Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu: Difference between revisions
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| style="font-weight: bold;" | at mana | | style="font-weight: bold;" | at mana | ||
| that man | | that man | ||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
====Voice==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" | |||
! Active | |||
| - | |||
| '''vāth-''' | |||
| (to) look, observe | |||
|- | |||
! Reflexive | |||
| -si- | |||
| '''vāsith-''' | |||
| (to) look on self | |||
|- | |||
! Causative | |||
| -ra- | |||
| '''vārath-''' | |||
| (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth | |||
|- | |||
! Reflexive-Causative | |||
| -šē- | |||
| '''vāšēth-''' | |||
| (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self | |||
|} | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| - | |||
| '''vāth-''' | |||
| (to) look, observe | |||
|- | |||
! Iterative | |||
| -jā- | |||
| '''vāthjā-''' | |||
| (to) look, observe (many times) | |||
|- | |||
! Perfective | |||
| -nu- | |||
| '''vāthnu-''' | |||
| (to) look, observe | |||
|} | |||
====Person==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular | |||
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| '''-an / -n''' | |||
| I | |||
| '''-ami''' | |||
| we | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| '''-aš / -š''' | |||
| you | |||
| '''-ači / -či''' | |||
| you | |||
|- | |||
! 3. | |||
| '''-at / -t''' | |||
| he / she / it | |||
| '''-ari / -ri''' | |||
| they | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| '''-ah / -h''' | |||
| someone / something | |||
|colspan="2"| | |||
|} | |||
====Mood==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
! Indicative | |||
| - | |||
| '''ēsjan''' | |||
| I am going | |||
|- | |||
! Conditional | |||
| -pō | |||
| '''ēsjanpō''' | |||
| I would be going | |||
|- | |||
! Potentional | |||
| -mē | |||
| '''ēsjanmē''' | |||
| I may be going | |||
|- | |||
! Eventive | |||
| -vī | |||
| '''ēsjanvī''' | |||
| I could be going (potentional + conditional) | |||
|- | |||
! Imperative | |||
| -īh | |||
| '''ēsjīh''' | |||
| you go ! | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 12:12, 27 May 2015
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental ~ Alveolar | Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar | Postalveolars | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | k kʰ g | ||||
| Affricates | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z | t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ | ||||
| Fricatives | s z | sʲ zʲ | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | |||
| Trills | r | rʲ | |||||
| Lateral approximants | l | lʲ | |||||
| Approximants | ʋ | j |
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
| Close | iː yː | uː | ||||
| Near close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Close-Mid | eː | oː | ||||
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||
| Open | ä | äː | ||||
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | Masculine | -a | mana | man | -ē | manē | men |
| Feminine | -i | kōni | woman | -in | kōnī | women | |
| Inanimate | -u | hakmu | stone | -ȳ | hakmȳ | stones | |
Declension
| Nominative | - | subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | -s | manas | of man | possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause |
| Instrumental | -mi | manami | with man | instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause |
| Vialis | -ko | manako | through man | way in space or time |
| Ablative | -de | manade | from man | direction from smth |
| Allative | -ri | manari | to man | direction towards smth |
| Locative | -thu | manathu | (in/on/under) man | various locations (with prepositions) |
| Benefactive | -la | manala | for man | destination to smth, purpose |
Definiteness
| Indefinite | um | um mana | a man | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | Proper | is | is mana | the man |
| Distant | at | at mana | that man | |
Verbs
Voice
| Active | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reflexive | -si- | vāsith- | (to) look on self |
| Causative | -ra- | vārath- | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |
| Reflexive-Causative | -šē- | vāšēth- | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |
Aspect
| Imperfective | - | vāth- | (to) look, observe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iterative | -jā- | vāthjā- | (to) look, observe (many times) |
| Perfective | -nu- | vāthnu- | (to) look, observe |
Person
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | -an / -n | I | -ami | we |
| 2. | -aš / -š | you | -ači / -či | you |
| 3. | -at / -t | he / she / it | -ari / -ri | they |
| 4. | -ah / -h | someone / something | ||
Mood
| Indicative | - | ēsjan | I am going |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional | -pō | ēsjanpō | I would be going |
| Potentional | -mē | ēsjanmē | I may be going |
| Eventive | -vī | ēsjanvī | I could be going (potentional + conditional) |
| Imperative | -īh | ēsjīh | you go ! |
