Proto-Samic: Difference between revisions

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==Sound changes from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
==Sound changes from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
'''Possibly original:'''
'''Possibly original:'''
* e → ɪ / _Ci (see [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê]])
* e → ɪ / _Cə
* e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ)
* e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ)
* Vx → Və → Vː / _C


===Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ "Finno-Volgaic")===
===Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ "Finno-Volgaic")===
'''Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic'''
'''Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic'''
* ë → a
* a > å / _Cə (except for C ∈ {j ś x})
* ðʲ → ð (also lʲ → l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals remain)
* ë > a
** NB: Sammallahti posits ðʲ → θ / V_C (*käðʲwa "weasel" → *káθwé → NS ''gád'''f'''e'' - but can this be ruled out for ''ð''? Cf. *kotwa > IS ''kuáđfi'')
* d₁, d₂ > ð (also ĺ > l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals remain)
** NB: Sammallahti posits d₂ → θ / V_C (*käd₂wä 'weasel' → *kāθvē → NS ''gád'''f'''e'' - but can this be ruled out for ''d₁''? Cf. *koTwa → IS ''kuáđfi'')


'''Shared with Mordvinic'''
'''Shared with Mordvinic'''
* ü → i (feeds the next changes)
* å > o
* i → iː / _{j x}
** ə > a / åC*_
* u → uː / _{w x}
* ü > i (feeds the next changes)
* i u → ɪ ʊ (*iː *uː remain) (also shared with Ugric, Nenets!)
* i u > ɪ ʊ (also occurs in Ugric, Nenets, Hill Mari)
** i > i / _{j x}
** u > u / _{w x}


===Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic===
===Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic===
* V → Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!)
* V > Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!)


'''a-umlaut'''
'''a-umlaut'''
* eː äː oː → ea aː oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!)
* eː äː oː > ea aː oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!)


* x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt by now only occurring in newer derivativs/loans)
* x, ŋ > w / _t
* ? ŋ → w / _ć (*(k/s)lāvćā ~ H. ''légy'', or ONo ''kleggi'')


'''Spirant fortition'''
'''Spirant fortition'''
* ś x → ć k / _V
* ś x > ć k / _V
* PS *ć (written also *č) is perhaps describable as a palatal stop, so we may be dealing with a process [sʲ ~ ɕ] → [ç] → [c]. Note that original *s *š remain sibilants!
* PS *ć (written also *č) is perhaps describable as a palatal stop, so we may be dealing with a process [sʲ ~ ɕ] > [ç] > [c]. Note that original *s *š remain sibilants!
* PS *ś (likewise also written *š) remains elsewhere
* PS *ś (likewise also written *š) remains elsewhere
** śj, sj → śś
** śj, sj > śś
** ðj → ðś <!-- *nōðśō → nuotio, vai onks tää taas substituusio [+pal] > j / _B? outside of Ume Samic further → rś -->
** ðj > ðś <!-- *nōðśō > nuotio, vai onks tää taas substituusio [+pal] > j / _B? outside of Ume Samic further > rś -->
* ð → θ / #_ (South/Ume h-, elsewhere merges with *t-)
* ð > θ / #_ (South/Ume h-, elsewhere merges with *t-)


'''Fronting of postalveolars'''
'''Fronting of postalveolars'''
* tʃ ʃ <č š> → ts s <c s>
* tʃ ʃ <č š> > ts s <c s>


'''Preaspiration''
'''Preaspiration''
* Pː → ʰPː (both grades; affricates as well)
* Pː > ʰPː (both grades; affricates as well)


'''Popular areal changes'''
'''Popular areal changes'''
* w → ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with [[Finnish|Finnic]], [[Mordvinic]], [[Mari]])
* w > ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with [[Finnish|Finnic]], [[Mordvinic]], [[Mari]])
* j → ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this)
* j > ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this)
* w → v (even syllable-finally)
* w > v (even syllable-finally)


'''Raising & epenthesis''' (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic)
'''Raising & epenthesis''' (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic)
* äː ɑː → eː oː / [+STR]
* äː ɑː > eː oː / [+STR]
* ∅ → v / #_oː
* ∅ > v / #_oː
* ∅ → j / #_eː
* ∅ > j / #_eː
* aː → eː / [-STR]<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;except remains / [-STR]_ɪ<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; → iː / [-STR]_j
* aː > eː / [-STR]<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;except remains / [-STR]_ɪ<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; → iː / [-STR]_j
* oː → uː / [-STR]_ɪ
* oː > uː / [-STR]_ɪ


Gradation could be described around here?
Gradation could be described around here?


'''Cluster stuff'''
'''Cluster stuff'''
* tr → rtt (in loans)  
* tr > rtt (in loans)  
* k → v / _j (*rōvjē *vōvjē, possibly *tāvjē if not from Fi. *taɣja; South S. has -kś-)<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;_l (*keavlē *kōvlē- *nāvlē *tōvlē; *ćīvlē with *ük > *iv > *īv ?!)<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;_ń (*ćóvné)<!-- _r (*ćeavrés ~ BF *sakarva?!)-->
* k > v / _j (*rōvjē *vōvjē, possibly *tāvjē if not from Fi. *taɣja; South S. has -kś-)<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;_l (*keavlē *kōvlē- *nāvlē *tōvlē; *ćīvlē with *ük > *iv > *īv ?!)<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;_ń (*ćóvné)<!-- _r (*ćeavrés ~ BF *sakarva?!)-->
* t → r / _n (*vōrnē-; but PGmc *bodam → *ponné, later loan?)
* t > r / _n (*vōrnē-; but PGmc *bodam → *ponnē, later loan?)
* n → s / _s (*kāssē *koassē *kōssē<!--"guest", < *kansa--> *peassē *vōssē)
* n > s / _s (*kāssē *koassē *kōssē<!--"guest", < *kansa--> *peassē *vōssē)
* ŋ → k / _s (*jōksɤ)
* ŋ > k / _s (*jōksɤ)


'''Centralization''' (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym *ɤnārɤš → Finnish ''Inari'')
'''Centralization''' (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym *ɤnārɤš → Finnish ''Inari'')
* ɪ ʊ → ɤ o
* ɪ ʊ → ɤ o
There may have also been a high lax unrounded back vowel (see [[Proto-Uralic/new#*ô|ô_a]]). A merger into that might provide the motivation for the unusual back reflex of PU *i.
There may have also been a close unrounded back vowel (see [[Proto-Uralic/new#*ï|ï_a]]). A merger into that might provide the motivation for the unusual back reflex of PU *i.
<hr>
<hr>
This results in the following inventory:
This results in the following inventory:
Line 73: Line 74:
/ea oa/ are traditionally analyzed as [ɛː ɔː] rather than [ea oa], however I'm at a loss to explain how would *ɑː end up as *oː in that case.
/ea oa/ are traditionally analyzed as [ɛː ɔː] rather than [ea oa], however I'm at a loss to explain how would *ɑː end up as *oː in that case.


The shortening of iː uː → i u, the backing of e → ɤ and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo (when stress'd) may postdate Proto-Samic; the former two have bimoraic/front reflexes /ij uv e/ in South Samic. At any rate, as eg. *a *e in Scandinavian loans ends up as *ā *ē, the "long" vowels must've been the unmarked series.
The shortening iː uː → i u and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo (when stress'd) may postdate Proto-Samic; in South Samic, the former two have bimoraic/front reflexes /ij uv/, and in South Sami proper, *ea has merged into *ē, which then yields /ea/ before *ā. At any rate, as eg. *a *e in Scandinavian loans ends up as *ā *ē, the "long" vowels must've been the unmarked series.


==Sound changes to individual Sami languages==
==Sound changes to individual Sami languages==
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* m → b̥ / _P[-LAB] (*b̥d̥ *b̥ć̥ remain distinct from *pt *pć; also *ćɤmkɤ → *ćɑpkɑ; partially also in South)<br/>&nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; →
* m → b̥ / _P[-LAB] (*b̥d̥ *b̥ć̥ remain distinct from *pt *pć; also *ćɤmkɤ → *ćɑpkɑ; partially also in South)<br/>&nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; →
* N₁ → P / _N₂ (ie. nm mn → tn pm)
* N₁ → P / _N₂ (ie. nm mn → tn pm)
* "kŋ" → ʔŋ (*tōkŋɤ, *ākŋō; South ŋ, Inari/Kildin/ vŋ, Skolt ŋː. Mari/Komi #tum-?)
* vŋ → ʔŋ (*āvŋō, *tōvŋɤ, ? *vōvŋɤ; South ŋ, Inari/Kildin/ vŋ, Skolt ŋː. Mari/Komi #tum-?)
* ck ćk ćm → sk śk śm (also Ume, Inari, Kemi, northern Skolt; check other affricate clusters?)
* ck ćk ćm → sk śk śm (also Ume, Inari, Kemi, northern Skolt; check other affricate clusters?)
* strong grade of singletons merges with weak grade of geminates (also Inari, Skolt, Akkala; mostly also Ume, but four degrees attested dialectally!!)
* strong grade of singletons merges with weak grade of geminates (also Inari, Skolt, Akkala; mostly also Ume, but four degrees attested dialectally!!)
Line 137: Line 138:
==Medial consonants==
==Medial consonants==


Data extracted from Juhani Lehtisalo: ''Yhteissaamelainen sanasto'' ([http://www.sgr.fi/english/sust_engl.html SUST] vol. 200) with some addenda from other literature
Data extracted from Juhani Lehtisalo: ''Yhteissaamelainen sanasto'' ([http://www.sgr.fi/english/sust_engl.html SUST] vol. 200), with some addenda from other literature <!--dun up2 p46 on Álgu, 8 pages of null-index crap left-->


{|
{|
Line 145: Line 146:
|-
|-
! p
! p
| 33 || 26 || '''0.79'''
| 35 || 27 || '''0.74'''
|-
|-
! t
! t
| 31 || 16 || '''0.52'''
| 32 || 16 || '''0.50'''
|-
|-
! c
! c
Line 157: Line 158:
|-
|-
! k
! k
| 63 || 32 || '''0.51'''
| 65 || 32 || '''0.49'''
|-
|-
! s
! s
| 36 || 8 || ''0.22''
| 38 || 8 || ''0.21''
|-
|-
! ś
! ś
| 5 || 3 || 0.60
| 5 || 4 || 0.80
|-
|-
! l  
! l  
Line 169: Line 170:
|-
|-
! r
! r
| 92 || 1 || 0.011
| 95 || 1 || 0.011
|-
|-
! ð
! ð
| 27 || 2 || 0.074
| 28 || 2 || 0.071
|-
|-
! v
! v
| 30 || 2 || 0.067
| 31 || 2 || 0.065
|-
|-
! j
! j
Line 181: Line 182:
|-
|-
! m
! m
| 44 || 1 || 0.023
| 50 || 1 || 0.020
|-
|-
! n
! n
Line 187: Line 188:
|-
|-
! ń
! ń
| 12 || 0 || 0
| 13 || 0 || 0
|-
|-
! ŋ
! ŋ
Line 233: Line 234:
| style="background:#cfff8f"| ps ||
| style="background:#cfff8f"| ps ||
| pð || style="background:#bfffef"| pl || style="background:#bfffef"| pr
| pð || style="background:#bfffef"| pl || style="background:#bfffef"| pr
| ||
| || pj
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A
| 7
| 7
Line 271: Line 272:
| 12
| 12
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#ffaf8f"| 25-26 roots
| || style="background:#ffaf8f"| 25-27 roots
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| [[Sibilant|Sbl]]
! rowspan="2" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| [[Sibilant|Sbl]]
Line 308: Line 309:
| || style="background:#cfff8f"| ll ||
| || style="background:#cfff8f"| ll ||
| style="background:#afffaf"| lv || style="background:#cfff8f"| lj
| style="background:#afffaf"| lv || style="background:#cfff8f"| lj
| style="background:#ffcf8f"| lm ||style="color:gray"| ln ||style="color:gray"| lń ||style="color:gray"| lŋ
| style="background:#ffcf8f"| lm || style="background:#bfffef"| ln ||style="color:gray"| lń ||style="color:gray"| lŋ
| 25
| 25
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
! r
! r
| style="background:#cfff8f"| rp || style="background:#ffcf8f"| rt || ||style="color:gray"| rć || style="background:#ffa0a0"| rk
| style="background:#cfff8f"| rp || style="background:#ffcf8f"| rt || || rć || style="background:#ffa0a0"| rk
| rs ||style="color:gray"| rš
| rs ||style="color:gray"| rš
| || ||style="color:gray"| rr
| || ||style="color:gray"| rr
Line 370: Line 371:
|-
|-
! j
! j
| || style="background:#bfffef"| jtt <!--6-->||style="color:gray"| jcc || || jkk
| || style="background:#afffaf"| jtt <!--7-->||style="color:gray"| jcc || || jkk
| 10
| 10
|-
|-

Latest revision as of 11:02, 5 September 2014

Proto-Samic is the reconstructed last common ancestor of the Samic languages. It was spoken in the 1st millennium CE in the area of modern-day northern Finland. (If extinct southern languages are included, this dating will likely become both older and more southern. Stem-group para-Samic languages have from toponymic evidence once been spoken as far south as the Baltic coast)

Sound changes from Proto-Uralic

Possibly original:

  • e → ɪ / _Cə
  • e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ)

Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ "Finno-Volgaic")

Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic

  • a > å / _Cə (except for C ∈ {j ś x})
  • ë > a
  • d₁, d₂ > ð (also ĺ > l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals remain)
    • NB: Sammallahti posits d₂ → θ / V_C (*käd₂wä 'weasel' → *kāθvē → NS gádfe - but can this be ruled out for d₁? Cf. *koTwa → IS kuáđfi)

Shared with Mordvinic

  • å > o
    • ə > a / åC*_
  • ü > i (feeds the next changes)
  • i u > ɪ ʊ (also occurs in Ugric, Nenets, Hill Mari)
    • i > i / _{j x}
    • u > u / _{w x}

Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic

  • V > Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!)

a-umlaut

  • eː äː oː > ea aː oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!)
  • x, ŋ > w / _t

Spirant fortition

  • ś x > ć k / _V
  • PS *ć (written also *č) is perhaps describable as a palatal stop, so we may be dealing with a process [sʲ ~ ɕ] > [ç] > [c]. Note that original *s *š remain sibilants!
  • PS *ś (likewise also written *š) remains elsewhere
    • śj, sj > śś
    • ðj > ðś
  • ð > θ / #_ (South/Ume h-, elsewhere merges with *t-)

Fronting of postalveolars

  • tʃ ʃ <č š> > ts s <c s>

'Preaspiration

  • Pː > ʰPː (both grades; affricates as well)

Popular areal changes

  • w > ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with Finnic, Mordvinic, Mari)
  • j > ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this)
  • w > v (even syllable-finally)

Raising & epenthesis (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic)

  • äː ɑː > eː oː / [+STR]
  • ∅ > v / #_oː
  • ∅ > j / #_eː
  • aː > eː / [-STR]
         except remains / [-STR]_ɪ
          → iː / [-STR]_j
  • oː > uː / [-STR]_ɪ

Gradation could be described around here?

Cluster stuff

  • tr > rtt (in loans)
  • k > v / _j (*rōvjē *vōvjē, possibly *tāvjē if not from Fi. *taɣja; South S. has -kś-)
         _l (*keavlē *kōvlē- *nāvlē *tōvlē; *ćīvlē with *ük > *iv > *īv ?!)
         _ń (*ćóvné)
  • t > r / _n (*vōrnē-; but PGmc *bodam → *ponnē, later loan?)
  • n > s / _s (*kāssē *koassē *kōssē *peassē *vōssē)
  • ŋ > k / _s (*jōksɤ)

Centralization (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym *ɤnārɤš → Finnish Inari)

  • ɪ ʊ → ɤ o

There may have also been a close unrounded back vowel (see ï_a). A merger into that might provide the motivation for the unusual back reflex of PU *i.

This results in the following inventory:

  • long vowels */iː eː ea aː oa oː uː/ <ī ē ea ā oa ō ū>
  • short vowels */ɤ o/ <ë o>

/ea oa/ are traditionally analyzed as [ɛː ɔː] rather than [ea oa], however I'm at a loss to explain how would *ɑː end up as *oː in that case.

The shortening iː uː → i u and the diphthongization eː oː → ie uo (when stress'd) may postdate Proto-Samic; in South Samic, the former two have bimoraic/front reflexes /ij uv/, and in South Sami proper, *ea has merged into *ē, which then yields /ea/ before *ā. At any rate, as eg. *a *e in Scandinavian loans ends up as *ā *ē, the "long" vowels must've been the unmarked series.

Sound changes to individual Sami languages

Proto-Samic to Proto-Western Samic

  • preaspiration spreds to strong grade simple stops/affricates
  • ŋm → mː
  • ŋv → vk ([vg̊]) (versus East *vː, so why not just PS *vː?)
  • NP → Bː (also affricates; later also in Inari, Skolt, Kemi, possibly South; cf. Scandinavian)
  • ś → jʰ / _{n t k} (counterfeeds medial voicing in South)
  • Nː → ʔN (orthographic <bm dn>; counterfeeds gemination in South)

PWS to South Samic

  • θ ð → h r
  • Short vowel split
    • ë o ī ū → ɨC uC ɨj uv / open 1st syllable (+ gemination after *ë *o)
    • ë o ī ū → a a ɨ u / closed 1st syllable
    • Possibly works better if preceding the lowering *i *u → *ë *o (!!)
  • ē ea → ië ie
  • ē ë ō → ie e u [-STR] (& more complications, but this'll do)
  • umlauts
    • ɨ u a → i y ä / _C*ie
    • a → ä / _C*u (if from *ë)
    • ɨ a → y o / _v
  • medial voicing of plain stops

Proto-W Samic to Proto-NW Samic

Comprises Northern, Lule & Pite Sami.

  • ɤ → ɑ (also Inari; some dialects historically had ɤ → e / _C*{i u})
  • m → b̥ / _P[-LAB] (*b̥d̥ *b̥ć̥ remain distinct from *pt *pć; also *ćɤmkɤ → *ćɑpkɑ; partially also in South)
      nbsp; nbsp; →
  • N₁ → P / _N₂ (ie. nm mn → tn pm)
  • vŋ → ʔŋ (*āvŋō, *tōvŋɤ, ? *vōvŋɤ; South ŋ, Inari/Kildin/ vŋ, Skolt ŋː. Mari/Komi #tum-?)
  • ck ćk ćm → sk śk śm (also Ume, Inari, Kemi, northern Skolt; check other affricate clusters?)
  • strong grade of singletons merges with weak grade of geminates (also Inari, Skolt, Akkala; mostly also Ume, but four degrees attested dialectally!!)
  • repeat: Nː → ʔN (later in Ume where 4 lengths attested; perhaps not common West Samic at all)
  • N → ʔN / r_
  • p → β / _ʰk (strong grade)
  • θ → t / #_

PNWS to Lule-Pite

  • vj → jv (sporadically in North, Ume, South; or does this go before *kj > vj?)
  • ð → d̥ / C_

PNWS to North Sami

  • ie ea oa uo → iː eː oː uː / _C*V[+hi], further → i e o u / _hC etc.
  • eː oː → i u / [-STR]

(other vowel stuff probs too?)

  • k → ɣ / _{s ʰt ʰć} (strong grade; also East, Lule)
  • p b̥ → k / _{t c ć s ś} (both grades)
    • further → ɣ in most dialects
  • ɣ → v / _C
    • Sammallahti claims v → k / _S, strong grade, but what's wrong with retention + analogy on *vs *vś?
  • p [b̥] → β / _{r l ð}
    • further βr βð → rv ðβ
    • also Inari, partially Skolt, Lule
  • N → T / Vs_, with sń → st
    • spred irregularly to other idioms
    • sm generally retain'd
  • t [d̥] → ð / V_V (weak grade; Finnish influence? also Inari, Skolt)
  • lm rd̥ jg̊ vs → lmː rd̥ː jg̊ː vsː (wtf?)
  • θv → ðf (wtf? could be handled better, I'm sure)

Medial consonants

Data extracted from Juhani Lehtisalo: Yhteissaamelainen sanasto (SUST vol. 200), with some addenda from other literature

Singleton medials (+ geminates for comparision)
-C- -CC- ratio
p 35 27 0.74
t 32 16 0.50
c 26 14 0.54
ć 16 7 0.44
k 65 32 0.49
s 38 8 0.21
ś 5 4 0.80
l 68 14 0.21
r 95 1 0.011
ð 28 2 0.071
v 31 2 0.065
j 36 1 0.028
m 50 1 0.020
n 43 4 0.093
ń 13 0 0
ŋ 24 0 0
Two-consonant clusters (proper numbers TBA)
2nd →
1st ↓ 		p t c ć k s ś ð l r v j m n ń ŋ ∑ Notes Frequency color code
N m mp mt mc mć N/A N/A mm mn 7 single root
n nt nc nć nn 16 2-3 roots
ŋ ŋk ŋs (ŋm) 9 4-6 roots
P p pp pt pc pć pk ps pð pl pr pj N/A 7 7-10 roots
t tt tk N/A N/A tv 3 11-14 roots
c cc ck 3 15-18 roots
ć ćć ćk ćm 19-22 roots
k kt kc kć kk ks kś kl kv (kŋ) 12 25-27 roots
Sbl s st sk ss N/A sv sm sn sŋ 2 29+ roots
ś śt śk śś śm śn 5
Spr ð ðk ðð ðv ðŋ 2
L l lp lt lć lk ls lś ll lv lj lm ln lń lŋ 25
r rp rt rć rk rs rš rr rv rj rm rn rń rŋ 10
sV v vt vc vć vk vs vś vð vl vr vv vj vn vń vŋ 6
j jp jt jk js jð jl jr jv jj jm jn jŋ 6
∑ 4 19 7 37 7 10 (1) 3 1 0 6 5 7 1 4
Geminate clusters
2nd →
1st ↓ 		pp tt cc ćć kk ∑
m mpp 1
l lpp ltt lćć lkk 16
r rtt rcc rćć rkk 18
v vkk 7
j jtt jcc jkk 10
∑ 3 18 3 5 23

Comments

  • *-tr- in IE loans is substituted by metathesized *-rtt-.
  • *ðð is found in two words and may have been phonetically [-θð-].
  • I would reconstruct *kv rather than *ŋv for the set of words showing WS *-vk-, ES *-vv-. This allows setting up a constraint against nasal+semivowel clusters & is supported by Scandinavian loan etymologies.
  • Some unsecure clusters (in parentheses) may result from variable adoption of substrate loanwords:
    • "*ŋm" is based on a single word showing WS *-ŋ-, Inari -ŋ-, -vŋ- in rest of ES.
    • "*kŋ" is based on two words showing NWS *-ŋ-, versus Peninsular ES *-vŋ-. Inari and Skolt Sami have -ŋ- for the first, -vŋ- for the 2nd.
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