Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu: Difference between revisions
Line 2,132: | Line 2,132: | ||
| adopted progeny | | adopted progeny | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Animals=== | |||
'''kavli''' a female animal | |||
'''tintvi''' a fly | |||
'''kavla''' a male animal | |||
'''koža''' a male goat | |||
'''koži''' a male roe-deer | |||
'''gilča''' amphibian | |||
'''thjera''' animal | |||
'''kandži''' ant | |||
'''tarva''' aurochs | |||
'''plejči''' baldicoot | |||
'''hlačara''' bat | |||
'''hartaga''' bear | |||
'''khērva''' beast, monster | |||
'''čimaka''' beaver | |||
'''piri''' bee | |||
'''pirisačča''' bee-eater | |||
'''džalha''' beetle | |||
'''khepma''' bird | |||
'''molgi''' bivalve | |||
'''hursa gwarda''' black kite | |||
'''kopša''' blackbird | |||
'''tetera''' blackcock | |||
'''gāha''' boar | |||
'''apapa''' booby | |||
'''tirkča''' borer | |||
'''lačha''' bug | |||
'''kvaba''' bug, worm | |||
'''būga''' bull | |||
'''bēča''' bustard | |||
'''mačhila''' butterfly | |||
'''džuluka''' capercaillie | |||
'''sarka''' carp | |||
'''katki''' cat | |||
'''pīlumi''' caterpillar | |||
'''katkiča''' catfish | |||
'''dabantu''' cattle | |||
'''kokota''' cock | |||
'''čarača''' cockchafer | |||
'''taraka''' cockroach | |||
'''tjehma''' cow | |||
'''granja''' crane | |||
'''vrāka''' crow | |||
'''kukuči''' cuckoo | |||
deer | |||
dog | |||
donkey | |||
dormouse | |||
dove | |||
duck | |||
eagle | |||
eagle-owl | |||
eagle-vulture | |||
earwig | |||
elk | |||
ermine | |||
european bison | |||
falcon | |||
female deer | |||
finch | |||
fish | |||
flea | |||
fox | |||
frog | |||
goat | |||
goose | |||
grasshopper | |||
greenfly | |||
grub, worm | |||
hamster | |||
hare | |||
hawk | |||
hedgehog | |||
hen | |||
herd | |||
heron | |||
hoofed animal | |||
horse | |||
insect | |||
jackdaw | |||
jay | |||
kestrel | |||
kingfisher | |||
lamb | |||
lark | |||
leech | |||
leopard | |||
lewos | |||
lizard | |||
louse | |||
lynx | |||
magpie | |||
mare | |||
mink | |||
minnow | |||
mole | |||
mosquito | |||
moth | |||
mouse | |||
nematode | |||
nightingale | |||
one cattle (cow or bull) | |||
otter | |||
owl | |||
ox | |||
partridge | |||
perch | |||
pig | |||
polecat | |||
predator | |||
ram | |||
rat | |||
raven | |||
reptile | |||
roe-deer | |||
ruminant | |||
salmon | |||
serpent | |||
sheep | |||
shrew | |||
shrike | |||
snail, slug | |||
snow leopard, irbis | |||
sparrow | |||
spider | |||
squail | |||
squirrel | |||
starling | |||
stork | |||
stud, flock, herd | |||
sturgeon | |||
swallow | |||
swan | |||
swine | |||
tench | |||
thrush | |||
tick | |||
tineid | |||
tit | |||
toad | |||
trained bird of prey | |||
turtle, tortoise | |||
turtledove | |||
viper | |||
wagtail | |||
wasp | |||
weasel | |||
whelp | |||
wild boar | |||
wolf | |||
woodpecker | |||
young animal |
Revision as of 07:28, 31 May 2015
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Labiodental | Dental ~ Alveolar | Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar | Postalveolars | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | k kʰ g | ||||
Affricates | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z | t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ | ||||
Fricatives | s z | sʲ zʲ | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | |||
Trills | r | rʲ | |||||
Lateral approximants | l | lʲ | |||||
Approximants | ʋ | j |
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | iː yː | uː | ||||
Near close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Masculine | -a | mana | man | -ē | manē | men |
Feminine | -i | kōni | woman | -in | kōnī | women | |
Inanimate | -u | hakmu | stone | -ȳ | hakmȳ | stones |
Declension
Nominative | - | subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause, predicate noun | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genitive | -s | manas | of man | possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause |
Instrumental | -mi | manami | with man | instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause |
Vialis | -ko | manako | through man | way in space or time |
Ablative | -de | manade | from man | direction from smth |
Allative | -ri | manari | to man | direction towards smth |
Locative | -thu | manathu | (in/on/under) man | various locations (with prepositions) |
Benefactive | -la | manala | for man | destination to smth, purpose |
Definiteness
Indefinite | um | um mana | a man | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Proper | is | is mana | the man |
Distant | at | at mana | that man |
Verbs
Negation
Affirmative | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | ne- | ne-vāth- | don't (to) look, observe |
Preverbs
Towards | ri- | rivāth- | to discern |
---|---|---|---|
Away from | de- | devāth- | to look from afar |
Inside | en- | envāth- | to stare |
Outside | ba- | bavāth- | to look out |
Voice
Active | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Reflexive | -si- | vāsith- | (to) look on self |
Causative | -ra- | vārath- | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |
Reflexive-Causative | -šē- | vāšēth- | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |
Aspect
Imperfective | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Iterative | -jā- | vāthjā- | (to) look, observe (many times) |
Perfective | -nu- | vāthnu- | (to) look, observe |
Person
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -an / -n | I | -ami | we |
2. | -aš / -š | you | -ači / -či | you |
3. | -at / -t | he / she / it | -ari / -ri | they |
4. | -ah / -h | someone / something |
Mood
Indicative | - | ēsjan | I am going |
---|---|---|---|
Conditional | -pō | ēsjanpō | I would be going |
Potentional | -mē | ēsjanmē | I may be going |
Eventive | -vī | ēsjanvī | I could be going (potentional + conditional) |
Imperative | -īh | ēsjīh | you go ! |
Non-finite verbs
Action noun | -it-u | vāthitu | looking, observing |
---|---|---|---|
Participles | |||
Adjectival | -ŋ- | vāthaŋ- | looking, observing |
Adverbial | -ŋ-e | vāthaŋe | looking, observing |
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | es- | good | -im- | esim- | better | -tat- | estat- | best |
dōrg- | strong | dōrgim- | stronger | dōrgtat- | strongest | |||
ispānd- | equine | ispāndim- | more equine | ispāndtat- | most equine |
Formation of adverbs
Basal adjective | Derived adverb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
es- | good | -e | ese | well |
dōrg- | strong | dōrge | strongly | |
ispānd- | equine | ispānde | like / as horse |
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
1. | šine |
---|---|
2. | vahta |
3. | hāran |
4. | neljen |
5. | taven |
6. | hašte |
7. | algan |
8. | sekin |
9. | žahsin |
10. | žuvaŋ |
11. | šinekičthu |
12. | vahtakičthu |
20. | vahtažāŋ |
21. | vahtažāŋ šine |
30 | hāranžāŋ |
100. | kidžāt |
101. | kidžāt šine |
120. | kidžāt vahtažāŋ |
121. | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine |
200. | vahta kidžāt |
1.000. | džāsul |
10.000. | žāŋdžāsul |
Derived numerals
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-t- | -ljār- | -kōm- | -pen- | -te | |
1. | šinet- | šineljār- | šinekōm- | šinepen- | šinete |
10. | žuvaŋt- | žuvaŋljār- | žuvaŋkōm- | žuvaŋpen- | žuvaŋte |
11. | šinekičthut- | šinekičthuljār- | šinekičthukōm- | šinekičthupen- | šinekičthute |
20. | vahtažāŋt- | vahtažāŋljār- | vahtažāŋkōm- | vahtažāŋpen- | vahtažāŋte |
21. | vahtažāŋt- šinet- | vahtažāŋ šineljār- | vahtažāŋ šinekōm- | vahtažāŋ šinepen- | vahtažāŋ šinete |
100. | kidžātt- | kidžātljār- | kidžātkōm- | kidžātpen- | kidžātte |
101. | kidžātt- šinet- | kidžāt šineljār- | kidžāt šinekōm- | kidžāt šinepen- | kidžāt šinete |
120. | kidžātt- vahtažāŋt- | kidžāt vahtažāŋljār- | kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm- | kidžāt vahtažāŋpen- | kidžāt vahtažāŋte |
121. | kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete |
200. | vahta kidžātt- | vahta kidžātljār- | vahta kidžātkōm- | vahta kidžātpen- | vahta kidžātte |
1000. | džāsult- | džāsulljār | džāsulkōm- | džāsulpen- | džāsulte |
10.000. | žāŋdžāsult- | žāŋdžāsulljār- | žāŋdžāsulkōm- | žāŋdžāsulpen- | žāŋdžāsulte |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | mi | I | mej | we |
2. | šī | thou | čēj | you |
3. | ola | he | olē | they |
oli | she | olī | ||
olu | it | olȳ | ||
4. | kas | someone / something |
Possessive suffixes
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -mi | my | -mī | our |
2. | -šī | thee | -čī | your |
3. | -la | his | -lē | their |
-li | her | -lī | ||
-lu | its | -lȳ | ||
4. | -kas | of someone / of something |
Demonstrative pronouns
Definite proper | Definite distant | Indefinite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place | sōt | here | tōt | there | katis | somewhere |
Source | desōt | from here | detōt | from there | dekatis | from somewhere |
Purpose direction | risōt | to here | ritōt | to there, so far | rikati | to somewhere |
Path | isti | this way | atti | that way | umti | some way |
Time | istīm | now | attīm | then | ||
Method | sīd | in this way | tīd | in that way | umīd | in some way |
Quantity | isvēl | so much | ||||
Qualify | akissōt | like this here | akattōt | like that | akkas | like something |
Reason | ispūdla | for this reason | atpūdla | for that reason | kapūdla | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate being | ka | who ? which ? | kas | someone | kavali | anyone |
Inanimate object | ku | what ? which ? | kus | something | anything | |
Place | kati | where ? | katis | somewhere | kativali | anywhere |
Source | dekati | whence ? | dekatis | from somewhere | dekativali | from anywhere |
Purpose direction | rikati | whither ? | rikatis | to somewhere | rikativali | to anywhere |
Path | kajsti | which way ? | kajstis | via some way | kajstivali | via any way |
Time | kajstīm | when ? | kajstīms | once | kajstīmvali | ever |
Method | ke | how ? | kes | somehow | kevali | anyhow |
Quantity | kele | how much ? | keles | somehow much | kelevali | anyhow much |
Qualify | kašīn | which one ? | šīve | some | vale | any |
Reason | kala | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate being | neka | nobody | kaveš | every | kamūt | anyone else |
Inanimate object | neku | nothing | veš | every, all | kamūt | anything else |
Place | nekati | nowhere | kativeš | everywhere | katimūt | elswhere |
Source | denekati | from nowhere | dekativeš | from everywhere | dekatimūt | from elswhere |
Purpose direction | rinekati | to nowhere | rikativeš | to everywhere | rikatimūt | to elswhere |
Path | nekajsti | through no way | vešisti | through all ways | kajstimūt | which way else |
Time | netīm | never | veštīm | always | kajstīmmūt | when else |
Method | neke | nohow | veške | in all methods | kemūt | otherwise |
Quantity | neku | nothing | nekuvēl | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | nekea / nekei / nekeu | neuter, indistinct | vala / vali / valu | any | mūta / mūti / mūtu | other |
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
Reflexive | si | oneself |
---|---|---|
Reciprocal | envahtasj (← en-vahta-si) | each other |
Cooperative | vipōre (← vi-pōru) | together cooperatively |
Prepositions
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals
en | in, inside | Locative |
---|---|---|
from inside | Ablative | |
to inside | Allative | |
an | on | Locative |
from on | Ablative | |
to on | Allative | |
ans | above | Locative |
from above | Ablative | |
to above | Allative | |
uns | under | Locative |
from under | Ablative | |
to under | Allative | |
ter | beside | Locative |
from beside | Ablative | |
to beside | Allative | |
de | away | Locative |
from away | Ablative | |
to away | Allative | |
envahtē | between | Locative |
from between | Ablative | |
to between | Allative | |
sū | behind | Locative |
from behind | Ablative | |
to behind | Allative | |
ba | out | Locative |
from out | Ablative | |
to out | Allative | |
enter | around | Locative |
from around | Ablative | |
to around | Allative | |
var | before, opposite to | Locative |
from before, from opposite to | Ablative | |
to before, to opposite to | Allative | |
entīm | during, in time of | Locative |
from time of | Ablative | |
to time of | Allative | |
zā | after | Locative |
from after | Ablative | |
to after | Allative |
Other prepositions
Companion, attributive object | vi | with | Instrumental |
---|---|---|---|
Lack | bal | without | Ablative |
Alternative | enza | instead | Genitive |
Contrary | zavare | against | Allative |
Resistance | suže | despite, though | Genitive |
Stylization | vidlāŋ | along to, according to | Genitive |
Particles
Conjunctions
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | ē | and |
Conjunctive | ēže | also |
Disjunctive | vō | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | ēta | but |
Consequentive | že | so |
Comparative | žir | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
rila | to, for | |
višče | althought | |
pā | because | |
jon | if | |
chal | that, providing |
Modifiers
Restrictive | vēle | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | adzje | yet |
Polarity particles
Affirmative | thā | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative | ne | no |
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
Diminutive | -īl- | tahti → tahtīli | daughter → little daughter |
---|---|---|---|
Augmentative | -ēg- | tābu → tābēgu | mountain → grand mountain |
Contradiction | ne- | mana → nemana | human → non-human |
Similarity | -ānd- | putu → putāndu | tree → pseudo-tree |
Half | pōr- | saga → pōrsaga | dog → half-dog |
Relational abstract | -vatu | aŋga → aŋgvatu | brother → brotherhood |
Related person | -čh- | tjehma → tjehmačha | cow → cowman |
Collective | -nt- | khepma → khepmanta | bird → birds (a a collective) |
Place | -alu | gala → galalu | fire → campfire |
Art / Craft | -del-tu | harmu → harmudeltu | war → craft of war |
Knowledge | -čh-tu | žihma → žihmačhtu | herb → herbalism |
Expert | -del-čh- | žihma → žihmadelčhu | herb → herbalist |
Noun to adjective
Possessive | -ān- | mana → manān- | man → human |
---|---|---|---|
Originative | -dj- | daŋgu → daŋgudj- | sky → celestial |
Similaritive | -ānd- | katki → katkāndu | cat → felid |
Feature | -ik- | hašu → hašik- | hair → hairy |
Affiliative | -ān- | khāni → khānān- | family → familiar |
Privative | ne-...-ik- | tumpu → netumpik- | tooth → toothless |
Verb
Verb to noun
Agentive | -čh- | kūčh- → kūččh- | (to) shoot → shooter |
---|---|---|---|
Experiencer, adressee | Reflexive voice + -čh- | mač-- → masiččh- | (to) teach → learner |
Result | -ju | būd-- → būdju | (to) fall → (a) fall |
Instance | -mu | džaŋg- → džaŋgmu | (to) speak → speech |
Instrument | -telu | bāh- → bāhtelu | (to) beat → whip |
Place | -alu | bēl- → bēlalu | (to) kill → place of kill |
Verb to verb
Adjective
Adjective to noun
Abstract | -mu | dōrg- → dōrgmu | strong → strength |
---|
Adjective to adjective
Tendency | -līk- | es- → eslīk- | good → bland |
---|---|---|---|
Intensification | -phār- | tuŋ- → tuŋphār- | big → very big |
Excess | -cot- | mīn- → mīncot- | small → too small |
Syntax
Word order
Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.
Copular verbs
Positive | Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Translative | has- | became | nās- | don't became |
Essive | iv- | be | nīv- | don't be |
Excessive | džer- | cease to be | nedžer- | don't cease to be |
Modal verbs
Obligative | džug- | to must |
---|---|---|
Necessitative | dožd- | to need |
Jussive | vēn- | to should |
Optative | žīž- | to wish |
Desiderative | khet- | to want |
Dubitative | mah- | to doubt |
Hypothetical | dith- | maybe, perhaps |
Permissive | rim- | to let, to permit |
Precative | najm- | to request, to please, to ask |
Abilitive | mēt- | to can |
Use of modal verbs
[Modal verb] + [Main verb as an action noun]
Jussive | Vēnan rīsitu. | I should to write. |
---|---|---|
Desiderative | Khetan rīsitu. | I'm wanting to write. |
Precative | Najman rīsitu | I request to write. |
Onomastics
Colours
jāš- | light |
---|---|
tumb- | dark |
chal- | white |
hurs- | black |
bars- | red |
vorh- | reddish |
žuls- | pink |
djam- | blue |
žihik- | green |
šalg- | yellow |
altik- | golden |
sarak- | silver |
arūč- | orange |
šerkh- | grey |
bork- | brown |
sivol- | violet |
žihdjam- | navy blue |
dūršalg- | beige |
Sides of world
Direct sides | ||
---|---|---|
North | black | hursmu |
South | white | chalmu |
East | red | barsmu |
West | gold | altikmu |
Indirect sides | ||
Northeast | red black | barshursmu |
Northwest | golden black | altikhursmu |
Southeast | red white | barschalmu |
Southwest | golden white | altikchalmu |
Directions
bothu | side |
kladzu | right |
lahvu | left |
varu | front |
zāmu | back |
talpu | top |
dodzjvu | bottom |
čeldu | center, middle, heart |
Body parts
plehmu | body |
čhāsu | blood |
pihu | skin |
mahu | meat |
mahinu | muscle |
kolku | bone |
nugamu | vertebra |
nelku | spine |
kolkuntu | skeleton |
bolgu | head |
hašu | hair |
sivu | eye |
chesu | ear |
ujsu | moustache |
agušu | mouth |
ulju | lip |
sagalu | beard |
halcu | chin |
unshalcu | cheek |
džehlu | mandible |
džučhu | upper jaw |
todu | tooth |
džemu | gum |
adžu | tusk |
hemegu | eyebrow |
skinju | front neck |
skuzu | back neck |
gurgu | throat |
gortu | larynx |
talju | tongue |
pagulu | palate |
taljilu | uvula |
slūnu | vein |
tuntumu | artery |
čeldu | heart |
puhtu | lung |
bachu | belly |
džambulu | stomach |
polku | kidney |
delmu | spleen |
vagalu | liver |
salnu | gall |
tirgu | rib |
bōhlu | intestine |
golvu | skull |
mojgu | brain |
žistu | hand |
alku | arm, shoulder |
varalku | forearm |
gežmu | hand palm |
klestu | fist |
pirtu | finger |
nuskulu | nail |
huspu | claw |
tjelemu | knee |
tokmu | elbow |
rahnu | wrist |
nenu | nose |
zāmu | back |
lābu | foot |
ošču | heel |
galbu | gullet |
panchalu | midriff |
Kinship
khāni | family |
apāmi | parents |
ami | mother |
apa | father |
laksa | child |
hūsa | son |
tahti | daughter |
šinčhāsmi | sibling |
aŋga | brother |
achji | sister |
amide čhāsudja / amide čhāsudji | cousin from mother's side |
apade čhāsudja / apade čhāsudji | cousin from father's side |
vahtata amide čhāsudja / vahtati amide čhāsudji | second cousin from mother's side |
vahtata apade čhāsudja / vahtati apade čhāsudji | second cousin from father's side |
dōlja čhasudja / dōlji čhāsudji | distant relative |
apāŋga (← apas aŋga) | father's brother |
apāchji (← apas achji) | father's sister |
apas šinčhāsmi | father's sibling |
amāŋga (← amis aŋga) | mother's brother |
amāchji (← amis achji) | mother's sister |
amis šinčhāsmi | mother's sibling |
aŋgasūsa (← aŋgas hūsa) | brother's son |
aŋgastahti (← aŋgas tahti) | brother's daughter |
achjisūsa (← achji hūsa) | sister's son |
achjistahti (← achjis tahti) | sister's daughter |
šinčhāsmis laksa | sibling's child |
varapāmi | grandparents |
ōni | grandmother |
ōda | grandfather |
varōni | great grandmother |
varōda | great grandfather |
zālaksa | grandchild |
zāhūsa | grandson |
zātahti | granddaughter |
unslaksa | great grandchild |
unshūsa | great grandson |
unstahti | great granddaughter |
ōdāŋga (← ōdas aŋga) | grandfather's brother |
ōdāchji (← ōdas achji) | grandfather's sister |
ōdas šinčhāsmi | grandfather's sibling |
ōnāŋga (← ōnis aŋga) | grandmother's brother |
ōnachji (← ōnis achji) | grandmother's sister |
ōnis šinčhāsmi | grandmother's sibling |
amide hena / amide heni | ancestor from maternal line |
apade hena / apade heni | ancestor from fathernal line |
vihena | common ancestor |
laksantu | progeny |
Relatives from marriage
kerjantu | marriage |
kvēniskhāni | family from wife's side |
kvēni | wife |
makha | husband |
vikerji | spouse |
apeza | father-in-law |
amezi | mother-in-law |
apēmezi | parents-in-law |
hūseza | son-in-law |
tahtezi | daughter-in-law |
lakseza | child-in-law |
aŋgeza | brother-in-law |
achjezi | sister-in-law |
šinčhāsmezi | sibling-in-law |
kvēnis dōlja čhāsudja / kvēnis dōlji čhāsudji | wife's distant relative |
makhas dōlja čhāsudja / makhas dōlji čhāsudji | husband's distant relative |
kvēnāŋgāni (← kvēnis aŋgani) | wife brother's wife |
kvēnāchjāna (← kvēnis achjāna) | wife sister's husband |
makhāŋgāna (← makhas aŋgāna) | husband brother's wife |
makhāchjāna (← makhas achjāna) | husband sister's husband |
Relatives from adoption
rivahaŋa apa | stepfather |
rivahanŋi ami | stepmother |
rivahaŋi apāmi | stepparents |
rivahaŋa aŋga | stepbrother |
rivahaŋa achji | stepsister |
rivahaŋa šinčhāsmi | stepsibling |
rivahaŋa laksa | stepchild |
rivahaŋa laksantu | adopted progeny |
Animals
kavli a female animal tintvi a fly kavla a male animal koža a male goat koži a male roe-deer gilča amphibian thjera animal kandži ant tarva aurochs plejči baldicoot hlačara bat hartaga bear khērva beast, monster čimaka beaver piri bee pirisačča bee-eater džalha beetle khepma bird molgi bivalve hursa gwarda black kite kopša blackbird tetera blackcock gāha boar apapa booby tirkča borer lačha bug kvaba bug, worm būga bull bēča bustard mačhila butterfly džuluka capercaillie sarka carp katki cat pīlumi caterpillar katkiča catfish dabantu cattle kokota cock čarača cockchafer taraka cockroach tjehma cow granja crane vrāka crow kukuči cuckoo
deer dog donkey dormouse dove duck eagle eagle-owl eagle-vulture earwig elk ermine european bison falcon female deer finch fish flea fox frog goat goose grasshopper greenfly grub, worm hamster hare hawk hedgehog hen herd heron hoofed animal horse insect jackdaw jay kestrel kingfisher lamb lark leech leopard lewos lizard louse lynx magpie mare mink minnow mole mosquito moth mouse nematode nightingale one cattle (cow or bull) otter owl ox partridge perch pig polecat predator ram rat raven reptile roe-deer ruminant salmon serpent sheep shrew shrike snail, slug snow leopard, irbis sparrow spider squail squirrel starling stork stud, flock, herd sturgeon swallow swan swine tench thrush tick tineid tit toad trained bird of prey turtle, tortoise turtledove viper wagtail wasp weasel whelp wild boar wolf woodpecker young animal