Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu: Difference between revisions
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| '''hakmȳ''' | | '''hakmȳ''' | ||
| stones | | stones | ||
|} | |||
====Declension==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;" | |||
! Nominative | |||
| - | |||
| ''' ''' | |||
| | |||
| subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| -s | |||
| '''manas''' | |||
| of man | |||
| possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| -mi | |||
| '''manami''' | |||
| with man | |||
| instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause | |||
|- | |||
! Vialis | |||
| -ko | |||
| '''manako''' | |||
| through man | |||
| way in space or time | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| -de | |||
| '''manade''' | |||
| from man | |||
| direction from smth | |||
|- | |||
! Allative | |||
| -ri | |||
| '''manari''' | |||
| to man | |||
| direction towards smth | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| -thu | |||
| '''manathu''' | |||
| (in/on/under) man | |||
| various locations (with prepositions) | |||
|- | |||
! Benefactive | |||
| -la | |||
| '''manala''' | |||
| for man | |||
| destination to smth, purpose | |||
|} | |||
====Definiteness==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | |||
| style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | um | |||
| style="font-weight: bold;" | um mana | |||
| a man | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Definite | |||
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | |||
| style="font-weight: bold;" | is | |||
| style="font-weight: bold;" | is mana | |||
| the man | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Distant | |||
| style="font-weight: bold;" | at | |||
| style="font-weight: bold;" | at mana | |||
| that man | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 10:59, 27 May 2015
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental ~ Alveolar | Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar | Postalveolars | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | p pʰ b | t tʰ d | k kʰ g | ||||
| Affricates | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z | t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ | ||||
| Fricatives | s z | sʲ zʲ | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | |||
| Trills | r | rʲ | |||||
| Lateral approximants | l | lʲ | |||||
| Approximants | ʋ | j |
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
| Close | iː yː | uː | ||||
| Near close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Close-Mid | eː | oː | ||||
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||
| Open | ä | äː | ||||
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | Masculine | -a | mana | man | -ē | manē | men |
| Feminine | -i | kōni | woman | -in | kōnī | women | |
| Inanimate | -u | hakmu | stone | -ȳ | hakmȳ | stones | |
Declension
| Nominative | - | subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | -s | manas | of man | possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause |
| Instrumental | -mi | manami | with man | instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause |
| Vialis | -ko | manako | through man | way in space or time |
| Ablative | -de | manade | from man | direction from smth |
| Allative | -ri | manari | to man | direction towards smth |
| Locative | -thu | manathu | (in/on/under) man | various locations (with prepositions) |
| Benefactive | -la | manala | for man | destination to smth, purpose |
Definiteness
| Indefinite | um | um mana | a man | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | Proper | is | is mana | the man |
| Distant | at | at mana | that man | |
