Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Labiodental	Dental ~ Alveolar	Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar	Postalveolars	Palatal	Velar
Nasals	m		n				ŋ
Plosive	p pʰ b		t tʰ d				k kʰ g
Affricates			t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z	t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ	t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
Fricatives			s z	sʲ zʲ	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ
Trills			r	rʲ
Lateral approximants			l	lʲ
Approximants		ʋ				j

Spelling

/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close		iː yː				uː
Near close	ɪ ʏ				ʊ
Close-Mid		eː				oː
Open-Mid	ɛ				ɔ
Open			ä	äː

Spelling

/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]

/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

• penultimate primary acute accent
• ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

Gender and number

		Singular			Plural
Animate	Masculine	-a	mana	man	-ē	manē	men
	Feminine	-i	kōni	woman	-in	kōnī	women
Inanimate		-u	hakmu	stone	-ȳ	hakmȳ	stones

Declension

Nominative	-			subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause
Genitive	-s	manas	of man	possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
Instrumental	-mi	manami	with man	instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
Vialis	-ko	manako	through man	way in space or time
Ablative	-de	manade	from man	direction from smth
Allative	-ri	manari	to man	direction towards smth
Locative	-thu	manathu	(in/on/under) man	various locations (with prepositions)
Benefactive	-la	manala	for man	destination to smth, purpose

Definiteness

Indefinite		um	um mana	a man
Definite	Proper	is	is mana	the man
	Distant	at	at mana	that man

Verbs

Negation

Affirmative	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Negative	ne-	ne-vāth-	don't (to) look, observe

Preverbs

Towards	ri-	rivāth-	to discern
Away from	de-	devāth-	to look from afar
Inside	en-	envāth-	to stare
Outside	ba-	bavāth-	to look out

Voice

Active	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Reflexive	-si-	vāsith-	(to) look on self
Causative	-ra-	vārath-	(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
Reflexive-Causative	-šē-	vāšēth-	(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self

Aspect

Imperfective	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Iterative	-jā-	vāthjā-	(to) look, observe (many times)
Perfective	-nu-	vāthnu-	(to) look, observe

Person

	Singular		Plural
1.	-an / -n	I	-ami	we
2.	-aš / -š	you	-ači / -či	you
3.	-at / -t	he / she / it	-ari / -ri	they
4.	-ah / -h	someone / something

Mood

Indicative	-	ēsjan	I am going
Conditional	-pō	ēsjanpō	I would be going
Potentional	-mē	ēsjanmē	I may be going
Eventive	-vī	ēsjanvī	I could be going (potentional + conditional)
Imperative	-īh	ēsjīh	you go !

Non-finite verbs

Action noun	-it-u	vāthitu	looking, observing
Participles
Adjectival	-ŋ-	vāthaŋ-	looking, observing
Adverbial	-ŋ-e	vāthaŋe	looking, observing

Adjectives and adverbs

• three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Degrees of comparison

Positive			Comparative			Superlative
-	es-	good	-im-	esim-	better	-tat-	estat-	best
	dōrg-	strong		dōrgim-	stronger		dōrgtat-	strongest
	ispānd-	equine		ispāndim-	more equine		ispāndtat-	most equine

Formation of adverbs

Basal adjective		Derived adverb
es-	good	-e	ese	well
dōrg-	strong		dōrge	strongly
ispānd-	equine		ispānde	like / as horse

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1.	šine
2.	vahta
3.	hāran
4.	neljen
5.	taven
6.	hašte
7.	algan
8.	sekin
9.	žahsin
10.	žuvaŋ
11.	šinekičthu
12.	vahtakičthu
20.	vahtažāŋ
21.	vahtažāŋ šine
30	hāranžāŋ
100.	kidžāt
101.	kidžāt šine
120.	kidžāt vahtažāŋ
121.	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine
200.	vahta kidžāt
1.000.	džāsul
10.000.	žāŋdžāsul

Derived numerals

	Ordinal	Multiplicative	Reproductive	Distributive	Fractional
	-t-	-ljār-	-kōm-	-pen-	-te
1.	šinet-	šineljār-	šinekōm-	šinepen-	šinete
10.	žuvaŋt-	žuvaŋljār-	žuvaŋkōm-	žuvaŋpen-	žuvaŋte
11.	šinekičthut-	šinekičthuljār-	šinekičthukōm-	šinekičthupen-	šinekičthute
20.	vahtažāŋt-	vahtažāŋljār-	vahtažāŋkōm-	vahtažāŋpen-	vahtažāŋte
21.	vahtažāŋt- šinet-	vahtažāŋ šineljār-	vahtažāŋ šinekōm-	vahtažāŋ šinepen-	vahtažāŋ šinete
100.	kidžātt-	kidžātljār-	kidžātkōm-	kidžātpen-	kidžātte
101.	kidžātt- šinet-	kidžāt šineljār-	kidžāt šinekōm-	kidžāt šinepen-	kidžāt šinete
120.	kidžātt- vahtažāŋt-	kidžāt vahtažāŋljār-	kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm-	kidžāt vahtažāŋpen-	kidžāt vahtažāŋte
121.	kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete
200.	vahta kidžātt-	vahta kidžātljār-	vahta kidžātkōm-	vahta kidžātpen-	vahta kidžātte
1000.	džāsult-	džāsulljār	džāsulkōm-	džāsulpen-	džāsulte
10.000.	žāŋdžāsult-	žāŋdžāsulljār-	žāŋdžāsulkōm-	žāŋdžāsulpen-	žāŋdžāsulte

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	Singular		Plural
1.	mi	I	mej	we
2.	šī	thou	čēj	you
3.	ola	he	olē	they
	oli	she	olī
	olu	it	olȳ
4.	kas	someone / something

Possessive suffixes

	Singular		Plural
1.	-mi	my	-mī	our
2.	-šī	thee	-čī	your
3.	-la	his	-lē	their
	-li	her	-lī
	-lu	its	-lȳ
4.	-kas	of someone / of something

Demonstrative pronouns

	Definite proper		Definite distant		Indefinite
Place	sōt	here	tōt	there	kati	somewhere
Source	desōt	from here	detōt	from there	dekati	from somewhere
Purpose direction	risōt	to here	ritōt	to there, so far	rikati	to somewhere
Path	isti	this way	atti	that way	umti	some way
Time	istīm	now	attīm	then
Method	sīd	in this way	tīd	in that way	umīd	in some way
Quantity	isvēl	so much
Qualify	akissōt	like this here	akattōt	like that	akkas	like something
Reason	ispūdla	for this reason	atpūdla	for that reason	kapūdla	for some reason