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| {{Infobox|name=Parseltongue-inspired (Fispa)|pronounce=ˈfispa:|tu=''Harry Potter'' world|species=Ophidic<br/>(snakes and snake-likes)|in=All over the HP world|no=''unknown''|script=''n.a.''|tree=Isolate|morph=Inflecting|ms=Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=[[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene Oh]]|date=July 2005}}
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| '''Parseltongue''' is a fictional language spoken by snakes in the ''Harry Potter'' series of novels (author: J. K. Rowling), whose known human speakers include the Lord Voldemort and Harry Potter. This language has, however, not been publicly described by Rowling and has no known form. | | '''Parseltongue''' is a fictional language spoken by snakes in the ''Harry Potter'' series of novels (author: J. K. Rowling), whose known human speakers include the Lord Voldemort and Harry Potter. This language has, however, not been publicly described by Rowling and has no known form. |
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| The '''Parseltongue''' referred to below in this article refers to '''Parseltongue-inspired''', a hypothetical form of the abovementioned snake-speak. Because the tongue has no written form, the text samples appearing hereafter are in romanised form. This language is an inflecting accusative language with a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order.
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| Being a language spoken by snakes and the like, Parseltongue, while having the complete basic plosive repertoire ({{IPA|[p]/[b] [t]/[d], [k]/[g]}}), is rich in sibilants and other fricatives, which occur at a far higher frequency. Plosives also assimilate frequently to neighbouring fricatives or sonorants.
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| <br/>
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| <div style="margin-left:50px;">
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| {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
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| !colspan=13 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
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| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
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| | ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || || {{IPA|h}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} || || {{IPA|tʃ}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || {{IPA|ʍ}} || {{IPA|w}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
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| |}
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| </div>
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| ====Assimilation====
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| Due to the inherent tendency of snakes (and hence their human inheritors of Parsetongue) to fricativise sounds, plosives commonly assimilate to neighbouring continuants (including aspirate stops), even across word boundaries, except where plosives are geminate. Regressive assimilation is the most common, and changes of the following types have been observed:
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| *{{IPA|[p]}} + ''fricative'' = labialised fricative (''e.g.'' '''pf''' = '''f<sup>w</sup>''')
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| *{{IPA|[b]}} + ''fricative'' = {{IPA|[v]}} + voiced fricative (''e.g.'' '''bth''' = '''vð''')
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| **Occasionally, complete assimilation occurs, e.g. '''vð''' becomes '''ðð'''.
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| *{{IPA|[t]}} + ''fricative'' = geminate fricative
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| *{{IPA|[d]}} + ''fricative'' = geminate voice fricative
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| *{{IPA|[k]}} + ''fricative'' = {{IPA|[x]}} + fricative = geminate fricative in certain cases
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| When followed by a {{IPA|[h]}}, whether or not separated by a vowel or diphthong, plosives are aspirated, eliding the {{IPA|[h]}}, and in some progressive dialects fricativise.
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| *E.g. {{IPA|[t]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = {{IPA|[tʰ]}} or {{IPA|[θ]}}
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| The velar plosives exhibit a slightly irregular pattern of fricativisation, and examples as illustrated below have been noted:
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| *{{IPA|[k/k]}} (i.e. across word boundaries) = {{IPA|[χ]}}
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| *{{IPA|[g]}} is frequently elided
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| With sonorants, devoicing frequently occurs before a fricative:
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| *{{IPA|[m]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = ''devoiced '''m'''''
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| *{{IPA|[r]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = ''devoiced '''r''''' or {{IPA|[hr]}}
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| *{{IPA|[l]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = ''devoiced '''l''''' or {{IPA|[hl]}}
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| **{{IPA|[l]}} + ''fricative'' sometimes causes the {{IPA|[l]}} to vocalise to an {{IPA|[u]}}
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| Frequently, intervocalic {{IPA|[h]}} is elided.
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| In the construction of the past tense (''see also [[#Verbs|Verbs]] below''), assimilation takes place regularly with consonant-stem verbs. In the text example provided [[#Example passage|below]], the past tense of "to like" is ''hinneis''; the stem of the verb is actually ''hil-'', but with the adding of the past tense suffix ''-n-'', the ''-l-'' of the stem completely assimilates, resulting in a geminate ''nn''.
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| {{Seealso|see=the [[#Diphthongs|Diphthongs]] section}}
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| ===Vowels===
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| Parseltongue vowels are generally ''voiceless'', unless preceded or followed by a nasal({{IPA|[m]}}, {{IPA|[n]}}) or liquid ({{IPA|[r]}}, {{IPA|[l]}}). They also have phonemic length, but the distinction is not usually made as speakers generally lengthen and shorten vowels at will, or elide them; only lengthening is substantially common, however, given the tendency of Parseltongue speakers to speak slowly. Occasionally, when two identical vowels occur consecutively (which happens only when they are across a word boundary or when an intermediate consonant, usually {{IPA|[h]}}, has been elided), the resulting sound may be four times as long as normally due to such arbitrary lengthening.
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| ====Monophthongs====
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| <div style="margin-left:50px;">
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| {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
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| !colspan=9 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
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| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
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| | ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
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| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
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| |}
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| </div>
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| The above table shows the phonemic vowels in Parseltongue. Among them, {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} have allophones of {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} respectively.
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| ====Diphthongs====
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| Historically, Parseltongue had four diphthongs, {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[ei]}}, {{IPA|[ao]}} and {{IPA|[au]}}. In modern times, only {{IPA|[ai]}} has remained unchanged over the years, while {{IPA|[ei]}} has become {{IPA|[e:]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} has become {{IPA|[o:]}} and {{IPA|[ao]}} has taken the place of {{IPA|[au]}}, leaving only two.
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| Diphthongs, like monophthongs, can also be lengthened, albeit in their case only for the first component vowel. For example, when {{IPA|[ai]}} is so lengthened, the resulting sound combination (no longer a diphthong, but two separate syllables) is {{IPA|[a:.i]}}.
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| Arbitrary lengthening sometimes also alters the quality of Parseltongue diphthongs, when the next vowel (irrespective of whether there is an intervening consonant) is identical to the second component in the diphthong. E.g. ''arsiæ hinneis'' "my sister liked" {{IPA|[ar.si.ˈai ˈhin.ne:s]}} (two words) > {{IPA|ar.si.ˈa:i ˈhi.ne:s]}} (two words) > {{IPA|ar.si.ˈa:.hi.ne:s]}} (as though one word).
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| ==Orthography==
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| ===Alphabet===
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| Parseltongue, having no native script, is romanised with English consonants and Italian vowels.
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| Vowels that cannot be reduced or elided are marked with an acute accent ( ́), while stress is normally unmarked. In the rare cases where a vowel is prohibited from arbitrary lengthening, a caron (an inverted circumflex) is used to mark the vowel.
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| The full alphabet of 22 letters used to romanise Parseltongue is as follows (sounds in IPA):
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| {|style="margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
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| ! Letter || Sound || Letter || Sound || Digraph || Sound
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| | Aa || {{IPA|a}} || Mm || {{IPA|m}} || Ai || {{IPA|ai}}
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| | Ææ || {{IPA|ai}} || Nn || {{IPA|m}} || Ao || {{IPA|au}}
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| | Bb || {{IPA|b}} || Oo || {{IPA|o}} || Au || {{IPA|o:}}
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| | Dd || {{IPA|d}} || Pp || {{IPA|p}} || Br{{footnote|2}} || {{IPA|bɯr}}
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| | Ee || {{IPA|e}} || Rr || {{IPA|r}} || Ch || {{IPA|tʃ}}
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| | Ff || {{IPA|f}} || Ss || {{IPA|s}} || Ei || {{IPA|e:}}
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| | Gg || {{IPA|g}} || Tt || {{IPA|t}} || Hw || {{IPA|ʍ}}
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| | Hh || {{IPA|h}} || Uu || {{IPA|u}} || Sh || {{IPA|ʃ}}
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| | Ii || {{IPA|i}} || Vv || {{IPA|v}} || Ts || {{IPA|ts}}
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| | Kk || {{IPA|k}} || Ww || {{IPA|w}}
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| | Ll || {{IPA|l}} || Yy{{footnote|1}} || {{IPA|ɯ}}
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| |}
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| {{footnote|1}} If, when {{IPA|[ɯ]}} elides in everyday speech, the preceding plosive is immediately followed by a fricative, assimilation takes place. When voiced plosives are followed by {{IPA|[h]}}, they are aspirated, e.g. ''dy hí'' "and who-ACC" {{IPA|[dɯhi]}} > {{IPA|[dhi]}} > {{IPA|[dʰi]}}.
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| {{footnote|2}} Historic {{IPA|[r̩]}} unpacked itself to become {{IPA|[ɯr]}}. When followed by a vowel, {{IPA|[ɯ]}} elides and the digraph becomes the consonant cluster {{IPA|[br]}}.
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| ===History===
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| ::''A fictional history involving J. K. Rowling's magical world in the'' Harry Potter ''series''
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| Romanisation of Parseltongue for writing was first done by English wizards in the 17th century, by the principle of having, as far as possible, one letter to one sound without using letters outside the basic Roman alphabet or extraneous diacritics. There is one odd extra letter, <æ>, adopted from the Icelandic alphabet, to represent the diphthong {{IPA|[ai]}}, but only where it denotes the first person genitive case (e.g. ''arsi'', sister; ''arsiæ'', my sister), the first-person verb ending (''-æ''), or the third-person masculine one (''-æs''). Besides the logically understandable diphthongs, digraphs are historically explicable:
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| *'''ch''' and '''sh''' were written as in English
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| *'''ts''' was adopted from romanisation of Greek and Russian
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Word order===
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| Basic Parseltongue word order is [[Subject Object Verb]], i.e. ''Sam eats oranges'' would be, literally translated, "Sam oranges eats", although, unlike most SOV languages, it makes use of pre- instead of postpositions.
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| Modifiers, including genitives, precede head nouns and verbs; more generally, subordinate clauses precede the particles that mark them, e.g. where English would have ''I thought that he was dead'' Parseltongue would say ''he was-dead that I-thought''. In that same vein, verbs precede their auxiliaries, going by the logic that, for example, the progressive verb "is driving" is a type of progressive aspect ('' to be -ing'') instead of a type of driving, since the verb inflection behaves according to the auxiliary.
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| ===Nouns===
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| Parseltongue does not mark nouns for gender or number, and, consequently, neither do adjectives, although the historical loss of such inflection has not occurred with pronouns, which survive in fossilised forms today, much as in English ''(see [[#Pronouns]] below)''. Inflection does survive in the case system, however, albeit barely, distinguishing the common, genitive and ablative cases (these latter also undergoing attrition). As with gender and number distinctions, pronouns have fossilised other once-marked cases like the dative (though not the locative) and the accusative.
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| ====Declension====
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| Historically, Parseltongue had three noun declension systems for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, each of which exhibited a fair degree of variation depending on the ending of the noun stem, through processes such as assimilation to achieve homophony. Later systematic analogical readjustments and phonetic attrition, however, served to level out the differences between the various case endings within genders (including the plural), spreading across genders as well. This resulted in the gradual fudging of the boundaries between different gender categories, culminating in their eventual loss, and the stabilisation of the one remaining declension paradigm today.
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| =====Common case=====
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| The common case is used, with the appropriate particles or prepositions in Parseltongue for the nominative, accusative, dative, locative, instrumental and vocative cases (the surviving genitive and ablative cases are discussed below), and is the basic form of the noun.
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| =====Genitive case=====
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| The genitive case marker, originally ''-VtV'', where ''V'' stands for a vowel homophonous in rounding and height with the last or predominant vowel in the stem, has gradually simplified to the near-clitic case marker ''-ti'' widespread today (ignoring subsequent phonological processes that change the ending further).
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| =====Ablative case=====
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| The ablative case has survived in its original form (''-igo'' or ''-ego'' depending on the height of the stem's dominant or last vowel) due to the analogy with the ablative case in the pronouns, although the general tendency is, now, to standardise both to ''-ego''. Besides being used for expressing movement away from and relation to (like the english words "concerning" or "about"), the ablative is also used to mark the standard of comparison with comparative adjectives: "him" in ''taller than him'' is marked ablatively ''(see also [[#Comparative adjectives]] below).
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| ====Pronouns====
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| =====Personal pronouns=====
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| As in English, gender in pronouns is only marked with the third-person, but unlike it Parseltongue marks the third-person plural as well, and compounds the gender endings to indicate that a group consists of more than one gender.
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| (pronoun paradigm here)
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| =====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
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| The demonstrative and relative pronouns in Parseltongue are relatively simply constructed, inflecting for only 2 cases each, possibly due to the fact that the demonstratives are omitted in most cases where they are concomitant with the noun to which they refer, and the relatives (a relatively modern invention through contact with English, an SVO language) can be omitted as well by placing the modifying verbs before them (e.g. ''shēsin takím arsiæ hinneis'' "that-one whom my-sister liked" is usually said as ''arsiæ hinneis shēsin'' in the mould of other SOV languages.
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| <br/>
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| {|style="margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%;"
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| !colspan=3| Demonstrative Pronouns
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| !style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%" colspan=2| English ||style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%"| Parseltongue
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| This ||style="text-align: center;"| com.{{footnote|1}} ||style="text-align: center;"| Tasin
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| |style="text-align: center;"| abl.{{footnote|2}} ||style="text-align: center;"| Tadego
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| That ||style="text-align: center;"| com. ||style="text-align: center;"| Shēsin
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| |style="text-align: center;"| abl. ||style="text-align: center;"| Shedego
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| |}
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| <br/>
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| {|style="margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%;"
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| !colspan=3| Relative Pronouns{{footnote|3}}
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| !style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%" colspan=2| English ||style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%"| Parseltongue
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| Who ||style="text-align: center;"| nom.{{footnote|4}} ||style="text-align: center;"| Takēm
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| |style="text-align: center;"| acc.{{footnote|5}} ||style="text-align: center;"| Takím
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| Which ||style="text-align: center;"| nom. ||style="text-align: center;"| Nadēm
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| |style="text-align: center;"| acc. ||style="text-align: center;"| Nadím
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| When ||style="text-align: center;"| nom. ||style="text-align: center;"| Hásēm
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: center;"| acc. ||style="text-align: center;"| Hásim
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| Where ||style="text-align: center;"| nom. ||style="text-align: center;"| Húdēm
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| |style="text-align: center;"| acc. ||style="text-align: center;"| Húdim
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| Whose ||style="text-align: center;"| nom. ||style="text-align: center;"| Hidēm
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| |style="text-align: center;"| acc. ||style="text-align: center;"| Hidím
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| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2| How ||style="text-align: center;"| nom. ||style="text-align: center;"| Horēm
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: center;"| acc. ||style="text-align: center;"| Hórim
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| |}
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| {{footnote|1}} Common case<br/>
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| {{footnote|2}} Ablative case<br/>
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| {{footnote|3}} Relative pronouns, with the exceptions of ''who'' and ''which'', are formed directly from the corresponding interrogatives.<br/>
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| {{footnote|4}} Nominative case<br/>
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| {{footnote|5}} Accusative case
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| <br/>
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| =====Interrogative pronouns=====
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| The interrogative pronouns are distinct from the relative pronouns, unlike in English, and, because of their nature as being only interrogative, are invariable. All Parseltongue interrogatives begin with a ''h'' (which in certain dialects has undergone regular fortition to {{IPA|[s]}}).
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| <br/>
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| {|style="margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%;"
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| !style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%"| Parseltongue ||style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%"| English
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hí ||style="text-align: center;"| Who
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hē ||style="text-align: center;"| What
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hás ||style="text-align: center;"| When
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hán ||style="text-align: center;"| Why
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hút ||style="text-align: center;"| Where
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hití ||style="text-align: center;"| Whose
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| |-
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| |style="text-align: center;"| Hór ||style="text-align: center;"| How
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| |}
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| ===Adjectives===
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| ===Verbs===
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| ====Aspect, mood and tense====
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| ===Adverbs===
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| ==Example passage==
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| The following example passage of Parseltongue is a translation of the Parseltongue dialogue between Tom Marvolo Riddle and Morfin, recorded in English in ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', pp.341-2:
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| {|style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%;"
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| !style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 35%"| English ||style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 35%"| Parseltongue ||style="background: #dfdfdf; width: 30%"| Phonetic transcription
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| |style="padding-right: 8px;"| “Stop.”
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| “You speak it?”
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| “Yes, I speak it. Where is Marvolo?”
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| “Dead. Died years ago, didn’t he?”
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| “Who are you, then?”
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| “I’m Morfin, ain’t I?”
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| “Marvolo’s son?”
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| “’Course I am, then… I thought you was that Muggle. You look mighty like that Muggle.”
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| “What Muggle?”
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| “That Muggle what my sister took a fancy to, that Muggle what lives in the big house over the way. You look right like him. Riddle. But he’s older now, i’n ’e? He’s older’n you, now I think on it… He come back, see.”
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| “Riddle came back?”
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| “Ar, he left her, and serve her right, marrying filth! Robbed us, mind, before she ran off! Where’s the locket, eh, where’s Slytherin’s locket? Dishonoured us, she did, that little slut! And who’re you, coming here and asking questions about all that? It’s over, innit… it’s over…”
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| |style="padding-left: 8px;" valign=top| “Psā!”
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| “Efe iska?”
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| “Sā, skæ. Hút fis Marvolo?”
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| “Tæn. Suōs tænas, au?”
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| “Simī hí fú?”
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| “Dē Morfin, au?”
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| “Tuva Marvolī ?”
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| “Sasōl, ebei? Shēsin Muggle saum hwinæ. Tōr shēsin Muggle harisa.”
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| “Hē Muggle?”
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| “Shēsin takím arsiæ hinneis, shēsin Muggle takēm zi aotī heis pi kæs. Me fua harisa. Riddle. E na kalpa fis, au? Kalpava dēgo, na orilæ. Attas, o.”
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| <br/><br/>“Riddle attanas?”
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| “Ar, ī stanas, chāsa, spak kastú! Orrē eisnais, ēhī, pabr ītnais! Hút for hívulo, i? Hút for Slǐstrikti hívulo? Orrē aswafanais, paifā! Dy hí fú, bes lālú, mespārú tso hāsla? Pēlos, au, pēlos...”
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| |valign=top| {{IPA|psa:!}}
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| {{IPA|efˈfi:ska:?}}
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| {{IPA|ˈsa:ska:i. ˈhu:ffis marˈvo:lo?}}
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| {{IPA|ˈta:in. swo:s ˈta:inaza:u?}}
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| {{IPA|ˈsim̥i:fu:?}}
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| {{IPA|de: ˈmo:rvina:u?}}
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| {{IPA|ˈtu:va marˈvo:li:?}}
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| {{IPA|sa:ˈso: leˈbe:? ˈʃe:sim ˈmʌgl̥ ˈsɔmʍina:i. to:r ˌʃe:siˌmʌgl̥aˈri:sa.}}
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| {{IPA|ˈhe:mʌgl̥?}}
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| {{IPA|ˈʃe:sin ˌtakimarsiˈa:hine:s, ˌʃe:siˈmʌgl̥ takɛmziˈzuti: ˈhe:spika:is. mefua:::ˈri:sa. ˈɹɪdl. enaˈka:lpafizza:u? kalˌpa:vaˈde:go:, ˈnaurila:i. ˈatazo:.}}
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| <br/><br/>{{IPA|ˈɹɪdl ˈa:tana:s?}}
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| {{IPA|ˈa: ri:staˈna:s, ˈtʃa:sa, spaˈka:stu! oˈre:sna:is, e:, pa:ˈbri:tna:is! ˈhu:ffo ˈr̥i:vuli:? ˈhu:ffor slistrikˈtʰi:vulo:? oˈre: asˈwa:fna:is, ˈpʰa:ifa:! ˈdʰi:fu:, bɛsˈla:lu, mɛsˈpa:rutso: ˈha:sla:? ˈpe:loza:u, ˈpe:los...}}
| | ===Related or descended conlangs=== |
| | * [[Parseltongue-inspired]], aka ''Fispa'' |
