Proto-Uralic/P: Difference between revisions
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! *-pp- | ! *-pp- | ||
| *č/ćappa- | | *č/ćappa- 'to chop', *säppä 'gall', *śeppä 'skilled'<!--*kuppa 'boil', #ta/uppa- 'to stomp'; FP *räppä 'smoke hole'; FV *čappa 'sour', *koppala 'grouse hen'; FMo *käppä 'paw', *tuppa- 'to fill'--> | ||
| *ëppə | | *ëppə 'father-in-law', *lappə 'flat', *woppə- 'to learn'<!--FV *koppə 'mold'; FS *tüppə- 'to be engulfed'--> | ||
| *ćuppɜ | | *ćuppɜ 'top', *läppɜ 'cover'<!--#läppɜd₁ɜ 'spleen'; FMs *kBppɜ 'swimbladder'; CH *ćippɜ- 'to pinch'; MaH *čappɜ 'pale'; PH *šAppɜ- 'to dry'; FV *luppɜ 'lichen'; WU *kuppɜ 'cup'--> | ||
| 3 : 3 = 1 | | 3 : 3 = 1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-p- | ! *-p- | ||
| *čupa | | *čupa 'thin', *kopa 'skin', *lapa 'blade', *śepä 'neck'<!--PEU *apa 'older sis'; FP *repä ~ H ravas 'fox' ← II--> | ||
| *jepəkä | | *jepəkä 'owl' | ||
| *kepɜ | | *kepɜ 'light'<!--FP *kipɜ 'spark'--> | ||
| 4 : 1 = 4 | | 4 : 1 = 4 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-w- | ! *-w- | ||
| *uwa | | *uwa 'flow', *üwä 'belt', *lüwä- 'to shoot', #nïwa- 'to dehair' (?), *powa- 'to blow', *puwa- 'to strangle' (?), *tiwä 'deep'<!--SKh *läwä 'youngster'?--> | ||
| *kiwə | | *kiwə 'stone', *lë/owə 'bone', *sewə- 'to eat', *śawə 'clay', *śowə 'mouth'<!--FV *lowə 'gap'; FMo *tewə 'work'; FS *repə- 'to tear'--> | ||
| *tä(w)wɜ | | *tä(w)wɜ 'lung' (?)<!--WU *śAwɜ 'smoke'--> | ||
| 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1 | | 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-tt- | ! *-tt- | ||
| *wo/ëtta- | | *wo/ëtta- 'to take' (?)<!--MoSmy *jotta- 'to go'; or Mo ← B--> | ||
| #kowɜttə | | #kowɜttə '6' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-t- | ! *-t- | ||
| *itä- | | *itä- 'to appear', *kota 'hut' (← IE), *pata 'pot', *śa/ëta '100' (← IE), *we/ätä- 'to pull'(← IE)<!--FP #rita 'trap'; MaP *ja/ëta- 'to ask'; FMo *uTar 'udder' ← IE--> | ||
| *kätə | | *kätə 'hand', *wetə 'water'<!--FP *sëtə 'axle'; FV #sïto- 'to bind'; FS *totə 'true'--> | ||
| #nato | | #nato 'sib-in-law'<!--FP *latɜ 'track' ← B.--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-d₁- | ! *-d₁- | ||
| *śad₁a- | | *śad₁a- 'to rain' | ||
| *ad₁ə- | | *ad₁ə- 'to sleep', *ed₁ə 'front', *nüd₁ə 'handle', *pid₁ə 'long', *wid₁ə- 'to kill'<!--FP *kud₁ə- 'to weave'--> | ||
| *küd₁ɜ | | *küd₁ɜ 'middle', *küd₁ɜ 'bro-in-law', #pad₁o 'dam, wall', #wid₁ɜm 'marrow' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-kk- | ! *-kk- | ||
| *d₂okka- | | *d₂okka- 'to push' (?), *lakka 'roof', *lükkä- 'to push', *pakka- 'to burst'<!--FP *mükkä 'mute', *tukka 'bundle'--> | ||
| *ćo/ukkə | | *ćo/ukkə 'top', *ra/ëkkɜ- 'to bild' (?)<!--#śukkə 'piece'; Ug *jokkə- 'to stick in'--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-k- | ! *-k- | ||
| *eKä | | *eKä 'uncle', *čäKä- 'to put on', *čoka 'shallow', *jekä 'age' (← IE), *jëka- 'to divide', #lïka- 'to wash', *luka '10', *muka 'back', *śekä 'catfish', *taka 'behind'<!--FP *je/äkälä 'lichen', *śuka- 'to sharpen'; SMo *le/äkä 'valley'--> | ||
| *kokə- | | *kokə- 'to find', *lukə- 'to read', *näkə- 'to see', *nükə- 'to tear', *tekə- 'to do', *wäkə 'power'<!--FKh *me/äkə 'hill'; FS *rükə- 'to coff'--> | ||
| *juka~*jukə~*jokə | | *juka~*jukə~*jokə 'river'<!--MaOU *mäkɜ 'honey' (?); FP *nikɜ 'new'--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *-x- | ! *-x- | ||
| - | | - | ||
| #jëxə- | | #jëxə- 'to drink', *mexə- 'to sell', *mëxə 'earth', *kixə- 'to rut', #poxə (-w-?) 'wood', *saxə- 'to receive', *suxə- 'to row', *śixələ 'hedgehog', *toxə- 'to bring', *wexə- 'to take (to)', *wixə- 'to take (from)'<!--PEU *toxə 'lake'; Ug *jüɣ- 'to come'; FP *šokə- 'to say'--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 13:15, 22 September 2014
| A-stems | ə-stems | Unclear | Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-pp- | *č/ćappa- 'to chop', *säppä 'gall', *śeppä 'skilled' | *ëppə 'father-in-law', *lappə 'flat', *woppə- 'to learn' | *ćuppɜ 'top', *läppɜ 'cover' | 3 : 3 = 1 |
| *-p- | *čupa 'thin', *kopa 'skin', *lapa 'blade', *śepä 'neck' | *jepəkä 'owl' | *kepɜ 'light' | 4 : 1 = 4 |
| *-w- | *uwa 'flow', *üwä 'belt', *lüwä- 'to shoot', #nïwa- 'to dehair' (?), *powa- 'to blow', *puwa- 'to strangle' (?), *tiwä 'deep' | *kiwə 'stone', *lë/owə 'bone', *sewə- 'to eat', *śawə 'clay', *śowə 'mouth' | *tä(w)wɜ 'lung' (?) | 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1 |
| *-tt- | *wo/ëtta- 'to take' (?) | #kowɜttə '6' | ||
| *-t- | *itä- 'to appear', *kota 'hut' (← IE), *pata 'pot', *śa/ëta '100' (← IE), *we/ätä- 'to pull'(← IE) | *kätə 'hand', *wetə 'water' | #nato 'sib-in-law' | |
| *-d₁- | *śad₁a- 'to rain' | *ad₁ə- 'to sleep', *ed₁ə 'front', *nüd₁ə 'handle', *pid₁ə 'long', *wid₁ə- 'to kill' | *küd₁ɜ 'middle', *küd₁ɜ 'bro-in-law', #pad₁o 'dam, wall', #wid₁ɜm 'marrow' | |
| *-kk- | *d₂okka- 'to push' (?), *lakka 'roof', *lükkä- 'to push', *pakka- 'to burst' | *ćo/ukkə 'top', *ra/ëkkɜ- 'to bild' (?) | ||
| *-k- | *eKä 'uncle', *čäKä- 'to put on', *čoka 'shallow', *jekä 'age' (← IE), *jëka- 'to divide', #lïka- 'to wash', *luka '10', *muka 'back', *śekä 'catfish', *taka 'behind' | *kokə- 'to find', *lukə- 'to read', *näkə- 'to see', *nükə- 'to tear', *tekə- 'to do', *wäkə 'power' | *juka~*jukə~*jokə 'river' | |
| *-x- | - | #jëxə- 'to drink', *mexə- 'to sell', *mëxə 'earth', *kixə- 'to rut', #poxə (-w-?) 'wood', *saxə- 'to receive', *suxə- 'to row', *śixələ 'hedgehog', *toxə- 'to bring', *wexə- 'to take (to)', *wixə- 'to take (from)' |
