Proto-Uralic/-ka: Difference between revisions

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==Derivation==
==Derivation==
* *piði "tall" → *piðkä "id." (BF, Smy)
* *piðə 'tall' → *piðkä 'id.' (BF, Smy)
* *tuxli "wind" → tulka "feather" (Janhunen 2008) (does have OU mth.)
* *tu(x)lə 'wind' → tulka 'feather' (Janhunen 2008) (does have OU mth.)
* *päxli "side" → *pälkä "thumb" (Janhunen 2008)
* *pä(x)lə 'side' → *pälkä 'thumb' (Janhunen 2008)
* *ńäxli- "eat" → S *ńālkē "tasty", F *nälkä "hunger" (AASmy #1)
* *ńä(x)lə- 'eat' → S *ńālkē 'tasty', F *nälkä 'hunger' (AASmy #1)
* *ponči "tail" → FS *počka "thigh" (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
* *pončə 'tail' → FS *počka 'thigh' (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
* *ńëri "cartilage" → S *ńōrkēs, Ma *nörɣə, OU *ńëërəɣ (but Mo *nar) (OR; cf. MZhVoc #2)
* *ńërə 'cartilage' → S *ńōrkēs, Ma *nörɣə, OU *ńëërəɣ (but Mo *nar) (OR; cf. MZhVoc #2)
* *pakša "knot in tree" → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk ''-kä'') (and BF *pahka?)
* *pakša 'knot in tree' → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk ''-kä'') (and BF *pahka?)
* *peli- "to fear" → BF *pelko "fear", *pelkät- "to fear" (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
* *pelə- 'to fear' → BF *pelko 'fear', *pelkät- 'to fear' (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
* *čüŋi → FS *čüŋkä (Koponen 2001)
* *päŋə 'head' → S *pāŋkē 'headstall' (OR)
* *čüŋə → FS *čüŋkä (Koponen 2001)
* Bionym extention group:
* Bionym extention group:
** *pečä "pine" → BF *petäkä "id."
** *pečä 'pine' → BF *petäkä 'id.'
** *pićla "rowan" → BF *pihlaka "id."
** *pićlä 'rowan' → BF *pihlaka 'id.'
** *säwnV "ide" → BF *säynäkä "id."
** *säwnV 'ide' → BF *säynäkä 'id.'
** *tokta "Gavia arctica" → FS *toktaka "id." (or just S *toktēkē?)
** *tokta 'Gavia arctica' → FS *toktaka 'id.' (or just S *toktēkē?)
* Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
* Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
* *weri "blood" → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr "id" (''or *-w?'')
* *werə 'blood' → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr 'id' (''or *-w?'')
 
==No root, but trisyllabic anyway==
These words mostly appear to be limited to Finno-Permic.
* #kajaka "gull" (Mansi *kåjək)
* #majaka "beaver" (siffix not apparent in Permic)
* BF *jalaka "elm" (cf. *halaka, *salaka "willow" ← Gmc)
* BF *kataka "juniper" (versus Samic *koačēvē "prickly"?)


==Potential cases==
==Potential cases==
;With potentially related irregularities
;With potentially related irregularities
* Mari *l(k) → *l (but also eg. *walka- → *wale-, *mälki → *mel)
* Trisyllables (mostly limited to Finno-Permic)
** *śe/äälkä "back" (~ Li sälga, S *čēlkē)
** *ńuləka 'fir' (Smy *ńulkå!)
** *jalka "foot" (Ma *jal; but cf. *jälki)
** #kajaka 'gull' (Mansi *kåjək)
** #majaka 'beaver' (suffix not apparent in Permic)
** BF *jalaka 'elm' (cf. *halaka, *salaka 'willow' ← Gmc)
** BF *kataka 'juniper' (versus Samic *koačēvē 'prickly'?)
* Mari *l(k) → *l (but also eg. *walka- → *wale-, *mälkə → *mel)
** *śe/äälkä 'back' (~ Li sälga, S *čēlkē)
** *jalka 'foot' (Ma *jal; but cf. *jälki)
* Smy irregular *-ə
* Smy irregular *-ə
** *woŋka "hole" (cf. *oŋti, *omti "hole"?)
** *woŋka 'hole' (cf. *oŋtə, *omtə 'hole'?)
** *koðʲka "spirit"
** *koðʲka 'spirit'
* *śo/ëðka "duck" (FSM *śoðka)
* *śo/ëðka 'duck' (FSM *śoðka)
* *tu/üðka 'prod'
;Regular(ish)
;Regular(ish)
* *koska "aunt"
* *koska 'aunt'
* *ńačka "wet"
* *ńačka 'wet'
* *waŋka "handle"
* *waŋka 'handle'
* *taŋka "tassle"
* *taŋka 'tassle'
* *kaŋka "dry place"
* *kaŋka 'dry place'
* *puŋka 'clump'

Latest revision as of 18:31, 27 March 2015

Examples of this suffix:

Derivation

  • *piðə 'tall' → *piðkä 'id.' (BF, Smy)
  • *tu(x)lə 'wind' → tulka 'feather' (Janhunen 2008) (does have OU mth.)
  • *pä(x)lə 'side' → *pälkä 'thumb' (Janhunen 2008)
  • *ńä(x)lə- 'eat' → S *ńālkē 'tasty', F *nälkä 'hunger' (AASmy #1)
  • *pončə 'tail' → FS *počka 'thigh' (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
  • *ńërə 'cartilage' → S *ńōrkēs, Ma *nörɣə, OU *ńëërəɣ (but Mo *nar) (OR; cf. MZhVoc #2)
  • *pakša 'knot in tree' → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk -kä) (and BF *pahka?)
  • *pelə- 'to fear' → BF *pelko 'fear', *pelkät- 'to fear' (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
  • *päŋə 'head' → S *pāŋkē 'headstall' (OR)
  • *čüŋə → FS *čüŋkä (Koponen 2001)
  • Bionym extention group:
    • *pečä 'pine' → BF *petäkä 'id.'
    • *pićlä 'rowan' → BF *pihlaka 'id.'
    • *säwnV 'ide' → BF *säynäkä 'id.'
    • *tokta 'Gavia arctica' → FS *toktaka 'id.' (or just S *toktēkē?)
  • Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
  • *werə 'blood' → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr 'id' (or *-w?)

Potential cases

With potentially related irregularities
  • Trisyllables (mostly limited to Finno-Permic)
    • *ńuləka 'fir' (Smy *ńulkå!)
    • #kajaka 'gull' (Mansi *kåjək)
    • #majaka 'beaver' (suffix not apparent in Permic)
    • BF *jalaka 'elm' (cf. *halaka, *salaka 'willow' ← Gmc)
    • BF *kataka 'juniper' (versus Samic *koačēvē 'prickly'?)
  • Mari *l(k) → *l (but also eg. *walka- → *wale-, *mälkə → *mel)
    • *śe/äälkä 'back' (~ Li sälga, S *čēlkē)
    • *jalka 'foot' (Ma *jal; but cf. *jälki)
  • Smy irregular *-ə
    • *woŋka 'hole' (cf. *oŋtə, *omtə 'hole'?)
    • *koðʲka 'spirit'
  • *śo/ëðka 'duck' (FSM *śoðka)
  • *tu/üðka 'prod'
Regular(ish)
  • *koska 'aunt'
  • *ńačka 'wet'
  • *waŋka 'handle'
  • *taŋka 'tassle'
  • *kaŋka 'dry place'
  • *puŋka 'clump'
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