ʾAšdu Yat-Vṛḵaž: Difference between revisions
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= Phonology = | = Phonology = | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{|class="wikitable article-table" style=" | {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+Normal Vowel Phonemes | |+Normal Vowel Phonemes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width: 40px; " |Front | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width: 40px; " |Central | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width: 40px; " |Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Close | !Close | ||
| i | | '''ī''' [i] | ||
| ɨ | | '''i''' [ɨ] | ||
| u | | '''ū''' [u] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Close-mid | !Close-mid | ||
| e | | '''ē''' [e] | ||
| | | | ||
| o | | '''ō''' [o] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Mid | !Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| ə | | '''u''' [ə] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open-mid | !Open-mid | ||
| ɛ | | '''e''' [ɛ] | ||
| | | | ||
| ɔ | | '''o''' [ɔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | !Open | ||
|colspan="3"| a | |colspan="3"| '''a''' [a] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 22:42, 6 June 2014
Vrkhazhi (YŠKK YT-VṚḴẔKM Yaškik Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam) is a Northern Hašakaṃ language of the Athimošiye language family. The earliest form of this language, Ancient Vrkhazhi was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ī [i] | i [ɨ] | ū [u] |
| Close-mid | ē [e] | ō [o] | |
| Mid | u [ə] | ||
| Open-mid | e [ɛ] | o [ɔ] | |
| Open | a [a] | ||
| IPA | Letter | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Monopthongs | ||
| a | a | bra,father, cot, bad |
| ɛ | e | bet |
| e | ē | bay, face |
| ɔ | o | or, for, cot |
| o | ō | road |
| ə | u | under |
| u | ū | zoo |
| ɨ | i | roses |
| i | ī | bee |
| Dipthongs | ||
| ae̯ | aẏ | like eye |
| oe̯ | oẏ | like boy |
| ao̯ | aẇ | like cow |
| IPA | letters | Example |
|---|---|---|
| iər | ir | ear, fear |
| eər | er | air, fair |
| ɔər | or | for, pour |
| aər | ar | far, car |
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | (Alveolo)-
Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Light | hn [ʰn~n̥] | |||||
| Plain | m [m] | n [n] | ṉ [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | Light | hp [ʰp] | ht [ʰt] | hk [ʰk] | hq [ʰq] | ||
| Plain | p [p] b [b] | t [t] d [d] | k [k] g [g] | q [q] | ʾ [ʔ] | ||
| Dark | ṗ [pʶ~pˤ] ḅ [bʶ~bˤ] | ṭ [tʶ~tˤ] ḍ [dʶ~dˤ] | |||||
| Affricate | ḏ [ʦ] | č [ʧ~ʨ] j [ʤ~ʥ] | |||||
| Fricative | Plain | f [ɸ] v [β] | s [s] z [z] | š [ʃ~ɕ] ẕ [ʒ~ʑ] | ḵ [x] ğ [ɣ] | ḫ [χ~ħ] | h [h] |
| Dark | ṣ [sʶ~sˤ] ẓ [zʶ~zˤ] | ||||||
| Approximant | Light | hr [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥] | |||||
| Plain | r [ɹ~ɾ] | y [j] | w [w] | ||||
| Trill | rr [r] | ṟ [ʀ] | |||||
| Lateral Approximant | Light | hl [ʰl~l̥] | |||||
| Plain | l [l] | ||||||
| Dark | ḷ [lʶ~lˤ] | ||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ḻ [ɬ~ɬʲ] | ||||||
| Letter | Phoneme | Example (in English) |
|---|---|---|
| ʾ | ʔ | uh-oh |
| Ḵ ḵ | x | Scottish loch |
| V v | β | vet |
| H h | h | hall |
| D d | d | dog |
| Ḏ ḏ | ʦ | beds or bets |
| B b | b | ball |
| S s | s | sun |
| Ẕ ẕ | ʒ | pleasure |
| Y y | j | yes |
| K k | k | kick |
| G g | g | game |
| L l | l | lose |
| M m | m | mall |
| N n | n | no |
| Ğ ğ | ɣ | like /x/ but voiced |
| P p | p | ball |
| J j | ʤ | judge |
| R r | ɹ~ɾ | run |
| Rr rr | r | trilled /ɹ/ |
| F f | ɸ | fun |
| Š š | ʃ | shun |
| W w | w | water |
| T t | t | tall |
| Č č | ʧ | cheese |
| Z z | z | zoo |
| Ḻ ḻ | ɬ | no English equivalent |
| Ḫ ḫ | χ | no English equivalent |
| Q q | q | no English equivalent |
| Ṟ ṟ | ʀ | French trois |
| Ṉ ṉ | ɴ | no English equivalent |
| Ṛ ṛ | r̩~ɹ̩ | ladder |
