronoun Declension
! || NOM || ACC || DAT || GEN
|-
! ''1sg''
| '''an'''
| '''ahan'''
| '''eyan'''
| '''anai'''
|-
! ''2sg''
| '''at'''
| '''ahat'''
| '''eyat'''
| '''atai'''
|-
! ''3sg''
| '''a / al'''
| '''ahal'''
| '''eya(l)'''
| '''alai'''
|-
! ''1pl''
| '''uk'''
| '''ahuk'''
| '''eyuk'''
| '''ukai'''
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''ut'''
| '''ahut'''
| '''eyut'''
| '''utai'''
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''um'''
| '''ahum'''
| '''eyum'''
| '''umai'''
|}
 
 
 
 
* ''He does not know us.'' - '''ah-uk''' '''sab-a-la''' - {{sc|acc}}-1{{sc|pl}} know-3{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|neg}}
 
= Verbs =
 
== tense ==
 
Three tenses, two aspects, several moods...
 
* '''-''' | '''i''' | '''u'''
* '''r''' | '''sh'''
* ...
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px; height:200px;"
|-
! tense
! infix
! example
! English
|-
| Simple Present Tense
| ''-''
| '''ish-an'''
| I drink
|-
| Present Perfect Tense
| ''-ar''
| '''ish-ar-at'''
| you have drank
|-
| Simple Past Tense
| ''-iy''
| '''ish-iy-um'''
| they drank
|-
| Immediate Past Tense
| ''-il''
| '''ish-il-an'''
| I just drank
|-
| Past Perfect Tense
| ''-ir''
| '''ish-ir-an'''
| I had drunk
|-
| Simple Future Tense
| ''-uy''
| '''ish-uy-uk'''
| we will drink
|-
| Future Possible Tense
| ''-ush''
| '''ish-ush-a'''
| he may drink
|-
| Future Perfect Tense
| ''-ur''
| '''ish-ur-an'''
| I will have drunk
|}

Revision as of 06:56, 2 June 2015

Word order

Nouns

Determiners

Pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Questions

Clauses

Numbers

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