User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions

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:{| border=1 cellpadding="8"
= Word Order =
|
 
|Labial
Word order in '''Amal''' is generally ''subject-object-verb''.
|Dental
 
|Palatal
* ''I want a book.'' - '''ketab-un'''  '''has-an''' - book-{{sc|OBL}} want-1{{sc|sg}}
|Velar
 
|Glottal
 
* Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case go after the nouns which they modify, post-positions go after the nouns or clauses that they modify, and modals go after the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all agglutinative suffixes. However, adverbs go before their verbs.
 
= Nouns =
 
== morphology ==
 
=== case ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px; height:200px;"
|-
! case
! infix
! example
! English
|-
| Nominative
| ''-''
| '''bet'''
| house
|-
| Oblique
| ''-un''
| '''betun'''
| to the house; in the house
|-
| Genitive
| ''-in''
| '''betin'''
| the house's; of the house
|-
| Vocative
| ''-ya''
| '''betoya'''
| Oh house!
|-
| Instrumental
| ''-ec''
| '''betec'''
| using the house; with the house; via the house
|}
 
= Pronouns =
 
Pronouns in '''Amal''' are marked for number, person, and case. There are three persons. The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say '''''comprendo''''' - I understand instead of '''''Yo comprendo''''' - I understand.
 
 
{| align="center" class="gridtable"
|+ Pronoun Declension
! || NOM || ACC || DAT || GEN
|-
! ''1sg''
| '''an'''
| '''ahan'''
| '''eyan'''
| '''anai'''
|-
! ''2sg''
| '''at'''
| '''ahat'''
| '''eyat'''
| '''atai'''
|-
! ''3sg''
| '''a / al'''
| '''ahal'''
| '''eya(l)'''
| '''alai'''
|-
! ''1pl''
| '''uk'''
| '''ahuk'''
| '''eyuk'''
| '''ukai'''
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''ut'''
| '''ahut'''
| '''eyut'''
| '''utai'''
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''um'''
| '''ahum'''
| '''eyum'''
| '''umai'''
|}
 
 
 
 
* ''He does not know us.'' - '''ah-uk''' '''sab-a-la''' - {{sc|acc}}-1{{sc|pl}} know-3{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|neg}}
 
= Verbs =
 
== tense ==
 
Three tenses, two aspects, several moods...
 
* '''-''' | '''i''' | '''u'''
* '''r''' | '''sh'''
* ...
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px; height:200px;"
|-
! tense
! infix
! example
! English
|-
| Simple Present Tense
| ''-''
| '''ish-an'''
| I drink
|-
| Present Perfect Tense
| ''-ar''
| '''ish-ar-at'''
| you have drank
|-
| Simple Past Tense
| ''-iy''
| '''ish-iy-um'''
| they drank
|-
|-
|Nasal
| Immediate Past Tense
| '''m''' ‹m›
| ''-il''
| '''n''' ‹n›
| '''ish-il-an'''
| '''ɲ''' ‹ny›
| I just drank
|
|  
|-
|-
|Plosive
| Past Perfect Tense
| '''p~b''' ‹p›
| ''-ir''
| '''t~d''' ‹t›
| '''ish-ir-an'''
|  
| I had drunk
| '''k~g''' ‹k›
| '''ʔ''' ‹'›
|-
|-
|Fricative
| Simple Future Tense
|
| ''-uy''
| '''s''' ‹s›
| '''ish-uy-uk'''
| '''ʃ''' ‹s›
| we will drink
|
| '''h~ɦ''' ‹h›
|-
|-
|Affricate
| Future Possible Tense
|  
| ''-ush''
| '''ts''' ‹ts› / '''tɬ~tl''' <tl>
| '''ish-ush-a'''
| '''tʃ''' ‹ts›
| he may drink
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Approximant
| Future Perfect Tense
|
| ''-ur''
| '''l~r''' <l>
| '''ish-ur-an'''
| '''j'''  ‹y›
| I will have drunk
| '''w''' ‹u›
|
|  
|}
|}

Revision as of 14:27, 2 April 2015

box

muj
man; husband
English Singular Plural
NOM man muj mujim
ACC (the) man [OBJ] muji mujim
GEN of the man; the man's mujin mujimin
DAT/LOC to the man; on the man mujda mujimda
ABL/COMP from the man; than the man mujac mujimac
COM with/accompaning the man mujle mujimle
INS by; using; through the man mujun mujimun


Amal cases
Name Marker Meaning
Nominative - subject of verb [NOM]
Accusative -i object of verb [ACC]
Genitive -in shows possession [GEN]
Dative / Locative -da movement to, towards, unto / at, on, in [DAT/LOC]
Ablative / Comparative -ac movement away from [ABL]; than [COMP]
Comitative -le with; in the company of [COM]
Instrumental -un by; using; via; with; through [INS]

verb

to drink
icek
present
-Ø		 past
-(a)r-		 future
-(a)s-
1sg ican icran icasan
2sg icat icrat icasat
3sg ica icra icasa
1pl icuk icruk icasuk
2pl icut icrut icasut
3pl icum icrum icasum

ha-mak

to be here
hamak
present
-Ø		 past
-(a)r-		 future
-(a)s-
1sg han haran hasan
2sg teha harat hasat
3sg ilha ilhara ilhasa
1pl hanuk haruk hasuk
2pl tumha harut hasut
3pl umha harum hasum

pronoun declension

Pronoun Declension
NOM ACC GEN DAT/LOC ABL/COMP COM INS
1sg na / -an ni nai naye nac nale nun
2sg te / -at ti tai taye tac tele tun
3sg il(a/u) / -a ili (i)lai ilye ilac ile ilun
1pl nuk / -uk inuk nika danuk nukac nukle nukun
2pl tum / -ut itum tima tumda tumac tumle tumun
3pl hum / -um ihum/ihma hima humda humac humle humun

sounds

Amal consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Affricate t͡s (c) t͡ʃ (c)
Fricative f v s z ʃ (c) ʒ (j) h
Approximant l j (y) w (u)
Trill r


Word Order

Word order in Amal is generally subject-object-verb.

  • I want a book. - ketab-un has-an - book-OBL want-1sg


  • Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case go after the nouns which they modify, post-positions go after the nouns or clauses that they modify, and modals go after the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all agglutinative suffixes. However, adverbs go before their verbs.

Nouns

morphology

case

case infix example English
Nominative - bet house
Oblique -un betun to the house; in the house
Genitive -in betin the house's; of the house
Vocative -ya betoya Oh house!
Instrumental -ec betec using the house; with the house; via the house

Pronouns

Pronouns in Amal are marked for number, person, and case. There are three persons. The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say comprendo - I understand instead of Yo comprendo - I understand.


Pronoun Declension
NOM ACC DAT GEN
1sg an ahan eyan anai
2sg at ahat eyat atai
3sg a / al ahal eya(l) alai
1pl uk ahuk eyuk ukai
2pl ut ahut eyut utai
3pl um ahum eyum umai



  • He does not know us. - ah-uk sab-a-la - acc-1pl know-3sg-neg

Verbs

tense

Three tenses, two aspects, several moods...

  • - | i | u
  • r | sh
  • ...
tense infix example English
Simple Present Tense - ish-an I drink
Present Perfect Tense -ar ish-ar-at you have drank
Simple Past Tense -iy ish-iy-um they drank
Immediate Past Tense -il ish-il-an I just drank
Past Perfect Tense -ir ish-ir-an I had drunk
Simple Future Tense -uy ish-uy-uk we will drink
Future Possible Tense -ush ish-ush-a he may drink
Future Perfect Tense -ur ish-ur-an I will have drunk
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