Proto-Uralic/new: Difference between revisions

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Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
Finnic *i-a, Samic *o-ē, Mordvinic *o-ə
* *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
 
* *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, '''bold''' marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal.
*Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially
==*ê==
{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! Finnic !! Samic !! Mordv. !! Mari !! Permic !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoy.
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_i (std. *e_i ?)
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || peĺe- || - || *pool- || feel- || *pil- || *pel- || *pêj-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || ''*wöör'' <!--Hi @ ~ Me ü-->|| *vir || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veti || - || veď || ''*wööt'' || U. vu ~ K. va || '''viiz''' || *wit || - || *wêt
| ← IE?
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *mên-
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to hit"
| ''*löö-'' || - || - || ''*lüe-'' || K. lɯj- || '''löv-''' || *li- || - || *jöw-
| WTF. *lêxi? *lêwi?
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*víkɤ-'' <!--*i/uxi > *í/úki is regular-->|| ''vije-'' || - || *vaj(ɯ)- <!-- M in Udmurt-->|| '''vi-''' || *wi- || *we- || -
| *êx > *ix in S/Mo??
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤké || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.?
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS <font color=red>áccagas || eže- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || mekš || ''*mükš'' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← II?
|-
| "honey"
| *meti || - || meď || ''*müj'' || U. mu ~ K. ma|| meez || - || - || -
| ← II?
|-
| "2"
| '''*kakti''' || '''*kókté''' || '''kavta''' || '''kok''' || *kɯk || keet || *kit || '''*kiit, käät''' || *kêtä
| FV *kakta
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*köör'' || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti
| ObU *kEr
|-
| "skin"
| *keti || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || - || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *əšte- <!-- Hi ə ~ Me ɤ--> || K. eštɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *ləštaš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *têki
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti- ~ E meikka- || - || meče || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_i in *ê-system (all long or difthongal? see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*äx]])
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || *paaj- || - || *pi-
| *pexi; cf. *pêsi !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *séjɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś <!--U. śis ~ K. siś-->|| eev || style="color:red"| *säj || *ɬöj || *tiəj
| *sexji
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čáná''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || '''*šiinəɣ''' || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śexni, ObU *šEnəɣ
|-
| "to drink"
| *seemV- || - || śime- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| (check if a loan)
|-
| "girl"
| style="color:red"| *nej-ti || *néjtɤ || ni || - || *nɯl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || *nê
| ObU *nEŋ
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *léwlɤ || - || - || *lool || leelek || *liil || *liil || -
| ObU *lEl
<!--|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| Plain *e? Cf. "to hit" -->
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *véljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapé || ĺepä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B.
|-
| "corn"
| *jüvä || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɯki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || *kɤrvé- || - || - || - || kerül- || *kir- || '''*käärəɣ-''' || -
|-
| "to cook"
| - || *pɤsé- || - || - || *pɤɤž- || (föö-) || '''*piit-''' || '''*pääɬ-''' || -
| ObU *pEɬ
|-
| "glue"
| *tümä || *ðɤmé || - || - || *ĺem || - || - || - || *jêmä
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðém || śedeɲ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv || *šim || *sem || '''*sejə'''
|-
| "man"
| *ürkä || - || - || *erɣe || - || -ër || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ü_a (for comparision)
|-
| "to push"
| *lükkä- || - || - || - || - || lök- || *lük- || *lök- || -
|-
| "thick"
| - || *kɤsé || - || *kööžgə || *kɯz || - || - || *köɬ || -
|-
| "elbow"
| *küünärä || style="color:red"| '''*kɤrńélé''' || keńeŕ || *kəńer || *gɯr(dža) <!-- -ja in K.-->|| köńök  || *küŋgəl || *köń-ŋääj || -
|-
| "with"
| *möö || *mɤŋé- || mej || *möŋgə <!-- Hi *ə ~ Me *ö-->|| K. mɯ- || mög- || - || - || -
|-
| "wart"
| *süklä || '''*čivlé''' || '''śiĺge''' || *šəɣəĺe || - || süĺ || - || - || -
|-
| "village"
| *külä || '''*kɤlɤj''' || - || - || - || - || *kül || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *sürjä || - || style color="red"| '''šiŕä''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ripe"
| *küpsä || IS kopša || - || '''*kiś-''' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsä- || - || pezo- || pižä- || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *pista-
|-
| "holy"
| *pühä || *pɤsé || peže- || || || || || ||
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvé || čiva || - || *šaań || - || - || - || -
| Hi. ''šu'' "healthy" prob. doesn't belong
|-
| "cold"
| *külmä || *kɤlmé || keĺme || *kəlmə || *kɯnmɯ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to push"
| style="color:red"| *süsä- || *sɤskɤ- || - || *šööška- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to gnaw"
| *jürä- || - || - || - || U. jir ~ K. jɯr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | West *ê; East ??
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || śeve- || - || U. śij ~ K. śoj || ëv- || *tää- || *ɬii- || -
| Sibilant mismatch
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | West *e; East *ê
|-
| "to sell"
| *müü- || *mékɤ- || mije- || - || *med || - || *miɣ- || *me- || '''*mi-'''
| *mexi
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasé || pizə || *pəžäš || *pooz || feesek || *pit || *peɬ || *pêtä
|-
| "thumb"
| style="color:red"| '''*peukalo''' || *pealké || '''päĺkä''' || - || U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pev || - || - || - || *pêj
| ZERO regularity.
|}
 
==*ô==
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="11" | *ô_i
|-
| "3"
| *kolme || *kolmɤ || kolmo || *kɤɤm || U. kwiń ~ K. kujim || haarom || *kuurəm || *kooləm || -
|-
| "minor river"
| *joki || *jokɤ || jov || *joɣə || *ju || joo || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || - || -
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jooɣən || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
| "dry"
| *koski || koškɤ- || kośke- || *kaškə- || U. kwaś ~ K. koś || - || - || - || *kåsə-
| F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ  ibid.
|-
| "bow"
| *jouci || '''*jóksɤ''' || joŋks || *jaaŋež || - || iij || *jaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə
| *-ŋs-
|-
| "bosom"
| *povi || '''póŋɤ''' || Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || *poɣəl || -
|-
| "snot"
| *nolki || '''*snólkɤ''' || nolga || - || - || ńaal || - || - || -
| Or *o with Mo. irregular
|-
| "wet"
| *loppa || - || lopa-vto- || *lɤɤp || K. lap || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| "stick"
| *ponti || - || ponda || *paanðə || U. pud ~ K. bed || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| "to sieve"
| *pohti- || - || ponžavto- || - || *poož- || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| "straw"
| *olki || - || olgo || - || - || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| "valley"
| *lotma || - || ložmo || - || - || - || - || - || - ||
| Phonotax non-Uralic
|-
| "to sink"
| *lonteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| "shameful; lazy"
| *nolo || - || nola || - || - || - || - || - || - ||
 
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="11" | *ô_a
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "I"
| "I"
| *minä || *mon || mon || *məń || U. mon ~ K. me || een || *äm || *mä || *mən
| *minä || *mon || mon || *məń || *mö(n)<!-- -n in U.--> || een || *äm || *mä || *mən
| rowspan="2"| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
| rowspan="2"| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "thou"
| "thou"
| *tinä || *ton || ton || *tiń || U. ton ~ K. te || te || - || - || *tən
| *cinä || *ton || ton || *tiń || *tö(n) || te || - || - || *tən
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "bird"
| "bird"
| *lintu || *lonté || - || style="color:red"| *lɤɤðə || - || luud || *luuntə || *låånt || -
| *lintu || *lontē || - || style="color:red"| *lʊðə || - || luud || *luuntə || *låånt || -
| also cf. Kh. *ɭüüntii "bunting"
|-
|-
| "sleeve"
| "sleeve"
| *hija  || '''*soajé''' || || || *sooj || ujj || *tɯɯjət || *ɬɯɯt || '''*tüəj'''
| *hija  || '''*soajē''' || - || *sokš || *sooj<br/>U. *sajes || ujj || *tɤɤjət || *ɬɯɯt || '''*tüəj'''
| #soja, #soja-ksə
|-
|-
| "sleeve"
| "sleeve"
| *hiha || *sɤsé || oža || sokš || || || || ||
|style="color:red"| *hiha ||style="color:red"| *sɤsē || oža || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. / S. *š- by contam. with the prev.
|-
|-
| "phloem"
| "phloem"
| *nila || *ńɤlɤ || nola || Me. nolo || U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla || - || *ńol || *ńal || -
| *nila || ''*ńɤlɤ'' || nola || *nalə || U. ńɨ/ɤl ~<br/>K. ńɨla || - || '''*ńɯl''' || *ńaL || -
|-
| "to curse"
| *kiro- || *kɤrō- || kor- || - || - || - || *kor- || *koorəm || *kərä-
| close to *u
|-
|-
| "to wash"
| "to wash"
| *liko- || - || - || - || - || - || *låwt- || *loɣɯɯt- || -
| *liko- || - || - || - || - || - || *lowt- || *loɣɯɯt- || -
|-
|-
| "to curse"
| "to thro"
| *kiro- || *kɤro- || kor- || - || - || - || *kår- || *koorəm || *kərä-
| *viska- || - || - || - || - || - || E+N *wośkə- || W *waćkə- || -
| close to *u
|-
|-
| "to scrape"
| "to scrape"
| *vito- || *vɤco- || - || - || *vušt- || vaasik- || '''*ašeɣ-''' || *wooč- || -
| *vito- || *vɤcō- || - || - || *vuušt- || vaasik- || '''*ašeɣ-''' || *wooč- || -
| close to *u
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "skin"
| *iho || *ɤsé || jožo || Hi. juž || K. ež || - || - || - || -
| *iho || *ɤsē || jožo || Hi. juž || K. ež || - || - || - || -
| ← II *iza- ?!
|-
| "green, yellow,<br/>poison, hate"
| *viha, *viherä<!--note *aCV > eCV--> || - || ožo || *ʊžar || *vöž, K viž || - || - || - || -
| NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II
|-
| "to sharpen"
| *hijo- || *sɤjē- || style="color:red"| šova- || style="color:red"| *šʊme- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bind"
| "yeast; foam"
| *sito- || - || sodo- || šüðüš || - || - || - || - || -
| ''*hiiva'' || - || *šoŋ || *šoŋ || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← B. *šiiva- "white"?
|-
|-
| "to pluck"
| "to pluck"
| *kitko- <!-- Es. kitku- --> || *kɤské- || kočko- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *kickõ/o- <!-- Es. kitku-, Vo. kitkõ- --> || *kɤckē- || kočko- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/I|*kiske-]]
|-
| "to bind"
| *sito- || - || sodo- || '''*šüðəkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| PreF *ï confirmed by Vo. sitõk "bind"!
|-
|-
| "to sharpen"
| "to sit"
| *hijo- || *sɤjé- || style="color:red"| šova- || style="color:red"| *šɤɤme- || - || - || - || - || -
| *istu- || (*i(š)tɤ-) || oza- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Unclear medial. S. ← F.
|-
|-
| "price"
| "price"
Line 339: Line 73:
|-
|-
| "pig"
| "pig"
| *sika || - || '''tuvo''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *cika || - || '''tuvo''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. raising before -v-?
| Mo. raising before -v-?
|-
|-
Line 345: Line 79:
| *pinta  || - || ponda || - || U. ped || - || - || - || -
| *pinta  || - || ponda || - || U. ped || - || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc.
| Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc.
|-
| "ski"
| *sipakka || *sɤpēkkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stretch"
| *piŋko- || *pɤŋkē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Or *i_a.
|-
| "brest"
| *rinta || *rɤntē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rapids"
| (Fi. niva) || *ńɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Rather F. ← S.
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|}
<!--
|-
|-
| "side"
| ""
| *peeli || *pealjé || piĺä || *pɨlɨš || *peĺ || fül || *päĺ || *pel || --
| || || || || || || || ||
| *e_ä with Finnic secondary *i-stem?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "power"
| *peeksä- || - || pikse- || - || U. pos- ~ K. pes- || - || - || - || *pitV-
| *into || ES '''*ont-''' || - || - || *ɤdɨ || - || - || - || -
| Just e(x)_ä, looks like
| Or F. ← Gmc *inθōn
-->
|}

Latest revision as of 10:54, 6 September 2014

Finnic *i-a, Samic *o-ē, Mordvinic *o-ə

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy.
"I" *minä *mon mon *məń *mö(n) een *äm *mä *mən Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
"thou" *cinä *ton ton *tiń *tö(n) te - - *tən
"bird" *lintu *lontē - *lʊðə - luud *luuntə *låånt - also cf. Kh. *ɭüüntii "bunting"
"sleeve" *hija *soajē - *sokš *sooj
U. *sajes		 ujj *tɤɤjət *ɬɯɯt *tüəj #soja, #soja-ksə
"sleeve" *hiha *sɤsē oža - - - - - - F. / S. *š- by contam. with the prev.
"phloem" *nila *ńɤlɤ nola *nalə U. ńɨ/ɤl ~
K. ńɨla		 - *ńɯl *ńaL -
"to curse" *kiro- *kɤrō- kor- - - - *kor- *koorəm *kərä- close to *u
"to wash" *liko- - - - - - *lowt- *loɣɯɯt- -
"to thro" *viska- - - - - - E+N *wośkə- W *waćkə- - close to *u
"to scrape" *vito- *vɤcō- - - *vuušt- vaasik- *ašeɣ- *wooč- - close to *u
"skin" *iho *ɤsē jožo Hi. juž K. ež - - - - ← II *iza- ?!
"green, yellow,
poison, hate" 		*viha, *viherä - ožo *ʊžar *vöž, K viž - - - - NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II
"to sharpen" *hijo- *sɤjē- šova- *šʊme- - - - - -
"yeast; foam" *hiiva - *šoŋ *šoŋ - - - - - F. ← B. *šiiva- "white"?
"to pluck" *kickõ/o- *kɤckē- kočko- - - - - - - Cf. *kiske-
"to bind" *sito- - sodo- *šüðəkš - - - - - PreF *ï confirmed by Vo. sitõk "bind"!
"to sit" *istu- (*i(š)tɤ-) oza- - - - - - - Unclear medial. S. ← F.
"price" *hinta - čonda - - - - - -
"pig" *cika - tuvo - - - - - - Mo. raising before -v-?
"surface, body" *pinta - ponda - U. ped - - - - Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc.
"ski" *sipakka *sɤpēkkē - - - - - - -
"to stretch" *piŋko- *pɤŋkē- - - - - - - - Or *i_a.
"brest" *rinta *rɤntē - - - - - - -
"rapids" (Fi. niva) *ńɤvē - - - - - - - Rather F. ← S.
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"power" *into ES *ont- - - *ɤdɨ - - - - Or F. ← Gmc *inθōn
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