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==Vowels==
==Vowels==
===First syllable===
''Note: /ɤ/ here is actually a mid vowel, from the [ɤ̈] ~ [ɘ] ~ [ɵ] ballpark.''
''Note: /ɤ/ here is actually a mid vowel, from the [ɤ̈] ~ [ɘ] ~ [ɵ] ballpark.''


A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:
A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:
* Stable vowels: '''*i *ɨ *uu *e *ɤ *a'''
* Stable vowels: '''*i *ɨ *uu *e *ɤ *a'''
** Regular origins: *u, *ü_a → *ɨ; *ü_i *i → *i; *ë → *uu; ??; *ëx → *ɤ; ??
** Regular origins: *u *ü_a > *ɨ; *ü_ə *i > *i; *a *ë_a *ëCCə *o_a > *uu; ??; *ëCə > *ɤ; ??
*** Presumably: y → ʉ / _a, then u → ʉ, finally y ʉ → i ɨ.
*** Presumably: y > ʉ / _a, then u > ʉ, finally y ʉ > i ɨ.
** Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
** Length in *uu is not assumed; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
* Derounding (short?) vowels: '''*ö *o *u''' → Udmurt /o o ɨ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
* Derounding (short?) vowels: '''*ö *o *u''' > Udmurt /o o ɨ/ > Komi /e ɤ u/
** No real regular origin
** Origins largely irregular, but *ä > *o may be regular
** (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
** (There does not seem to be an *ü > **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
* A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*oo *ɤɤ''' → U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
* A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*oo *ɤɤ''' > U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/.
** *oo actually may be split in two vowels, depending on Komi-Yazva (/o/ or /u/) and dialectal Udmurt (/u/ or /ʉ/) reflexes.
** Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos. This is written as *oo<sup>ð</sup>.
** If from *e, expected *o becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos (''ma sa tar va važ za''). Could be simply due to an open syllable?
** Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
** Regular origins: *e *aĆ > *oo; *oCCə > *ɤɤ
* A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*åå *aa''' → U. /a a/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. (? *wolka, *woča)
** Regular origins: ??; *äl → *aa
* A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*aa *åå''' > U. /a a/ ~ K. /ɤ o/
** Regular origins: *äl > *aal (via *o?), *ko_a > *kwåå (*kačkə-, *kota, *kolo, korwa, *kośkə), *#a_ə > *#åå
* The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
* The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
* Awaiting explanation
 
** '''/i/ ~ /ɯ/''' (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
; Conditional developments
** A trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
* Udmurt *o > a / [-alv]_l (*kälä-tä- *kälü *käwd₁ə *pälä *śälä- *wäd₁ä > ''kalt- kaĺi kal pal ćal- val''; but *'''t'''älwä *'''t'''äwðə > ''tol dol'')
*** The most prominent of these is '''*o'''.
* Komi *oo > a / _. (*metə *wetə *setə *sEtə *tetɜrɜ *wetəšä > ''ma va sa za tar važ'')
*** '''/e/ ~ /ɤ/''' (all a-stems: *pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
** contrast *śAta > *śoo > ''śo''
*** '''/i/ ~ /(j)e/''' (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɯ-/)
* Komi proper (*ɤɤ, *ɤ >) *ɤ > o / *w_, *kʷ_ (*oksə- #owŋə *owd₁əm *koksɜ *koktɜ *kolɜ- *kowsə > ''vos- vom von kos kot kol- koz''; possibly *koskə- > ''kos-'')
*** '''/ɯ/ ~ /e/''' (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɯ or *ɤɤ)
** but retained in Permyak, Yazva
*** '''/ɯ/ ~ /o/''' (*läkti-, *mäjaka, *kaðʲa-, *saala, *kaasi)
* Komi *ɨ > i / #ć_ (*ćilV > ; U ćɨrɨ, Ma carä ~ ćir; common also non-initially)
*** /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
* Udmurt (*uu, *oo >) u > ɨ / _ĺ. (*kaðʲa- *koðʲV- *koðʲka *kujV-lV- *ńeljä #ćOlćV #EðʲV- > ''kɨĺ- kɨĺ- kɨĺ kɨĺĺɨ- ńɨĺ ćɨĺćo ɨĺ'')
*** /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw) (*ää?)
** but NB bisyllabic *moðʲa *tuðʲkajm > ''mu.ĺɨ tu.ĺɨm''
*** /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
 
** /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)
; Awaiting explanation
** /ɯ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara, ćilV)
{| class="wikitable"
** /u/ ~ /ɯ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa)
! K →<br/>↓ U
** /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
! i !! e !! ɨ !! ɤ !! a !! u !! o
** /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
|-
** /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
! i
** /e/ ~ /o(j)/ (*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-)
| (*i)
** /ɤ/ ~ /i/ (*kiwi)
| /i/ ~ /(j)e/<br/>(*śäŋkə, *läppa, *wü/äðəm, *jelma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɨ-/)
** /ɤ/ ~ /ɯ/ (*nôla)
| *ńëlə, *künčə, *jürä
** /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
|
** /o/ ~ /i/ (*wixća-, *wita (or *ô?))
|
** /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
|
** /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
|
**Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels
|-
! e
|
| (*e)
|
| *pära, *säppä, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća<br/>- all ä-stems
|
| *kixə-ma, *mińä, *kiśka-
|-
! ɨ
|
| #wäśkä, *lämə, *mäćV<br/>- might be a split from *ɨ or *ɤɤ
| (*ɨ)
| (*ɤɤ)
|
| (*u)
| *läktə-, #mäjäkä, #saala, *wotta-
|-
! ɤ
| *kiwə
| #pÄĺkä
| *nôla, *jäŋə
| (*ɤ)
|
| *purnV
| *kAl-, *oksə-
|-
! a
|
| #kälü, *orja, #pićlä (*ää?)
|
| (*aa)
| (*a)
|
| (*åå)
|-
! u
|
| *satVr
| *to, *sülə, *käpsa, *jowə, *liiwa
| *śüćV, *süd₂än
| (*oo.)
| (*uu)
| (*oo)
|-
! o
| *wiića-, *wita
| (*ö)
|
| (*o)
| *čokV-
|
|
|}
* /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täjə) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
* /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmə - from *uujV?)
 
Note the trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]] (including *'''o'''.)


Standard Proto-Permic:
Standard Proto-Permic:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! &nbsp; !! colspan="3"| Close #1 !! colspan="4"| Close #2 !! colspan="4"| Mid
! &nbsp; !! colspan="3"| Close #1 !! colspan="4"| Close #2 !! colspan="4"| Mid !! colspan="3"| Open
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Proto-Permic <small>(Sammallahti)</small>
! Proto-Permic <small>(Sammallahti)</small>
| *ɪ || *ɪ̵ || *ʏ, *ʊ || *i || *ʉ || *ɨ || *y, *u || *e || *ɤ || *ɵ || *o || *a
| *ɪ || *ɪ̵ || *ʏ, *ʊ || *i || *ʉ || *ɨ || *y, *u || *e || *ɤ || *ɵ || *o || *a ||
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Proto-Permic <small>(Itkonen)</small>
! Proto-Permic <small>(Itkonen)</small>
| *i || *ɨ || *u || *e ||colspan="2"| *ɵ || *o || *ɛ || *ʌ || || *ɔ || *a
| *i || *ɨ || *u || *e ||colspan="2"| *ɵ || *o || *ɛ || *ʌ || || *ɔ || *a ||
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Komi
! Komi
| i || ɨ || u ||colspan="2"| e || ɤ || o || †ɛ → e ||colspan="2"| ɤ || †ɔ → o || a
| i || ɨ || u ||colspan="2"| e || ɤ || o || †ɛ > e ||colspan="2"| ɤ || †ɔ > o || a || ɤ || o || ɤ || e || u
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Komi-Yazva
! Komi-Yazva
| i || ɵ || u ||colspan="2"| iː || ɨː || uː || e ||colspan="2"| ɵ || o || a
| i || ɵ || u ||colspan="2"| iː || ɨː || uː || e ||colspan="2"| ɵ || o || a || ? || ? || ? || ? || ?
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Udmurt
! Udmurt
| i || ɨ || ‡u || e || ɤ || ɨ || ‡u ||colspan="2"| e || o || u || a
| i || ɨ || ‡u || e || ɤ || ɨ || ‡u ||colspan="2"| e || o || u ||colspan="3"| a || ɤ || o || ɨ
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! My Proto-P.
! My Proto-P.
| *i || *ɨ || *uu || *e || || *ɤɤ || *oo<sub>1</sub> || *e || || *o || *oo<sub>2</sub> || *a
| *i || *ɨ || *uu || *e<sub>1</sub><br/>(*ee?) || || *ɤɤ || *oo<sub>1</sub> || *e<sub>2</sub> || || *o || *oo<sub>2</sub> || *a || *aa || *åå || *ɤ || *ö || *u
|}
|}
† Distinct /ɛ ɔ/ are attested in Old Komi (/ɔ/ also dialectally).<br/>
† Distinct /ɛ ɔ/ are attested in Old Komi (/ɔ/ also dialectally).<br/>
‡ Sammallahti's *y *ʏ occur for words that in SW Udmurt have /ʉ/ in place of expected /u/.
‡ Sammallahti's *y *ʏ occur for words that in SW Udmurt have /ʉ/ in place of expected /u/.
===Later syllables===
Notes from Csúcs (2005):
* *ɨ > ∅ in Komi / VC_, V{r l}{p d t}_ (but not / VľC_ !)
** *(w)ooskɨ 'branch' > vos : vosk-; but askɨ ~ askɨ? retention after -Sk- regular in verbs: juskɨ- ~ juskɨ-, miśkɨ- ~ mɨśkɨ-, sɨskɨ- ~ sɤskɨ-, oskɨ- ~ eskɨ-. But cf. *peksä- > *päsɨ- > posɨ- ~ pes-?
** exceptions: dźuźɨ- ~ ruźɨ-; lɨktɨ- ~ lokt-, baśtɨ- ~ bośt-
* *ɨli > uv in v-Komi (mostly remains > ɨl in l-Komi, though some contamination exists)
* *-li *-ri > -ľi ~ -l, -ri ~ -r
* *e > Komi ɨ  ''(why not PP *ɤ > Udmurt e?)''
** but > Komi ɤ / _{b d g m r}, two examples of _s _ľ
* *a remains normally; *a > *o in Udmurt nominals / uC_ (from both *oo, *uu)
** unclear examples: bɤrńo ~ burńa (*u > ɤ??), gižlo ~ gɨžla, goľo ~ goľa (''Loan K → U?''), kočo ~ kača, ožo ~ eža
* epenthesis: varɨp ~ vorop (P vorp, Jz urp) ''(why assume *-ɨ-, could be epenthetic in U too)''
* potential *-u- only in šabur ~ šabur (Wanderwört)
Additional comments:
* ľoľo ~ ľɤľɤ 'milk' might be reduplication
* possibly also epenthesis: K turɨn ~ turun, vurɨn ~ vurun
* correspondence -ɨC ~ -ɤC is mostly / VC_{m n}!
** but contrast aćim ~ aćɨm, kɨmɨ/in ~ kɨmɨ/iń, kuźɨm ~ koźin, śiźɨ/em ~ śiźɨ/im, K tɨlɨm turVn vurVn


==Consonants==
==Consonants==
Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast, and some words even alternate.
 
It appears that while [[Proto-Uralic/D|*ð]] is generally lateralized, it is lost between vowels (AA, p.c.):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! *ð > ∅ !! *ð > *l
|-
! V_V
|
* *ëðə > *wåå "year"
* *kuða(w)- > *kɨ(j)- "to weave"
* *wiðä- > *vij- "to kill"
* *wiðɜm(ə) > #veejəm "marrow"
|
* *śVðäm(ə) > śu/ɤlem "heart" (maybe *śiwðäm?!)
|-
! w_V
|
|
* #owðəm(ə) > *wɤlm > *wɤɤn(m-) "drape"
* *käwðə > *kol "rope"
* *täwðə > *dol "full"
* *sool "bark" ~ Mo. *sud (*sowðə?)
|-
! V_R
|
|
* *aðma > *alm > *oon(m-) "sleep"
|-
! V_P
|
* #läpðä > *loop "spleen"
|
* *śo/ëðka > *śuulɨ "goldeneye"
|-
 
|}
 
===Obstruent voicing===
Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting, in the inherited lexicon, voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast (outside of the change of initial *r > ''?'' *dr > /dʐ/ in Udmurt), and some words even have voiced/voiceless variants.


In several cases, apparently a voiceless initial assimilates to a voiced medial:
In several cases, apparently a voiceless initial assimilates to a voiced medial:
* *künči >> *kidž > *giž
* *künčə >> *kidž > '''*giž'''
* *kentä >> *kid > *gid
* *kenta >> *kid > '''*gid'''
* *kumpa >> *kɨb > *gɨb
* *kënta >> *kVd > K. '''gɨd'''
* *panča >> *bɤdž > *bɤž
* *kumpa >> *kɨb > '''*gɨb'''
* *čeŋki >> *čog > U. džog, žog
* *pončə >> *pɤɤdž > '''*bɤɤž'''
* *sonta >> *suud > *zuud
* *sonta >> *suud > '''*zuud'''
* *ponti >> *pVd > U. pud~bud, K. bed
* *sompa >> *sVb > K. '''zɨb'''
 
* *čeŋkə >> *čog > U. '''džog, žog'''
In Komi this is more common than in Udmurt:
* *pontə >> *pVd > U. pud~'''bud''',  K. '''bed'''
* *š/čamćə >> *šoodź > U. šudź, K. '''žodź'''
* *kansa >> *kooz > U. kuz, K. '''goz'''
* *puŋka >> *pVg > U. pog, K. '''bug'''
Sometimes this seems to be shared by Hungarian:
Sometimes this seems to be shared by Hungarian:
* *tOmpɜ- >> *tɨb- > *dɨb-; Hu. dob-
* *tOmpɜ- >> *tɨb- > '''*dɨb-'''; Hu. '''dob-''' ("to knock" ~ "to thro", could be onomatopoetic. Check Trc)
* *puŋka >> *pVg > U. pog, K. bug, Hu. bog


However, the change isn't fully general:
However, the change is far from fully general:
* *kunći > *kudź
* *kunćə > *kɨdź "birch"
* *kunćə > *kudź "urine" (+ *kunćə-lə "ant")
* *tumtə- > *tod-
* *künta > *kɨd
* *künta > *kɨd
* *čiŋka > *čög
* *pEntɜ > *pod
* *pEntɜ > *pod
* *tumti- > *tod-
* *šoŋkɜ > *šoog
* *čêŋka > *čog
* *ś/ćäŋkɜ > *ćeeg
* *kunćɜ > *kVdź (> U. kidźi-ĺi, K. këdźɨl)
* *kamtə > K. kud
* *konćɜ > K. kadź (cf. *ko(n)ć-ka > K. kaćka)
* *sVŋśa- > K. sidź-
* *süntə- > K. sod-
* #šäŋtə > K. šogdi (bisyllabic? a derivativ?)
* *pinta > U. ped
* *pinta > U. ped
* *čiŋka > *čög
* S *tōŋkē ~ *tuug
* *šoŋkɜ > *šoog
* BF *kään-tä- ~ *ködž- (bad; BF a causativ)
* BF *kääntä- ~ *köź-
* Ma *kində ~ *kɨd
* Ma *pʊndaš ~ *pɨdəs
* ObU *ćumpəl ~ *ćib
* ObU *kïïnt ~ *kuud
* Kh *pänt ~ K. pad
 
(*goobɨ "mushroom" is a Slavic loan with a voiced initial to begin with.)
 
There are sporadically also similar examples not from nasals.
 
====With sibilants====
* Kh *kaač ~ '''*goož''' (or < *keŋäč? via *keŋčä??)
* NKh *xiiš ~ *këëdžɨ > U. '''gɨdžɨ''', K. kɨž
* Kh *toɬ ~ '''*dooz'''
* Smy *sisə ~ *kidźɨ > U. kidźɨ, K. '''giź'''
 
but not:
* *kaćɜ- > *koodź-
* #kAśɜ- > K. kaźal-
* #kośɜ > *kuuź
* #kowsə > #kwëëz
* *kusə- > *kɨzɨ-
* *ku(m?)śɜ > *kɨź
* *küsä > *kɨz
* *pečä > *poožɨm
* *pesä > *pooz
* *pEšä- > K. pëž-
* *pëśi > pë/ɨź
* *po(n?)ši- > *pooš-
* #pïča >  *puuž
* *pućir- > *pɨdźɨrt-
* *puśVn > *pɨź
* OU *kaač- ~ K. kuž-
* OU pii/es- ~ K. po(d)ź-
* MS pi/äs ~ pɨ/idźes
* Kh *köćəp ~ *kadź (could be *kVnśɜ-pɜ)
* Ma *kaśkə ~ U. kuź
* Ma *kiźe- ~ *kedźɨt
* Ma *pʊš ~ *pɨž
* Mo *kužə ~ *kuuš
* Mo pe/ižä ~ *po/ež
* F paahta- ~ *pɤɤž-
* S *kācāt- ~ K kadž
 
====With -Rd-====
* ObU *pɛɛrt ~ '''bördɨ''' (← IE *bʰrdʰ-?, late loan? *pijrə-tä-?)
* Ms *kürtəɣ ~ '''*goorda'''
 
—Medial *Rd is itself irregular; also in:
* FV *ertä ~ '''*oord''' (← preII *erdʰ-, late loan?)
* S #šerta ~ Ma šərt ~ U '''šurd''' ~ H ördög (~ Ru. čert, H ~ Ir.?)
* F kaltea ~ *këld
* Ma *wu/#ʊrðe- ~ '''*vörd-''' (*wirä-tä- per vocalism?)
but not:
* *käl-tä- > *kaalt-
* *ćëël-ta- > *ćëlt-
* *ko/ërt ← II *kārt-
* Sm *poarttē ~ *pu/ërt
* Sm *kërtë- ~ *kort
* Mo *mirďɜ ~ *moort (← II *mr̥t-)
* Mo *nurdə ~ *noort
* Ma *šʏrtə ~ *šort
* Smy #jüru ~ *joort
 
====With plain sonorants====
(TODO: *k-, *p-R-)
* *tar > U, K. '''dorɨn'''
* *täwðə > '''*dol'''
* *tüŋə > '''*diŋ'''
* OU *ti/ään ~ '''*doon'''
* Ma *tʏr ~ '''*door'''
* Ma *tʊɣər ~ '''de/ëra'''


A distinctiv later development is initial *r → ''?'' *dr → /dʐ/ in Udmurt.
but not:
* *panə- > *pon-
* *pańa- > K. poń--
* *päŋə > *pooŋ
* *penä > K. *poon
* *penɜ > *poon-ɤĺ
* *peńə > U. puńɨ, K. pań
* *pid₂mətä > *peĺmɨt
* *pilwə > *pil(--)
* *piŋə > *piń
* *puna- > *pun-
* *tara- > K. taral-
* *tarna > *tuurɨn
* *tälwä > *tol
* *tërəka > *tuuri
* *tolwa > *tul
* *tOrkɜ > K. tor
* *tulka > *tɨlɨ
* *tulə > *tɨl
* *tuna- > *tuun-
* #tuwlə > *tɤl
* *türə > *tɨr
* OU *tolək ~ K. tɨl
* H tér- ~ *te/ër-
* Mo. *pińəmə ~ K. panol
* Er tarďe- ~ K. tural-
* F *tallat- ~ K. taĺ-
* F *tetri ~ U. tur, K. tar (← Baltic)
* Fi pelme ~ pe/ëńm


[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Language families]]

Latest revision as of 00:32, 1 April 2015

The Permic languages are a branch of Uralic languages spoken in west-central Russia. The family is divided to Udmurt and Komi; the Permyak dialect of Komi is sometimes also included as a separate language.

Vowels

First syllable

Note: /ɤ/ here is actually a mid vowel, from the [ɤ̈] ~ [ɘ] ~ [ɵ] ballpark.

A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:

  • Stable vowels: *i *ɨ *uu *e *ɤ *a
    • Regular origins: *u *ü_a > *ɨ; *ü_ə *i > *i; *a *ë_a *ëCCə *o_a > *uu; ??; *ëCə > *ɤ; ??
      • Presumably: y > ʉ / _a, then u > ʉ, finally y ʉ > i ɨ.
    • Length in *uu is not assumed; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
  • Derounding (short?) vowels: *ö *o *u > Udmurt /o o ɨ/ > Komi /e ɤ u/
    • Origins largely irregular, but *ä > *o may be regular
    • (There does not seem to be an *ü > **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
  • A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ > U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
    • *oo actually may be split in two vowels, depending on Komi-Yazva (/o/ or /u/) and dialectal Udmurt (/u/ or /ʉ/) reflexes.
    • If from *e, expected *o becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos (ma sa tar va važ za). Could be simply due to an open syllable?
    • Regular origins: *e *aĆ > *oo; *oCCə > *ɤɤ
    • In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. (? *wolka, *woča)
  • A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *aa *åå > U. /a a/ ~ K. /ɤ o/
    • Regular origins: *äl > *aal (via *o?), *ko_a > *kwåå (*kačkə-, *kota, *kolo, korwa, *kośkə), *#a_ə > *#åå
  • The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
Conditional developments
  • Udmurt *o > a / [-alv]_l (*kälä-tä- *kälü *käwd₁ə *pälä *śälä- *wäd₁ä > kalt- kaĺi kal pal ćal- val; but *tälwä *täwðə > tol dol)
  • Komi *oo > a / _. (*metə *wetə *setə *sEtə *tetɜrɜ *wetəšä > ma va sa za tar važ)
    • contrast *śAta > *śoo > śo
  • Komi proper (*ɤɤ, *ɤ >) *ɤ > o / *w_, *kʷ_ (*oksə- #owŋə *owd₁əm *koksɜ *koktɜ *kolɜ- *kowsə > vos- vom von kos kot kol- koz; possibly *koskə- > kos-)
    • but retained in Permyak, Yazva
  • Komi *ɨ > i / #ć_ (*ćilV > ; U ćɨrɨ, Ma carä ~ ćir; common also non-initially)
  • Udmurt (*uu, *oo >) u > ɨ / _ĺ. (*kaðʲa- *koðʲV- *koðʲka *kujV-lV- *ńeljä #ćOlćV #EðʲV- > kɨĺ- kɨĺ- kɨĺ kɨĺĺɨ- ńɨĺ ćɨĺćo ɨĺ)
    • but NB bisyllabic *moðʲa *tuðʲkajm > mu.ĺɨ tu.ĺɨm
Awaiting explanation
K →
↓ U 		i e ɨ ɤ a u o
i (*i) /i/ ~ /(j)e/
(*śäŋkə, *läppa, *wü/äðəm, *jelma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɨ-/) 		*ńëlə, *künčə, *jürä
e (*e) *pära, *säppä, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća
- all ä-stems 		*kixə-ma, *mińä, *kiśka-
ɨ #wäśkä, *lämə, *mäćV
- might be a split from *ɨ or *ɤɤ 		(*ɨ) (*ɤɤ) (*u) *läktə-, #mäjäkä, #saala, *wotta-
ɤ *kiwə #pÄĺkä *nôla, *jäŋə (*ɤ) *purnV *kAl-, *oksə-
a #kälü, *orja, #pićlä (*ää?) (*aa) (*a) (*åå)
u *satVr *to, *sülə, *käpsa, *jowə, *liiwa *śüćV, *süd₂än (*oo.) (*uu) (*oo)
o *wiića-, *wita (*ö) (*o) *čokV-
  • /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täjə) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
  • /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmə - from *uujV?)

Note the trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from *ä (including *o.)

Standard Proto-Permic:

  Close #1 Close #2 Mid Open
Proto-Permic (Sammallahti) *ɪ *ɪ̵ *ʏ, *ʊ *i *ʉ *ɨ *y, *u *e *ɤ *ɵ *o *a
Proto-Permic (Itkonen) *i *ɨ *u *e *ɵ *o *ɛ *ʌ *ɔ *a
Komi i ɨ u e ɤ o †ɛ > e ɤ †ɔ > o a ɤ o ɤ e u
Komi-Yazva i ɵ u iː ɨː uː e ɵ o a ? ? ? ? ?
Udmurt i ɨ ‡u e ɤ ɨ ‡u e o u a ɤ o ɨ
My Proto-P. *i *ɨ *uu *e1
(*ee?)		 *ɤɤ *oo1 *e2 *o *oo2 *a *aa *åå *ɤ *ö *u

† Distinct /ɛ ɔ/ are attested in Old Komi (/ɔ/ also dialectally).
‡ Sammallahti's *y *ʏ occur for words that in SW Udmurt have /ʉ/ in place of expected /u/.

Later syllables

Notes from Csúcs (2005):

  • *ɨ > ∅ in Komi / VC_, V{r l}{p d t}_ (but not / VľC_ !)
    • *(w)ooskɨ 'branch' > vos : vosk-; but askɨ ~ askɨ? retention after -Sk- regular in verbs: juskɨ- ~ juskɨ-, miśkɨ- ~ mɨśkɨ-, sɨskɨ- ~ sɤskɨ-, oskɨ- ~ eskɨ-. But cf. *peksä- > *päsɨ- > posɨ- ~ pes-?
    • exceptions: dźuźɨ- ~ ruźɨ-; lɨktɨ- ~ lokt-, baśtɨ- ~ bośt-
  • *ɨli > uv in v-Komi (mostly remains > ɨl in l-Komi, though some contamination exists)
  • *-li *-ri > -ľi ~ -l, -ri ~ -r
  • *e > Komi ɨ (why not PP *ɤ > Udmurt e?)
    • but > Komi ɤ / _{b d g m r}, two examples of _s _ľ
  • *a remains normally; *a > *o in Udmurt nominals / uC_ (from both *oo, *uu)
    • unclear examples: bɤrńo ~ burńa (*u > ɤ??), gižlo ~ gɨžla, goľo ~ goľa (Loan K → U?), kočo ~ kača, ožo ~ eža
  • epenthesis: varɨp ~ vorop (P vorp, Jz urp) (why assume *-ɨ-, could be epenthetic in U too)
  • potential *-u- only in šabur ~ šabur (Wanderwört)

Additional comments:

  • ľoľo ~ ľɤľɤ 'milk' might be reduplication
  • possibly also epenthesis: K turɨn ~ turun, vurɨn ~ vurun
  • correspondence -ɨC ~ -ɤC is mostly / VC_{m n}!
    • but contrast aćim ~ aćɨm, kɨmɨ/in ~ kɨmɨ/iń, kuźɨm ~ koźin, śiźɨ/em ~ śiźɨ/im, K tɨlɨm turVn vurVn

Consonants

It appears that while *ð is generally lateralized, it is lost between vowels (AA, p.c.):

*ð > ∅ *ð > *l
V_V
  • *ëðə > *wåå "year"
  • *kuða(w)- > *kɨ(j)- "to weave"
  • *wiðä- > *vij- "to kill"
  • *wiðɜm(ə) > #veejəm "marrow"
  • *śVðäm(ə) > śu/ɤlem "heart" (maybe *śiwðäm?!)
w_V
  • #owðəm(ə) > *wɤlm > *wɤɤn(m-) "drape"
  • *käwðə > *kol "rope"
  • *täwðə > *dol "full"
  • *sool "bark" ~ Mo. *sud (*sowðə?)
V_R
  • *aðma > *alm > *oon(m-) "sleep"
V_P
  • #läpðä > *loop "spleen"
  • *śo/ëðka > *śuulɨ "goldeneye"

Obstruent voicing

Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting, in the inherited lexicon, voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast (outside of the change of initial *r > ? *dr > /dʐ/ in Udmurt), and some words even have voiced/voiceless variants.

In several cases, apparently a voiceless initial assimilates to a voiced medial:

  • *künčə >> *kidž > *giž
  • *kenta >> *kid > *gid
  • *kënta >> *kVd > K. gɨd
  • *kumpa >> *kɨb > *gɨb
  • *pončə >> *pɤɤdž > *bɤɤž
  • *sonta >> *suud > *zuud
  • *sompa >> *sVb > K. zɨb
  • *čeŋkə >> *čog > U. džog, žog

In Komi this is more common than in Udmurt:

  • *pontə >> *pVd > U. pud~bud, K. bed
  • *š/čamćə >> *šoodź > U. šudź, K. žodź
  • *kansa >> *kooz > U. kuz, K. goz
  • *puŋka >> *pVg > U. pog, K. bug

Sometimes this seems to be shared by Hungarian:

  • *tOmpɜ- >> *tɨb- > *dɨb-; Hu. dob- ("to knock" ~ "to thro", could be onomatopoetic. Check Trc)

However, the change is far from fully general:

  • *kunćə > *kɨdź "birch"
  • *kunćə > *kudź "urine" (+ *kunćə-lə "ant")
  • *tumtə- > *tod-
  • *künta > *kɨd
  • *čiŋka > *čög
  • *pEntɜ > *pod
  • *šoŋkɜ > *šoog
  • *čêŋka > *čog
  • *ś/ćäŋkɜ > *ćeeg
  • *kunćɜ > *kVdź (> U. kidźi-ĺi, K. këdźɨl)
  • *kamtə > K. kud
  • *konćɜ > K. kadź (cf. *ko(n)ć-ka > K. kaćka)
  • *sVŋśa- > K. sidź-
  • *süntə- > K. sod-
  • #šäŋtə > K. šogdi (bisyllabic? a derivativ?)
  • *pinta > U. ped
  • S *tōŋkē ~ *tuug
  • BF *kään-tä- ~ *ködž- (bad; BF a causativ)
  • Ma *kində ~ *kɨd
  • Ma *pʊndaš ~ *pɨdəs
  • ObU *ćumpəl ~ *ćib
  • ObU *kïïnt ~ *kuud
  • Kh *pänt ~ K. pad

(*goobɨ "mushroom" is a Slavic loan with a voiced initial to begin with.)

There are sporadically also similar examples not from nasals.

With sibilants

  • Kh *kaač ~ *goož (or < *keŋäč? via *keŋčä??)
  • NKh *xiiš ~ *këëdžɨ > U. gɨdžɨ, K. kɨž
  • Kh *toɬ ~ *dooz
  • Smy *sisə ~ *kidźɨ > U. kidźɨ, K. giź

but not:

  • *kaćɜ- > *koodź-
  • #kAśɜ- > K. kaźal-
  • #kośɜ > *kuuź
  • #kowsə > #kwëëz
  • *kusə- > *kɨzɨ-
  • *ku(m?)śɜ > *kɨź
  • *küsä > *kɨz
  • *pečä > *poožɨm
  • *pesä > *pooz
  • *pEšä- > K. pëž-
  • *pëśi > pë/ɨź
  • *po(n?)ši- > *pooš-
  • #pïča > *puuž
  • *pućir- > *pɨdźɨrt-
  • *puśVn > *pɨź
  • OU *kaač- ~ K. kuž-
  • OU pii/es- ~ K. po(d)ź-
  • MS pi/äs ~ pɨ/idźes
  • Kh *köćəp ~ *kadź (could be *kVnśɜ-pɜ)
  • Ma *kaśkə ~ U. kuź
  • Ma *kiźe- ~ *kedźɨt
  • Ma *pʊš ~ *pɨž
  • Mo *kužə ~ *kuuš
  • Mo pe/ižä ~ *po/ež
  • F paahta- ~ *pɤɤž-
  • S *kācāt- ~ K kadž

With -Rd-

  • ObU *pɛɛrt ~ bördɨ (← IE *bʰrdʰ-?, late loan? *pijrə-tä-?)
  • Ms *kürtəɣ ~ *goorda

—Medial *Rd is itself irregular; also in:

  • FV *ertä ~ *oord (← preII *erdʰ-, late loan?)
  • S #šerta ~ Ma šərt ~ U šurd ~ H ördög (~ Ru. čert, H ~ Ir.?)
  • F kaltea ~ *këld
  • Ma *wu/#ʊrðe- ~ *vörd- (*wirä-tä- per vocalism?)

but not:

  • *käl-tä- > *kaalt-
  • *ćëël-ta- > *ćëlt-
  • *ko/ërt ← II *kārt-
  • Sm *poarttē ~ *pu/ërt
  • Sm *kërtë- ~ *kort
  • Mo *mirďɜ ~ *moort (← II *mr̥t-)
  • Mo *nurdə ~ *noort
  • Ma *šʏrtə ~ *šort
  • Smy #jüru ~ *joort

With plain sonorants

(TODO: *k-, *p-R-)

  • *tar > U, K. dorɨn
  • *täwðə > *dol
  • *tüŋə > *diŋ
  • OU *ti/ään ~ *doon
  • Ma *tʏr ~ *door
  • Ma *tʊɣər ~ de/ëra

but not:

  • *panə- > *pon-
  • *pańa- > K. poń--
  • *päŋə > *pooŋ
  • *penä > K. *poon
  • *penɜ > *poon-ɤĺ
  • *peńə > U. puńɨ, K. pań
  • *pid₂mətä > *peĺmɨt
  • *pilwə > *pil(--)
  • *piŋə > *piń
  • *puna- > *pun-
  • *tara- > K. taral-
  • *tarna > *tuurɨn
  • *tälwä > *tol
  • *tërəka > *tuuri
  • *tolwa > *tul
  • *tOrkɜ > K. tor
  • *tulka > *tɨlɨ
  • *tulə > *tɨl
  • *tuna- > *tuun-
  • #tuwlə > *tɤl
  • *türə > *tɨr
  • OU *tolək ~ K. tɨl
  • H tér- ~ *te/ër-
  • Mo. *pińəmə ~ K. panol
  • Er tarďe- ~ K. tural-
  • F *tallat- ~ K. taĺ-
  • F *tetri ~ U. tur, K. tar (← Baltic)
  • Fi pelme ~ pe/ëńm
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