Silendion: Difference between revisions
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====Glides, Nasals and Liquids==== | ====Glides, Nasals and Liquids==== | ||
There were two glides, a palatal [j] and a labial [w]. There were also at least three nasal phonemes [n], [m] and [ŋ] and two liquid phonemes [l] and [r]. Liquids and two of the nasals are written double in a number of contexts, and the evidence suggests that [n], [m], [l], and [r] were opposed to geminate, or doubled, nasals and liquids. In some cases a clear contrast is made, indicating that the difference was phonemic. | There were two glides, a palatal [j] and a labial [w]. There were also at least three nasal phonemes [n], [m] and [ŋ] and two liquid phonemes [l] and [r]. Liquids and two of the nasals are written double in a number of contexts, and the evidence suggests that [n], [m], [l], and [r] were opposed to geminate, or doubled, nasals and liquids. In some cases a clear contrast is made, indicating that the difference was phonemic. The nasal [n] and the liquids [l] and [r] also appeared contrastively in palatalized forms [nʲ], [lʲ] and [rʲ], respectively. | ||
====Fricatives and Affricates==== | ====Fricatives and Affricates==== |
Revision as of 11:43, 18 March 2006
Silendion | |
---|---|
Pronounced: | [silɛndiɔn] |
Species: | human |
Spoken: | Hesperidia |
Total speakers: | extinct |
Writing system: | Alphabetic, similar to Mongolian |
Genealogy: | Mixed Language (Minoan-Chrysaeglian) Silendic |
Typology | |
Morphological type: | agglutinative > fusional |
Morphosyntactic alignment: | Fluid-S |
Basic word order: | SOV, free |
Credits | |
Creator: | Epeuthutēbetēs |
Created: | late 2003- |
Classical Silendion, also known as Hesperidian, is an extinct, non-Indo-European language believed to have been spoken in the Azores and the Madeira Islands from approximately the time of the Trojan War until shortly before the time of Herodotus. Greek texts from the Alexandrian library that have since disappeared tell us that the small descendant community living in Carthage and on the Purple Islands believed that their ancestors had lived on an island outside the gates of Heracles that had since sunken beneath the waves. The size of the island is unclear, since some said it was the size of Sicily, while others claimed it was as large as Iberia or even Gaul.
Scholars believe that the indigenous people were perhaps distantly related to the Basques. Later on, a group of Eteocretan-speaking proto-Minoans migrated for still unknown reasons, bringing their early Cretan civilization with them and strongly influencing the existing culture; at this time, cities started to emerge on the island, and a mixed language arose from the bilingualism of the two populations. After the Trojan War, Mycenaean-Greek-speaking Salaminians and Aegeans who had been driven to the island by stormy weather on the seas settled and culturally assimilated to the native population but left a clear mark on parts of the verbal morphology.
General Characteristics
Phonology
Vowels
Vowel System
Classical Silendion had at least six short vowel phonemes and five long vowel phonemes.
Short Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
High | i | y | u | |||||||
Near-high | ||||||||||
High-mid | ||||||||||
Mid | ||||||||||
Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||||||
Near-low | æ | |||||||||
Low | a |
Long vowels are indicated by double writing, also called plene writing, for example in Hittite: da-a-at-ti [dāti] 'you take', pe-e-da-as [pēdas] '(s)he took away', or i-it [īd] 'go!'.
Long Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
High | i | u | ||||||||
Near-high | ||||||||||
High-mid | e | o | ||||||||
Mid | ||||||||||
Low-mid | ||||||||||
Near-low | ||||||||||
Low | a |
Diphthongs
There are several diphthongs, although the exact number is under dispute. [āi], [ēi] and [ōi] were probably long diphthongs, from several sources. There were also three corresponding short diphthongs [ai], [ei] and [oi]. There were probably also at least five other diphthongs: [au], [eu], possibly [ou], [iu] and [ui].
Consonants
Stops
There were ten stops, and there is no evidence to indicate that their distribution was affected by sound change.
There were eight stops, and there is no evidence to indicate that their distribution was affected by sound change during the 500 years during which Hittite was written.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatalized Alveolar | Velar | Labiovelar |
---|---|---|---|---|
[p] | [t] | [tʲ] | [k] | [kʷ] |
[b] | [d] | [dʲ] | [g] | [gʷ] |
Silendion also had true geminate, or doubled, stops, for example atta 'father' [atta].
Glides, Nasals and Liquids
There were two glides, a palatal [j] and a labial [w]. There were also at least three nasal phonemes [n], [m] and [ŋ] and two liquid phonemes [l] and [r]. Liquids and two of the nasals are written double in a number of contexts, and the evidence suggests that [n], [m], [l], and [r] were opposed to geminate, or doubled, nasals and liquids. In some cases a clear contrast is made, indicating that the difference was phonemic. The nasal [n] and the liquids [l] and [r] also appeared contrastively in palatalized forms [nʲ], [lʲ] and [rʲ], respectively.
Fricatives and Affricates
Silendion had at least one voiceless alveolar fricative [s], which contrasted with a geminate [ss]. The existence of corresponding voiced [z] and [zz] was rhotacized early on to [r] and [rr], respectively. Silendion also had the following fricatives that did not appear in geminate form:
Labial | Dental | Velar | Labiovelar |
---|---|---|---|
[f] | [þ] | [h] | [hʷ] |
[v] | [ð] | [ɣ] = ∅ | [ɣʷ] = [w] |
There was one affricate, [ts], which surfaced only as an allophone of [s].
Phonotactics
Morphophonemics
Word Stress
Person
Nominal System
Nouns
Gender and Animacy
Suffixaufnahme
Adjectives
Predicative Verbs
adjective paradigm table
- See also [[{{{1}}}]] for more information
Comparison
Adverbs
Personal Pronouns and Determiners
Spatial and Discourse Deixis
Adpositions
Conjunctions
Verbal System
Tense-Aspect Systems
Durative System
Aorist System
Perfect System
Voices
Moods
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Optative
Conditional
Potential
Non-finite Forms
Infinitives
Participles
Converbs
Supines
Present System Conjugation
The gerund is never used by itself but only as a converb-generating form.