Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary |
|||
Line 1,222: | Line 1,222: | ||
| along to, according to | | along to, according to | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
|} | |||
===Particles=== | |||
====Conjunctions==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | |||
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions | |||
|- | |||
! Copulative | |||
| '''ē''' | |||
| and | |||
|- | |||
! Conjunctive | |||
| '''ēže''' | |||
| also | |||
|- | |||
! Disjunctive | |||
| '''vō''' | |||
| or | |||
|- | |||
! Contrastive, exceptional | |||
| '''ēta''' | |||
| but | |||
|- | |||
! Consequentive | |||
| '''že''' | |||
| so | |||
|- | |||
! Comparative | |||
| '''žir''' | |||
| than | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''rila''' | |||
| to, for | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''višče''' | |||
| althought | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''pā''' | |||
| because | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''jon''' | |||
| if | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''chal''' | |||
| that, providing | |||
|} | |||
====Modifiers==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | |||
|- | |||
! Restrictive | |||
| '''vēle''' | |||
| only | |||
|- | |||
! Additive | |||
| '''adzje''' | |||
| yet | |||
|} | |||
====Polarity particles==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | |||
! Affirmative | |||
| '''thā''' | |||
| yes | |||
|- | |||
! Negative | |||
| '''ne''' | |||
| no | |||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 09:13, 29 May 2015
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Labiodental | Dental ~ Alveolar | Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar | Postalveolars | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | k kʰ g | ||||
Affricates | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z | t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ | ||||
Fricatives | s z | sʲ zʲ | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | |||
Trills | r | rʲ | |||||
Lateral approximants | l | lʲ | |||||
Approximants | ʋ | j |
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | iː yː | uː | ||||
Near close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Masculine | -a | mana | man | -ē | manē | men |
Feminine | -i | kōni | woman | -in | kōnī | women | |
Inanimate | -u | hakmu | stone | -ȳ | hakmȳ | stones |
Declension
Nominative | - | subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genitive | -s | manas | of man | possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause |
Instrumental | -mi | manami | with man | instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause |
Vialis | -ko | manako | through man | way in space or time |
Ablative | -de | manade | from man | direction from smth |
Allative | -ri | manari | to man | direction towards smth |
Locative | -thu | manathu | (in/on/under) man | various locations (with prepositions) |
Benefactive | -la | manala | for man | destination to smth, purpose |
Definiteness
Indefinite | um | um mana | a man | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Proper | is | is mana | the man |
Distant | at | at mana | that man |
Verbs
Negation
Affirmative | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | ne- | ne-vāth- | don't (to) look, observe |
Preverbs
Towards | ri- | rivāth- | to discern |
---|---|---|---|
Away from | de- | devāth- | to look from afar |
Inside | en- | envāth- | to stare |
Outside | ba- | bavāth- | to look out |
Voice
Active | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Reflexive | -si- | vāsith- | (to) look on self |
Causative | -ra- | vārath- | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |
Reflexive-Causative | -šē- | vāšēth- | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |
Aspect
Imperfective | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Iterative | -jā- | vāthjā- | (to) look, observe (many times) |
Perfective | -nu- | vāthnu- | (to) look, observe |
Person
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -an / -n | I | -ami | we |
2. | -aš / -š | you | -ači / -či | you |
3. | -at / -t | he / she / it | -ari / -ri | they |
4. | -ah / -h | someone / something |
Mood
Indicative | - | ēsjan | I am going |
---|---|---|---|
Conditional | -pō | ēsjanpō | I would be going |
Potentional | -mē | ēsjanmē | I may be going |
Eventive | -vī | ēsjanvī | I could be going (potentional + conditional) |
Imperative | -īh | ēsjīh | you go ! |
Non-finite verbs
Action noun | -it-u | vāthitu | looking, observing |
---|---|---|---|
Participles | |||
Adjectival | -ŋ- | vāthaŋ- | looking, observing |
Adverbial | -ŋ-e | vāthaŋe | looking, observing |
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | es- | good | -im- | esim- | better | -tat- | estat- | best |
dōrg- | strong | dōrgim- | stronger | dōrgtat- | strongest | |||
ispānd- | equine | ispāndim- | more equine | ispāndtat- | most equine |
Formation of adverbs
Basal adjective | Derived adverb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
es- | good | -e | ese | well |
dōrg- | strong | dōrge | strongly | |
ispānd- | equine | ispānde | like / as horse |
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
1. | šine |
---|---|
2. | vahta |
3. | hāran |
4. | neljen |
5. | taven |
6. | hašte |
7. | algan |
8. | sekin |
9. | žahsin |
10. | žuvaŋ |
11. | šinekičthu |
12. | vahtakičthu |
20. | vahtažāŋ |
21. | vahtažāŋ šine |
30 | hāranžāŋ |
100. | kidžāt |
101. | kidžāt šine |
120. | kidžāt vahtažāŋ |
121. | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine |
200. | vahta kidžāt |
1.000. | džāsul |
10.000. | žāŋdžāsul |
Derived numerals
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-t- | -ljār- | -kōm- | -pen- | -te | |
1. | šinet- | šineljār- | šinekōm- | šinepen- | šinete |
10. | žuvaŋt- | žuvaŋljār- | žuvaŋkōm- | žuvaŋpen- | žuvaŋte |
11. | šinekičthut- | šinekičthuljār- | šinekičthukōm- | šinekičthupen- | šinekičthute |
20. | vahtažāŋt- | vahtažāŋljār- | vahtažāŋkōm- | vahtažāŋpen- | vahtažāŋte |
21. | vahtažāŋt- šinet- | vahtažāŋ šineljār- | vahtažāŋ šinekōm- | vahtažāŋ šinepen- | vahtažāŋ šinete |
100. | kidžātt- | kidžātljār- | kidžātkōm- | kidžātpen- | kidžātte |
101. | kidžātt- šinet- | kidžāt šineljār- | kidžāt šinekōm- | kidžāt šinepen- | kidžāt šinete |
120. | kidžātt- vahtažāŋt- | kidžāt vahtažāŋljār- | kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm- | kidžāt vahtažāŋpen- | kidžāt vahtažāŋte |
121. | kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete |
200. | vahta kidžātt- | vahta kidžātljār- | vahta kidžātkōm- | vahta kidžātpen- | vahta kidžātte |
1000. | džāsult- | džāsulljār | džāsulkōm- | džāsulpen- | džāsulte |
10.000. | žāŋdžāsult- | žāŋdžāsulljār- | žāŋdžāsulkōm- | žāŋdžāsulpen- | žāŋdžāsulte |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | mi | I | mej | we |
2. | šī | thou | čēj | you |
3. | ola | he | olē | they |
oli | she | olī | ||
olu | it | olȳ | ||
4. | kas | someone / something |
Possessive suffixes
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -mi | my | -mī | our |
2. | -šī | thee | -čī | your |
3. | -la | his | -lē | their |
-li | her | -lī | ||
-lu | its | -lȳ | ||
4. | -kas | of someone / of something |
Demonstrative pronouns
Definite proper | Definite distant | Indefinite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place | sōt | here | tōt | there | katis | somewhere |
Source | desōt | from here | detōt | from there | dekatis | from somewhere |
Purpose direction | risōt | to here | ritōt | to there, so far | rikati | to somewhere |
Path | isti | this way | atti | that way | umti | some way |
Time | istīm | now | attīm | then | ||
Method | sīd | in this way | tīd | in that way | umīd | in some way |
Quantity | isvēl | so much | ||||
Qualify | akissōt | like this here | akattōt | like that | akkas | like something |
Reason | ispūdla | for this reason | atpūdla | for that reason | kapūdla | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate being | ka | who ? which ? | kas | someone | kavali | anyone |
Inanimate object | ku | what ? which ? | kus | something | anything | |
Place | kati | where ? | katis | somewhere | kativali | anywhere |
Source | dekati | whence ? | dekatis | from somewhere | dekativali | from anywhere |
Purpose direction | rikati | whither ? | rikatis | to somewhere | rikativali | to anywhere |
Path | kajsti | which way ? | kajstis | via some way | kajstivali | via any way |
Time | kajstīm | when ? | kajstīms | once | kajstīmvali | ever |
Method | ke | how ? | kes | somehow | kevali | anyhow |
Quantity | kele | how much ? | keles | somehow much | kelevali | anyhow much |
Qualify | kašīn | which one ? | šīve | some | vale | any |
Reason | kala | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate being | neka | nobody | kaveš | every | kamūt | anyone else |
Inanimate object | neku | nothing | veš | every, all | kamūt | anything else |
Place | nekati | nowhere | kativeš | everywhere | katimūt | elswhere |
Source | denekati | from nowhere | dekativeš | from everywhere | dekatimūt | from elswhere |
Purpose direction | rinekati | to nowhere | rikativeš | to everywhere | rikatimūt | to elswhere |
Path | nekajsti | through no way | vešisti | through all ways | kajstimūt | which way else |
Time | netīm | never | veštīm | always | kajstīmmūt | when else |
Method | neke | nohow | veške | in all methods | kemūt | otherwise |
Quantity | neku | nothing | nekuvēl | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | nekea / nekei / nekeu | neuter, indistinct | vala / vali / valu | any | mūta / mūti / mūtu | other |
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
Reflexive | si | oneself |
---|---|---|
Reciprocal | envahtasj (← en-vahta-si) | each other |
Cooperative | vipōre (← vi-pōru) | together cooperatively |
Prepositions
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals
en | in, inside | Locative |
---|---|---|
from inside | Ablative | |
to inside | Allative | |
an | on | Locative |
from on | Ablative | |
to on | Allative | |
ans | above | Locative |
from above | Ablative | |
to above | Allative | |
uns | under | Locative |
from under | Ablative | |
to under | Allative | |
ter | beside | Locative |
from beside | Ablative | |
to beside | Allative | |
de | away | Locative |
from away | Ablative | |
to away | Allative | |
envahtē | between | Locative |
from between | Ablative | |
to between | Allative | |
sū | behind | Locative |
from behind | Ablative | |
to behind | Allative | |
ba | out | Locative |
from out | Ablative | |
to out | Allative | |
enter | around | Locative |
from around | Ablative | |
to around | Allative | |
var | before, opposite to | Locative |
from before, from opposite to | Ablative | |
to before, to opposite to | Allative | |
entīm | during, in time of | Locative |
from time of | Ablative | |
to time of | Allative | |
zā | after | Locative |
from after | Ablative | |
to after | Allative |
Other prepositions
Companion, attributive object | vi | with | Instrumental |
---|---|---|---|
Lack | bal | without | Ablative |
Alternative | enza | instead | Genitive |
Contrary | zavare | against | Allative |
Resistance | suže | despite, though | Genitive |
Stylization | vidlāŋ | along to, according to | Genitive |
Particles
Conjunctions
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | ē | and |
Conjunctive | ēže | also |
Disjunctive | vō | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | ēta | but |
Consequentive | že | so |
Comparative | žir | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
rila | to, for | |
višče | althought | |
pā | because | |
jon | if | |
chal | that, providing |
Modifiers
Restrictive | vēle | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | adzje | yet |
Polarity particles
Affirmative | thā | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative | ne | no |