Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu: Difference between revisions
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| '''kas''' | | '''kas''' | ||
| someone / something | | someone / something | ||
|} | |||
====Possessive suffixes==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Singular | |||
! colspan=2 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| '''-mi''' | |||
| my | |||
| '''-mī''' | |||
| our | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| '''-šī''' | |||
| thee | |||
| '''-čī''' | |||
| your | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | 3. | |||
| '''-la''' | |||
| his | |||
| '''-lē''' | |||
| rowspan=4 | their (M) | |||
|- | |||
| '''-li''' | |||
| her | |||
| '''-lī''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-lu''' | |||
| its | |||
| '''-lȳ''' | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| '''-kas''' | |||
| of someone / of something | |||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 04:35, 29 May 2015
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Labiodental | Dental ~ Alveolar | Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar | Postalveolars | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | k kʰ g | ||||
Affricates | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z | t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ | ||||
Fricatives | s z | sʲ zʲ | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | |||
Trills | r | rʲ | |||||
Lateral approximants | l | lʲ | |||||
Approximants | ʋ | j |
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | iː yː | uː | ||||
Near close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Masculine | -a | mana | man | -ē | manē | men |
Feminine | -i | kōni | woman | -in | kōnī | women | |
Inanimate | -u | hakmu | stone | -ȳ | hakmȳ | stones |
Declension
Nominative | - | subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genitive | -s | manas | of man | possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause |
Instrumental | -mi | manami | with man | instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause |
Vialis | -ko | manako | through man | way in space or time |
Ablative | -de | manade | from man | direction from smth |
Allative | -ri | manari | to man | direction towards smth |
Locative | -thu | manathu | (in/on/under) man | various locations (with prepositions) |
Benefactive | -la | manala | for man | destination to smth, purpose |
Definiteness
Indefinite | um | um mana | a man | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Proper | is | is mana | the man |
Distant | at | at mana | that man |
Verbs
Negation
Affirmative | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | ne- | ne-vāth- | don't (to) look, observe |
Preverbs
Towards | ri- | rivāth- | to discern |
---|---|---|---|
Away from | de- | devāth- | to look from afar |
Inside | en- | envāth- | to stare |
Outside | ba- | bavāth- | to look out |
Voice
Active | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Reflexive | -si- | vāsith- | (to) look on self |
Causative | -ra- | vārath- | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |
Reflexive-Causative | -šē- | vāšēth- | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |
Aspect
Imperfective | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
---|---|---|---|
Iterative | -jā- | vāthjā- | (to) look, observe (many times) |
Perfective | -nu- | vāthnu- | (to) look, observe |
Person
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -an / -n | I | -ami | we |
2. | -aš / -š | you | -ači / -či | you |
3. | -at / -t | he / she / it | -ari / -ri | they |
4. | -ah / -h | someone / something |
Mood
Indicative | - | ēsjan | I am going |
---|---|---|---|
Conditional | -pō | ēsjanpō | I would be going |
Potentional | -mē | ēsjanmē | I may be going |
Eventive | -vī | ēsjanvī | I could be going (potentional + conditional) |
Imperative | -īh | ēsjīh | you go ! |
Non-finite verbs
Action noun | -it-u | vāthitu | looking, observing |
---|---|---|---|
Participles | |||
Adjectival | -ŋ- | vāthaŋ- | looking, observing |
Adverbial | -ŋ-e | vāthaŋe | looking, observing |
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | es- | good | -im- | esim- | better | -tat- | estat- | best |
dōrg- | strong | dōrgim- | stronger | dōrgtat- | strongest | |||
ispānd- | equine | ispāndim- | more equine | ispāndtat- | most equine |
Formation of adverbs
Basal adjective | Derived adverb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
es- | good | -e | ese | well |
dōrg- | strong | dōrge | strongly | |
ispānd- | equine | ispānde | like / as horse |
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
1. | šine |
---|---|
2. | vahta |
3. | hāran |
4. | neljen |
5. | taven |
6. | hašte |
7. | algan |
8. | sekin |
9. | žahsin |
10. | žuvaŋ |
11. | šinekičthu |
12. | vahtakičthu |
20. | vahtažāŋ |
21. | vahtažāŋ šine |
30 | hāranžāŋ |
100. | kidžāt |
101. | kidžāt šine |
120. | kidžāt vahtažāŋ |
121. | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine |
200. | vahta kidžāt |
1.000. | džāsul |
10.000. | žāŋdžāsul |
Derived numerals
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-t- | -ljār- | -kōm- | -pen- | -te | |
1. | šinet- | šineljār- | šinekōm- | šinepen- | šinete |
10. | žuvaŋt- | žuvaŋljār- | žuvaŋkōm- | žuvaŋpen- | žuvaŋte |
11. | šinekičthut- | šinekičthuljār- | šinekičthukōm- | šinekičthupen- | šinekičthute |
20. | vahtažāŋt- | vahtažāŋljār- | vahtažāŋkōm- | vahtažāŋpen- | vahtažāŋte |
21. | vahtažāŋt- šinet- | vahtažāŋ šineljār- | vahtažāŋ šinekōm- | vahtažāŋ šinepen- | vahtažāŋ šinete |
100. | kidžātt- | kidžātljār- | kidžātkōm- | kidžātpen- | kidžātte |
101. | kidžātt- šinet- | kidžāt šineljār- | kidžāt šinekōm- | kidžāt šinepen- | kidžāt šinete |
120. | kidžātt- vahtažāŋt- | kidžāt vahtažāŋljār- | kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm- | kidžāt vahtažāŋpen- | kidžāt vahtažāŋte |
121. | kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen- | kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete |
200. | vahta kidžātt- | vahta kidžātljār- | vahta kidžātkōm- | vahta kidžātpen- | vahta kidžātte |
1000. | džāsult- | džāsulljār | džāsulkōm- | džāsulpen- | džāsulte |
10.000. | žāŋdžāsult- | žāŋdžāsulljār- | žāŋdžāsulkōm- | žāŋdžāsulpen- | žāŋdžāsulte |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | mi | I | mej | we |
2. | šī | thou | čēj | you |
3. | ola | he | olē | they |
oli | she | olī | ||
olu | it | olȳ | ||
4. | kas | someone / something |
Possessive suffixes
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -mi | my | -mī | our |
2. | -šī | thee | -čī | your |
3. | -la | his | -lē | their (M) |
-li | her | -lī | ||
-lu | its | -lȳ | ||
4. | -kas | of someone / of something |